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US ISSN 0013-872X
fOL. 94
JANUARY & FEBRUARY 1983
NO. 1
ENT
_ ew species of pseudophylline katydid from Cocos Is.,
Costa Rica (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) David A Nickle 1
Life history of red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus, in white
oak (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Jimmy R. Galford 1
New milliped of genus Delophon from Mississippi (Callipodida:
Caspiopetalidae) Rowland M. Shelley 1 1
Nothochauliodes penai, new genus & species of Megaloptera
from Chile (Neuroptera: Corydalidae) Oliver S. Flint, Jr. 15
Larval Hydropsyche & Smyphitopsyche records from West Virginia
(Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) C.K. Nugen, D.C. Tarter 18
New species of Penaphlebia from Argentina (Ephemeroptera:
Leptophlebiidae) E. Dominguez, M.L. Pescador 21
Observations of territorality of Oligodranes mitis (Diptera:
Bombyliidae) on flowers of Erigeron neomexicanus
Neal L. Evenhuis 25
Notes onAuplopus carbonarius, a spider wasp new to the United
States (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) Sal Nolfo 29
Chiggers from some small mammals from Nigeria (Acari:
Trombiculidae)
J.O. Whitaker, Jr., M.L. Goff, J.G. Matthysse 31
Two new synonyms of Eutaenionotum guttipennis (Diptera:
Ephydridae) Philip J. Clausen 33
Asheum, replacement name in Chironomidae (Diptera)
J.E. & M. Sublette 34
New records of Ceratopogonidae from North Carolina (Diptera)
\ Tommy W. Bo wen 35
NOTICES and ANNOUNCEMENTS £($RAR1E.S. ... . 6, 14,24, 28
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Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983
A NEW SPECIES OF PSEUDOPHYLLINE KATYDID
FROM COCOS ISLAND, COSTA RICA
(ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE)1
David A. Nickle^
ABSTACT: A pseudophylline katydid, Parascopioricus binoditergus Nickle new species, is
described and figured for the first time. It occurs only on Cocos Island, offthe coast of Costa
Rica, and displays characters that are intermediate between species of Parascopioricus and
Scopioricus.
In his revision of the Pseudophyllinae, Beier ( 1 96 1 : 283) segregated
two species of Scopioricus and placed them with an additional new species
within a new genus, Parascopioricus Beier 1961. These species, P.
lancifolius (Brunner von Wattenwyl), 1895 [type species], P. carinulatus
(Saussure and Pictet), 1 897, and P. cordillericus Beier, 1961, differed from
Scopioricus in the spination of the ventral carinae of the fore and mid
femora and in the shape of the apex of the tegmen. In Scopioricus both
ventral carinae of the fore and mid femora have spines, and the apex of the
tegmen is rounded, in Parascopioricus only one ventral carina of the fore
and mid femora has spines, and the apex of the tegmen is lanceolate or
nearly so.
In a faunal survey of the insects of Cocas Island, Costa Rica, Hogue
and Miller (1981) collected five specimens of an undescribed species of
pseudophylline katydid with characters that most closely align it with
Parascopioricus. The pronotum is rugose, crenulated, with lateral lobes
that are about as wide as deep; the fore and mid femora are each armed with
spines on only one ventral carina; the male subgenital plate bears two styles;
the male cerus is not branched; and the ovipositor is smooth, lacking rows of
oblique or transverse nodes. However, it differs from members of that genus
in several respects: the apex of the tegmen is acutely rounded and more
similar in shape to those of Scopioricus species; the male cercus, though not
branched, is acutely upcurved and lanceolate, similar to the cerci of
Scopioricus species; and all genicular lobes are unarmed, again more
characteristic of Scopioricus species.
It is likely that the separation of species into Scopioricus and
Parascopioricus as distinct genera is unjustified, based as it is on the
spination of the ventral carinae of the fore and mid femora and shape of the
apex of the tegmen. Within other genera of tettigoniids one can find both
1 Received July 15. 1982
^Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA. c/o
U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington. D.C. 20560.
ENT. NEWS, 94 (1) 1-6, January & February, 1983
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
extremes of characters (Hebard 1925; Ragge 1980), and it is possible that
they will be synonymized when more information is acquired for these
species. However, for the present, it seems expedient to follow a conserva-
tive approach and describe this as a new species of Parascopioricus, the
genus to which it keys in Beier (1961: 283).
The description will serve to make a name available for a paper on the
insect fauna of Cocos Island (Hogue etal, in preparation). Specimens have
been deposited in the Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles
[LACM|, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco [CAS], U.S.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. [NMNH], and
American Museum of Natural History, New York [AMNH].
Key to the Species of Parascopioricus
1 Tegmina no more than 4 times as long as wide, anal margin moderately to strongly
convex; margins of pronotum well-developed only in the lateral metazona 2
1' Tegmina 5 times as long as wide, anal margin weakly convex; margins of pronotum
well-developed along entire lateral margin (Costa Rica)
carinulatus (Saussure and Pictet)
2( 1 ) Male cerci short, thickened basally; male subgenital plate weakly emarginate apically;
female subgenital plate bifid 3
Male cerci long and slender, straight; male subgenital plate deeply excised apically;
female subgenital plate broadly rounded (Panama. Colombia)
lancifolius ( Brunner von Wattenwyl)
3(2) Male tenth tergite apically elongate, rounded; female subgenital plate terminally
emarginate, with triangulate, pointed, tapering lobes; smaller species (cf , 17-19 mm; 9,
20-23 mm) (Colombia) cordillericus Beier
Male tenth tergite apicolaterally expanded into two clawlike projections, each
terminating in a sharp, ventrally-curved tooth; female subgenital plate emarginate, with
rounded lobes; larger species (cf, 35-37 mm; 9, 38-42 mm) (Cocos Island)
binoditergus Nickle. new species
Parascopioricus binoditergus Nickle, new species
Diagnosis. Male. This species differs from other species of Parascopioricus in the
shapes of the tenth tergite and the cercus. The tenth tergite is produced well beyond the apices
of the cerci, concealing them from above, and is belaterally extended into two broad, tapering
lobes, each terminating apically in a deflexed tooth. The cercus is basally thick and cylindrical,
abruptly narrowed and recurved acutely upward, and is apically sharp and lanceolate.
Female. The shape of the tegmen, which is similar to that of the male, is apically acutely
rounded (as in Fig. 1), and the subgenital plate is broad with a wide U-shaped emargination
producing a rounded bifid apex (Fig. 9).
Holotype. cf . COSTA RICA: Cocos Island. Wafer Bay, on beach at Wafer Bay Station
1-26-1978 (C. Hogue and S. Miller, Steele Exped.) #1 (LACM|.
Description of holotype. Head. Eyes small, prominent, globose; diameter of eye equal
. length of subocular genal length; lower margin of eye confluent with ventral
margin ot antennal insertion. Frons and vertex narrow, 0.3-0.4 mm wide: vertex apically
rounded, extending horizontally slightly beyond frons and separated from it by a distance
equal to apical diameter of vertex.
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983
Thorax. Pronotum saddle-shaped, with a weakly-expressed median ridge interrupted
twice by an anterior shallow and posterior deep lateral sulcus. Posterior lateral sulcus entire,
extending along midline of pronotum and lateral lobes to their ventral margins. Anterior lateral
sulcus also extending to ventral margin of lateral lobe but more weakly expressed, becoming
obscure along its course. Pronotum rugose, crenulate. Lateral lobe of pronotum quadrate,
about as deep as wide; ventral margin of lateral lobe with a blunt, ventrally-directed tooth just
below termination an anterior lateral sulcus. Prosternal spines slightly shorter and narrower
than mesosternal spines, separated by a distance equal to length of spine. Metasternal spines
shorter still, separated from mesosternal spines by a distance equal to three times as great as
distance between pro- and mesosternal spines.
Wings. Tegmina oval, extending just beyond tip of abdomen; acutely rounded apically;
costal margin subtruncate; anal margin convex. Stridulatory field as in Fig. 2; mirrors of fields
on both tegmina depressed by recurvature of anal margins of tegmina, producing a sharp ridge
along median vein; accessory veins surrounding trapezoidal, translucent mirrors, inflating
edges of anal margins of tegmina at region of Stridulatory field. Stridulatory file with 78 teeth,
26 teeth/mm (Fig. 3). Hind wing translucent, light green, in repose concealed completely
beneath tegmina.
Legs. Procoxal spine present. Ventral margins of left and right fore femora with 4-0 and 3-0
spines, respectively: ventral margins of left and right mid femora with 0-1 and 0-2 spines,
respectively; ventral margins of left and right hind femora with 0-9 and 0-6 spines,
respectively. Tympana concealed on both sides; tympanal shields closely appressed to tibial
surface, barely inflated; shield openings slit-like. Genicular lobes of all legs unarmed.
External Genitalia. Tenth tergite inflated, medio-apically depressed; apical margin
produced beyond apices of cerci, concealing them in dorsal view. Posterior margin of tenth
tergite lobes on either side of medial depression, with each lobe terminating in a well-
developed deflexed tooth (Fig. 4). Basal half of cercus inflated, round in cross-section; distal
half abruptly narrowing and recurving vertically, distally lanceolate and terminally pointed
(Fig. 5). Subgenital plate elongate, upcurved, extended distally beyond apex of tenth tergite;
mediobasally keeled, apically depressed, and terminating with two short, stout, articulating
styles (Fig. 6).
Figure 1. Parascopioricits binoditergus, new species. Holotype. Left lateral habitus.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Internal Genitalia. Not examined in holotype, but apparently lacking sclerotized or
pigmented structures.
Color. Uniform leaf green. Fuscous areas limited to Cu2 vein on stridulatory field. Basal
third of antennae annulate, with dark brown rings.
Allotype. 9. COSTA RICA: Cocos Island, Rio Genio 111-25-1978 (C. Hogue and S.
Miller, Steel Exped. 1978) |LACM|.
Figures 2-9, Parascopioricus binoditergus, new species: Figs. 2-6, holotype. Figs. 7-9,
allotype. 2, stridulatory field: 3, stridulatory file, left legmen; 4. tenth tergite; 5, left cercus; 6,
subgenital plate; 7, left lateral abdomen; 8, supra-anal plate; 9, subgenital plate. Figs. 5 and 7
are lateral views; 2, 4, and 8 are dorsal views; and 3, 6 and 9 are ventral views.
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983
Description of allotype. Similar to holotype in nonsexually related characters. Differs
from holotype in number of spines on ventral margins of femora; both fore femora with 5-0
spines; mid femora with 0-3 spines; hind femora with 0-5 (right) and 0-6 (left) spines.
External Genitalia. Abdominal tergites gradually becoming narrower successively from
VII to X. Terminal tergite unmodified; in lateral view, lateral edge concealing base of cercus.
Supra-anal plate flat, quadrate; distal edge directed posteriorly; lateral corners extending
beyond distal edge as small papillae (Fig. 8). Cercus short, slightly longer than supra-anal
plate, simple, cylindrical, curving medially along its length, slightly more constricted at distal
third and curving more abruptly to the apex. Ovipositor about twice as long as pronotum,
gradually upcurved across its length, sickle shaped, apically pointed, and minutely serrated
along distal third of both dorsal and ventral valves; surface of ovipositor smooth, lacking
oblique or transverse ridges (Fig. 7). Basal lobe of ovipositor oval, partially concealed dorsally
by ventral margin of terminal tergite and ventrally by an expanded ridge of ventral valve of
ovipositor. Subgenital plate spatulate, apically bifid, with a broad U-shaped emargination
separating rounded furcae (Fig. 9).
Paratypes. 2cr cf , 1 9. COSTA RICA: Isla del Coca [Cocos Island], Bahia Chatham III-
8- 1964 (R.O.Schuster) 1 cf, 19 (CAS. NMNH|; Cocos Island. Wafer Bay III-1963 (P. Slud)
i cf IAMNH].
Variation. The number of spines on the ventral margins of the femora varies among
individuals and on either side of the same individual. Previous studies (Hebard 1925: Ragge
1980) conclude that the number of spines are irrelevant as a taxonomic character, although
their presence or absence may carry some relevant information at the generic level. The Cu2
veins of the male paratypes are not nearly as fuscous as in the holotype, but portions of other
adjoining veins are fuscous.
Measurements, (means, range, mm). Total length, cf 36.0 (35.3-36.8), 9 40.3 (38.0-
42.6). Pronotum length, cf5.6 (5.4-5.7), 9 5.8 (5.6-6.0). Pronotum width, cf 5.6 (5.4-5.8), 9
5.9 (5.8-6. 1 ). Tegmen length, cf 30.2 (29.2-30.9), 9 32.3 (31 .5-33.1 ). Tegmen width, cf 9.9
(9.3-10.2). 9 10.0 (9.8-10.1). Fore femur length, cf9.3 (8.9-9.6), 9 10.2 (9.8-10.6). Hind
femur length, cf 21.0 (20.4-21.3). 9 22.4 (20.4-23.1). Length subgenital plate, cf 7.4 (7.2-7.6).
Length ovipositor, 9 12.8 (12.6-12.9). Mean number of spines on ventral margins of
femora: cf (4-0, 0-2, 0-6). 9 (4-0, 0-2, 0-5), medial and lateral margins of fore. mid. and hind
femora, respectively.
Etymology. (Lt.) bi- two; node- node, projection; tergus- tergite; referring to the apical
modification of the male tenth tergite into two projections, a feature lacking in other species of
Pa rascopio ricus.
Discussion. Parascopioricus binoditergus is the second species of
pseudophylline katydid considered to be endemic to Cocos Island. The
other species, Cocconotus bellicosus Rehn, described in 1 902 from a single
female, has been collected more recently by Hogue and Miller. The two
species are not related, Parascopioricus belonging to the tribe Pterophyllini
and Cocconotus to the Cocconotini. The nearest relatives to both species
occur on the South American mainland in Columbia. Since Cocos Island is
nearly midway between South America and the Galapagos Archipelago,
one might expect the fauna to be related. Such is not the case, however, for
the pseudophylline fauna on the Galapagos chain is limited to yet another
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
unrelated species, Nesocoecia cooksoni (Butler) (Hebard 1920), which
may be a complex of several species. Beier (1961) synonymized three
described species into one, but he apparently made the synonymy in part on
the circumstantial evidence that no males are known for one species
(McNeill 1901 ). This species is a brachypterous member of the Cocconotini,
and its origins are more obscure, since its only known relatives occur in the
Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico and in Bahia, Brazil.
Based on the shape of the male cercus, the elongate male tenth tergite,
and the bifid subgenital plate of the female, P. binoditerugs appears to be
most closely related to the Colombian species P. cordillericus.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author expresses his appreciation to Mr. Scott Miller, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Mass., for securing the specimens and supplying information about this species.
The author appreciates the comments and criticism of the manuscript that were provided by
Drs. A.S. Menke and D.D. Wilder of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, USDA,
and Dr. J.J. Whitesell, Valdosta State College, Valdosta, Ga.
LITERATURE CITED
Beier, M. 1961. Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae(Pseudophyllinaell). DasTierreich. Berlin 74: 1-
396.
Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. 1895. Monographic der Pseudophylliden. Wien. 282 pp.
Hebard, M. 1920. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos
Islands, 1905, 1906. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. IV, 2(2): 311-346.
1925. Dermaptera and Orthoptera from the state of Sinaloa, Mexico. Part II.
Saltatorial Orthoptera. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 51: 265-310.
Hogue, C. and S.E. Miller. 1981. Entomofauna of Cocos Island, Costa Rica. Atoll Res.
Bull. No. 250: 1-29.
McNeill, J. 1901. Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898-1899. IV.
Entomological results (4): Orthoptera. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci. 3: 487-506.
Ragge, D.R. 1 980. A review of the African Phaneroperinae with open tympana (Orthoptera:
Tettigoniidae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) (Entomol.) 40(2): 67-192.
Saussure, H. and A. Pictet. 1897. Insecta, Orthoptera, vol. I. In Biologia Centrali-
Americana, I: 285-458.
NOTICE OF SURVEY RESULTS
In the March - April, 1 982 issue of ENT. NEWS a card insert asked members to express
their opinion concerning the possible inclusion of brief news reports, possibly as "fillers",
about society meetings, proceedings, and other activities, as well as doings of society
members. We wish to thank those members who responded, sixty percent of whom indicated
they would very much like to have this material included in future issues. The first of these
reports appears in this issue.
- Ed.
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983
LIFE HISTORY OF THE RED OAK BORER,
ENAPHALODES RUFULUS (HALDEMAN),
IN WHITE OAK (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) '
Jimmy R. Galford2
ABSTRACT: Young red oak borer larvae feed horizontally in white oak but mostly vertically
in red, black, and scarlet oak. Overgrowths of successful attacks in white oak appear as "L" or
reverse "L" marks on the trees. In a study in central and southern Ohio between 1977 and
1981, 27 of 457 trees examined in the basal 6 feet had borer injuries. Only small, suppressed
trees were injured.
The life history of the red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman),
in red, Quercus rubra L., black, Quercus velutina Lam., and scarlet oak,
Quercus coccinea Muenchh., was reported by Hay ( 1 969). Donley and co-
workers (1969) reported red oak borer damage in white oak, Quercus alba
L. However, the behavior of the red oak borer in white oak was not reported.
Methods
The basal 6 feet of 457 living white oak trees, ranging from 5 to 45 cm
dbh, were examined in central and southern Ohio between 1 977 and 1981.
Twenty-seven trees had evidence of red oak borer attacks. Diameter breast
height (dbh) measurements of the attacked trees were taken; the trees were
cut and average annual diameter growth for the last 10 years was recorded.
The trees were sectioned and debarked, and the number of attacks that
damaged the xylem were recorded. Sections with attacks that went deep
into the xylem were split open to see if long slivers (10 to 25 mm) of wood
remained in the larval galleries indicating successful adult emergence. In
addition, 27 other randomly chosen trees without attacks were cut, and their
average annual diameter growth during the last 10 years was recorded.
The life history of the red oak borer in white oak was determined as
follows: 10 mated females were caged individually in hardware cloth sleeve
cages on 10 white oaks, 10 to 15 cm dbh, in July of 1979. The beetles had
been reared artificially using techniques reported by Galford (1974). The
beetles were F i and F2 offspring of parents that had emerged from a white
oak tree. In November of 1979, and June and November 1980. 10 of the
attack sites on the trees were exposed and measurements of larval damage
were made. In August of 1 98 1 the remaining attack sites were examined to
see if adult emergence had occurred.
1 Received August 12, 1982
^Research Entomologist, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
359 Main Road, Delaware, Ohio 43015
ENT. NEWS. 94 ( 1 ) 7-10, January & February, 1983
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Results
The mean dbh of the 27 naturally attacked trees was 9.9 cm and ranged
from 7.1 to 18cm. Mean number of attacks per tree that damaged the xylem
was 7, ranging from 2 to 14. Mean number of adult emergents per tree was
1 .4 and ranged from 0 to 4. Average annual diameter growth of the attacked
trees during the last 10 years was 2 mm, ranging from less than 1 mm to 4
mm.
Average annual diameter growth for the 27 trees without attacks was 6
mm, ranging from 2 mm to 9 mm. The mean dbh of these trees was 1 3 cm
and ranged from 7 to 28 cm.
As a result of caging the 10 females on 10 different trees, 46 attacks
were detected on 4 of the trees. Thirty of the attacks were exposed to make
measurements, and the larvae were killed in the process. Only 2 of the
remaining 16 larvae survived to become adults.
Observations and measurements of attacks that occurred as a result of
caging females on trees led to the following conclusions: the newly hatched
larvae mine in the cambium area horizontally around the tree from late July
and early August until cold weather arrives, and then overwinter. Damage
in the phloem-cambium region ranges from roughly circular areas about 5
mm in diameter to horizontal lines 2 to 3 mm wide and 6 to 15 mm long.
During the spring of the next year, the larvae continue to feed
horizontally around the tree until late June or early July. Horizontal feeding
now extends 40 to 75 mm around the tree. The larvae then feed upward
widening the gallery and begin to score the xylem more heavily. After
feeding upward for 75 to 1 25 mm, the larvae bore obliquely into the xylem
about 30 to 50 mm, then vertically for 1 00 to 1 50 mm. In the fall, the larvae
plug the holes with wood slivers and overwinter behind the plugs. The
following spring the plugs are removed and replaced with other plugs behind
which the larvae pupate. Sometimes the overwintering plugs are not
removed, and pupation occurs without new plugs being made.
When emerging, the adults gnaw and rip the plugs out, pushing some of
the wood slivers behind them. Long slivers of wood often extrude from the
emergence hole indicating adult emergence. Figure 1 illustrates borer
damage in white oak.
When white oak trees are vigorous enough to overgrow borer injuries,
the overgowths resemble an "L" or reverse "L" (Figure 2). One attack was
found that did not have a horizontal feeding scar, but this was exceptional.
Discussion
In southern and central Ohio, 27 of 457 white oak trees examined had
external evidence of red oak borer damage. These were suppressed, very
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983
slow-growing trees. In Ohio, either the red oak borer does not readily attack
white oak, or the larvae can survive only in very suppressed trees.
The red oak borer has a 2-year life cycle in white oak, the same
development period as Hay (1969) observed in red, black, and scarlet oak.
The difference in feeding habits of young larvae in white oak versus red,
black, and scarlet could be due to the very thin layer of phloem in slow-
growing white oaks, or there could be a strain of red oak borers that prefers
or attacks only white oak.
Fig. 1 . Horizontal feeding scar caused by red oak borer larva during first year of development .
10
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
LITERATURE CITED
Donley, D.E.; Hay, C.J.; Burns, D.P. 1969. Borers in Ohio oaks. Ohio Woodlands
7(4): 17-18.
Galford, J.R. 1974. Some physiological effects of temperature on artificially reared red oak
borers. J. Econ. Entomol. 67: 709-710.
Hay, C.J. 1969. The life history of a red oak borer and its behavior in red, black, and scarlet
oak. Proc. North Cent. Branch Entomol. Soc. Am. Vol. 24(2): 125-127.
Fig. 2. Red oak borer attacks on white oak almost overgrown with callus tissue.
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983 11
A NEW MILLIPED OF THE GENUS DELOPHON
FROM MISSISSIPPI (CALLIPODIDA:
CASPIOPETALIDAE) »
Rowland M. Shelley2
ABSTRACT: A fourth species of Delophon, D. mississippianum, is described and
illustrated. It is closely related to D. georgianum Chamberlin and D. sernilatum Causey, and
features a smooth margin on the coxal process, a tibiotarsal process that is homologous to the
postfemoral process on the other species, and a parasolenomerite that is longer than the
tibiotarsus.
In 1979 I revised the callipodid genus Delophon and reported that it
was comprised of three species - - georgianum Chamberlin, serrulatum
Causey, and holti Shelley --in Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, and
Alabama. Recently, while sorting through the diplopod collection of the
Missisippi Entomological Museum, Mississippi State University, I discovered
a single male of a fourth species from the northern part of that state. I present
herein a description of the new species along with a new generic distribution
map and phylogeny, to supplement information in the revision. I thank Dr.
Richard L. Brown, Director of the Mississippi Entomological Museum, for
the opportunity to describe this species and permission to deposit the
holotype in the invertebrate primary type collection of the North Carolina
State Museum of Natural History (NCSM).
Delophon mississippianum, new species
Figs. 1-3
Type specimen: Male holotype (NCSM A3983) collected by W.H. Cross, 9 May 1 980,
form a pitfall trap in deciduous woods, 1.6 km SE Ecru, Pontotoc Co., Mississippi.
Diagnosis: A small species of Delophon distinguished by following features of male
gonopods: distal elements forming approximately 90 degree angle with femur; coxal process
with apical lobes on medial and lateral sides of femur, distal margins smooth; with tibiotarsal
process representing postfemoral process of georgianum; parasolenomerite comparatively
large, longer than tibiotarsus, bent slightly dorsad distal to midlength, subparallel to
tibiotarsus; solenomerite short, blunt, arising from parasolenomerite at midlength, located
between latter and tibiotarsus, without subterminal spur.
Holotype: Length about 1 8 mm, greatest width about 1 . 1 mm, ca. 43 segments. Dorsum
light mottled brown in color, with wide, light yellow middorsal stripe extending from 2nd
segment to epiproct; pore crests faintly yellow anteriad and brown caudad, thus forming two
less distinct stripes equidistant of median one. Epicranium dark mottled brown, interantennal
Deceived August 23, 1982
^North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 27647, Raleigh, North
Carolina 2761 1
ENT. NEWS, 94(1) 1 1-14. January & February, 1983
12
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
region lighter, color fading out in clypeal region. Antennae long and slender, extending beyond
caudal margin of segment 5; relative lengths of antennomeres 3>2>5>4>6>7>1, 2-6
clavate. About 34 ocelli in subtriangular patches.
Collum with 22 crests beginning near midlength, medial crests slightly shorter than lateral
ones, anterior half of collum smooth. Secondary crests subequal in length to, but noticeably
smaller than, primary crests on all segments, fading out around segment 27. Setal formula
normal for genus.
Gonopods (Figs. 1-3) small, femur extending caudad only to metazonite of segment 8:
parasolenomerite extending laterad to edge of body. Coxal process very broad, sheathing
femur, expanded apically into two lobes on medial and lateral sides of distal extremity of
femur, apical margins smooth. Postfemur nearly perpendicular to femur, of normal length
relative to distal elements. Tibiotarsus shorter than parasolenomerite, angling abruptly caudad
apically and narrowing into spiniform projection, inner margin with broad lobe at level of
solenomerite, with spiniform process proximad. homologous to postfemoral process of
georgianum. Parasolenomerite relatively long, longer than tibiotarsus, bent dorsad just
beyond midlength (level of solenomerite). with broad rounded lobe distad on dorsal margin,
narrowing abruptly apically into spiniform projection. Solenomerite a short, blunt, bisinuately
curved structure arising near midlength of parasolenomerite, located between latter and
tibiotarsus, expanded slightly apically, without subterminal spur.
Distribution: Known only from the type locality.
Figs. 1-3. Delophon misissippianum. 1 , left gonopod, caudal view. 2, right gonopod, ventral
view. 3, left gonopod. lateral view. cp. coxal process; f, femur; ps. parasolenomerite;
s, solenomerite; tt, tibiotarsus. ttp. tibiotarsal process; Scale line = 0.50 mm for all
figs.
Vol. 94, No. 1. January & February 1983
13
Fig. 4. Distribution of Delophon. A smooth curve has been drawn around the range extremes
ofgeorgianum and serrulatum. A, georgianum; B, sernilatum; dot, mississippianum;
triangle, holti.
georgianum serrulatum mississippianum
Fig. 5. Relationships in the genus Delophon.
14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Remarks: One of the main diagnostic traits of mississippianum is the
location of a process on the proximal part of the tibiotarsus, which is similar
in form to, and undoubtedly homologous to, the postfemoral process of
georgianum.
At first glance the parasolenomerite and tibiotarsus appear to be
reversed in mississippianum, in comparison to georgianum and serrulatum.
The longer parasolenomerite is similar to the tibiotarsi of the other species,
and the tibiotarsus of mississippianum is likewise similar in length to their
parasolenomerites. The origin of the solenomerite, however, is the key
factor in identifying the projections, and as in georgianum and serrulatum,
it arises from the more caudal of the two in mississippianum. Thus in this
species, the parasolenmerite is longer than the tibiotarsus.
Figure 4 shows the type locality of mississippianum along with known
ranges of its congeners. It is the westernmost species, occurring some 60
miles west of the nearest known record of serrulatum, in Franklin County,
Alabama. The distribution of mississippianum in Mississippi is a subject
for future investigation, and the species may also be found in western
Tennessee.
Although similar in size to holti, mississippianum is a product of the
georgianum-serrulatum branch of evolution (Fig. 5). It has the general
gonopodal form of these two species, so holti still stands by itself as
representing a second line of descent. However, the unexpected discovery
of mississippianum suggests that more species of Delophon may occur in
the southeast and that a sister species for holti may eventually be
discovered. The most probable area for such a form is northeastern
Tennessee, western Virginia, and eastern Kentucky.
LITERATURE CITED
Shelley, Rowland M. 1979. A revision of the milliped genus Delophon, with the proposal of
two new tribes in the subfamily Abacioninae (Callipodida: Caspiopetalidae). Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 92: 533-550.
SOCIETY MEMBER HONORED
Dr. Hal C. Reed, a member of the American Entomological Society, and a contributing
author to ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, is the 1 982 recipient of the Entomological Society
of America Pacific Branch Graduate Student Award. This award is given annually to promote
interest in the science of entomology at the graduate level.
Dr. Reed is associate Professor, Dep't. of Natural Sciences, Oral Roberts University. He
received his B.S. in biology in 1975 from Oral Roberts and his M.S. in entomology in 1978
from Texas A&M University. His doctoral degree in entomology was awarded from
Washington State Univeristy in 1982. Dr. Reed's research was in the nesting biology and
social behavior of a forest dwelling yellowjacket, Vespula acadica. Usurpation and colony
behavior of the obligate social parasite, V. austriaca, were also investigated.
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983 15
NOTHOCHA ULIODES PENAL A NEW GENUS AND
SPECIES OF MEGALOPTERA FROM CHILE
(NEUROPTERA: CORYDALIDAE)1
Oliver S. Flint, Jr.2
ABSTRACT: Nothochauliodes penai, new genus, new species, is described and figured. It is
found on the coastal mountains of Maule Province in Chile. A key is provided to separate the
genus from the related genera Neohermes, Protochauliodes, and Taeniochauliodes.
In 1973 I reviewed the Megaloptera known to occur in Chile. In the
nearly ten intervening years, numerous additional collections from this
country have been examined, but all material has proven to be known
species. Early in 1982 a collection from the coastal ranges was received
from the noted Chilean naturalist and collector, Sr. Luis E. Pena G. In the
lot were two male specimens of a species that differed strikingly from all
known Chilean Megaloptera. Study shows these to represent an undescribed
genus and species related to the chauliodine genera Neohermes (North
America), Protochauliodes (North America, Chile, Australia), and
Taeniochauliodes (South Africa).
Family Corydalidae
Subfamily Chauliodinae
Genus Nothochauliodes, new genus
Antenna filiform, with short hair; of 45-50 segments. Head lacking postocular ridge and
spine; with raised, non-setose, muscle attachment scars. Pronotum roughly quadrate.
Forewing with Rs branching pectinately, R4 not forked; M\ +2 forked; Cuj forked; anterior
branch of 2 A fused to 1 A for a short distance. Hindwingwith Rs branching pectinately. R4not
forked; Mj +2 forked; CU \ forked; both branches of 2 A arising close together, adjacent to 3 A.
Type-species: Nothochauliodes penai, new species
The genus belongs to the cluster of genera held together by the apotypy
of the fusion for a short distance of the anterior branch of 2 A with 1 A in the
forewing. In two of the genera in this series (Neohermes and Protochauliodes},
R4 in both the fore-and hindwings is forked. In Nothochauliodes and
Taeniochauliodes the vein is simple, resulting in the appearance of
pectinate branching of the Rs system. The vein MI -\-2 in the fore- and
hindwings is branched in Nothochauliodes. In Taeniochauliodes this vein
is not branched in either wing, and in Protochauliodes and Neohermes is
1 Received August 9, 1982
^Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560.
ENT. NEWS. 94 ( 1 ) 15-17, January & February. 1 983
16
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
branched only in the hindwing (in P. bullockiFYmt, the largest species of the
genus, MI +2 is usually branched in both wings but R4 is forked). Thus the
combination of the venational characteristics of an unbranched R4 in both
wings and a branched MI +2 in both wings will distinguish Nothochauliodes
from all other described genera showing the fusion of the anterior branch of
2 A with 1A in the forewing. In addition to these characters, the male
genitalia differ strongly from those of the other related genera. The vertical
orientation of the tenth tergites appears to be unique within the subfamily.
2
3
Figs. 1-4. Nothochauliodes penai: 1, fore- and hindwings (drawn by Elaine R. Hodges); 2,
male genitalia, lateral; 3, male ninth and tenth terga, posterior; 4, aedeagus, dorsal.
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983 17
The very long, slender, and deeply divided aedeagus is also very unusual, if
not unique.
The genus will run in Kimmins (1954) key to the Chauliodinae to
couplet 4, genus Protochauliodes. Couplets 3 and 4 may be modified as
below to allow easy separation of the four related genera.
3. Anterior branch of M in hindwing forked 3A
Anterior branch of M in hindwing simple Taeniochauliod.es
3A. R4 of fore- and hindwings simple Nothochauliodes
R4 of fore- and hindwings forked 4
4. Male antenna with a whorl of erect hairs on each segment, no crossvein in apical fork of
R4 in forewing (rarely present in large specimens) Protochauliodes
Male antenna with whorls of erect hairs on each segment; a crossvein in apical fork of
R4 in forewing (rarely absent) . Neohermes
Nothochauliodes penai, new species
Because the genus is monotypic, the species at this time is recognizable
by the generic characters. If other species are discovered, specific
characteristics ought to be evident in the male genitalia, as they are in
related genera. Coloration often, but not invariably, differs between
species.
Adult. — Length of forewing, 27-30 mm. Color pale brown, head brown, muscle scars
virtually concolorous; pronotum with distinctly darker lateral bands; forewing mostly pale
brown with short, darker, transverse maculae, generally darkest on veins giving them a distinct
dotted appearance: hindwing, except for anal area, similarly marked, but dotting on veins less
pronounced. Male genitalia: Ninth tergum large, with ventral margin oblique. Ninth sternum
roughly triangular in lateral aspect; in ventral aspect with posterior margin almost semicircular.
Tenth tergite elongate, almost vertical in lateral aspect, with a large basolateral cereal area: in
posterior aspect with tergite slightly arcuate with apicomesal face bearing many, small, black
setae. Posterior region of genitalia partially membranous, but with a large area between and
below tenth tergites lightly sclerotized and sparsely setate. Aedeagus in lateral aspect long,
slender, and slightly curved; in dorsal aspect with anterior margin deeply and broadly divided,
lateral arms expanded anteriorly, produced into a long, slender lobe posteriad which is deeply
and narrowly divided mesally, tips hooked slightly laterad.
Variation. — In the two specimens available, there are a number of venational differences.
The type, the larger specimen, has in the forewing a small apical fork to the anteriormost
branch of Rs in both sides, R5 (on the side not figured) has an apical fork, and one of the
hindwings (figured) has an apical fork in R$. The smaller specimen lacks all these, that I
believe to be, extra forks of the radial system.
Material. — Holotype, male: Chile, Provincia Maule. Cayurranquil, west of Cauquenes.
400m, 23-31 Jan 1981, L.E. Pena G. USNM Type 100591. Paratype: Same data. Icf
LITERATURE CITED
Flint, Oliver S., Jr. 1973. The Megaloptera of Chile (Neuroptera). Rev. Chil. Ent. 7 3 1-45.
Kimmins, D.E. 1 954. A New Genus and some New Species of the Chauliodini (Megaloptera).
Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). Ent. 3( 1 1 ): 417-444.
18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
LARVAL HYDROPSYCHE AND SMYPHITOPSYCHE
RECORDS FROM WEST VIRGINIA (TRICHOPTERA:
HYDROPSYCHIDAE) l
Charlene K. Nugen, Donald C. Tarter^
ABSTRACT: Over 4,000 larvae of the genera Hydropsyche and Symphitopsyche were
collected from 225 sites in West Virginia. A total of 1 5 species, including 1 3 state records, and
two species groups were identified from the collections. Important extensions included S.
macleodi (Flint), S. ventura (Ross), H. leonardi Ross and H. hoffmani Ross.
Until this investigation, only three Hydropsyche species have been
recorded from West Virginia: H. morosa Hagen, H. sparna Ross and H.
opthalmica Flint (Ross, 1944 and Flint, 1965). Tarter and Hill (1979)
noted the H. scalaris group from the Cranberry Glades.
From 225 sites in West Virginia, approximately 4,000 larvae of the
genera Hydropsyche and Symphitopsyche were collected and identified.
Fifteen species, including 13 state records, and two species groups were
recorded from these collections. The classification system employed in this
study follows that of Schuster and Etnier (1978), and species are arranged
alphabetically with drainage basins and rivers (Janssen, 1973). State
records are indicated by an asterisk (*). All specimens are stored in the
West Virginia Benthological Survey at Marshall University, and detailed
records are found in Nugen (1981).
Four important range extensions are noted: S. macleodi (Flint) (GA,
NC, TN, VA); S. ventura (Ross) (ME, MA, NY, PA, TN, VA,
NEWFOUNDLAND); H. leonardi Ross (MI, VA); and H. hoffmani
Ross (MD, VA).
Symphitopsyche
S. bifida group: S. cheilonis (Ross); S. bronta (Ross), Central Form, S. bifida (Banks):
Drainages I, II (1, 2, 4), III (5, 7a, 7b) V (10, 13, 14, 15, 16) and VI.
*S. bronia (Ross): Drainages 1, 11(1,3), 111(5, 6, 7a, 7b, 8), V (12, 13, 14, 16), VI and VII.
*S. macleodi (Flint): Drainages II (1, 3), III (7b), V (13) and VII.
S. morosa (Hagen): Drainages II (1, 3), III (5, 6, 7b), V (10, 12, 13, 14) and VI.
*S. slossonae( Banks): Drainages I,II( 1, 2, 3), III (6, 7a, 7b), IV, V(13, 14. 15, 16), and VI.
S. spa rna( Ross): Drainages 1, 11(1, 2, 3), III (5,6, 7a,7b),V( 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 15 16)
VI and VII.
*S. ventiira (Ross): Drainages II (3), III (7a, 7b), V (12, 13, 14, 15, 16), VI and VII.
*S. walkeri (Betten and Mosely): Drainage II (1).
'Received June 7, 1982
2Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701
ENT. NEWS, 94(1) 18-20. January & February, 1983
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983
19
Hydropsyche
H. depravata group: H. betteni Ross; H. depravata Hagen: Drainages I, II ( 1 , 2, 3, 4), III
(5, 7a, 7b, 8), IV, V(10, 11. 12, 14, 15, 16), VI and VII.
*H. dicantha Ross: Drainages I, II (1, 3), III (5, 7a, 7b, 8), IV. V (1 1. 12, 13) and VI.
*//. hageni Banks: Drainages III (8), V (10, 14, 16) and VI.
*H. hoffmani Ross: Drainages III (8), IV, V (14, 15) and VII.
*H. leonardi Ross: Drainage V (16).
*H. orris Ross: Drainages I, VI.
Figure 1 . Drainage Basins and Major Rivers in West Virginia. Black dots represent collecting
sites.
I. Ohio River. II. Monongahela River: 1. Cheat River 2. Monongahela River 3. Tygart
River 4. West Fork River. III. Potomac River: 5. Cacapon River 6. Lost River 7. Potomac
River a. North Branch b. South Branch 8. Shenandoah River. IV. Little Kanawha River:
9. Little Kanawha River. V. 10. Bluestone River: 11. Coal River. 12. Elk River. I 3.
Gaulcy River 14. Greenbrier River 15. Kanawah River 16. New River. VI. Guyandot
River. VII. Big Sandy River.
20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
*H. phalerata Hagen: Drainage III.
*H. scalaris Hagen: Drainages III (5, 7a, 7b, 8), V (12, 13, 14).
*H. simulans Ross: Drainages I, IV, VI, and VII.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are indebted to Dr. Guenter A. Schuster, Eastern Kentucky University, for
identification and confirmation of many specimens. We acknowledge the loan of specimens
from the West Virginia Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources Division. A
special thanks to Ms. Vickie Crager for typing the manuscript.
REFERENCES
Flint, O.S., Jr. 1965. New species of Trichoptera from the United States. Proc. Ent. Soc.
Wash. 67(3): 168-176.
Janssen, R.E. 1973. Earth Science: A handbook on the geology of West Virginia.
Educational Marketeers, Inc., Clarksburg, West Virginia. 345 pp.
Nugen, C.K. 1981. A taxonomic study of the Symphitopsychc Ulmer and Hydropsyche
Pictet larvae of West Virginia (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Unpublished Master's
Thesis, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia. 149 pp.
Ross, H.H., D.A. Etnier 1944. The caddisflies, or Trichoptera. of Illinois. Bull. 111. Nat.
Hist. Surv. 23: 1-326.
Schuster, G.A., D.A. Etnier. 1978. A manual for the identification of the larvae of the
caddisfly genera Hvdropsvche Pictet and Symphitopsyche Ulmer in eastern and central
North America (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). EPA-600/4-78-060. 129 pp.
Tarter, D.C., P.L. Hill. 1979. Caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Cranberry Glades in West
Virginia. Ent. News 90(4): 205-206.
SOCIETY MEETING — OCTOBER 7, 1982
The first fall meeting of the American Entomological Society was held October 7, 1982 at
the University of Delaware. Nine members and four guests attended. Dr. Judith Hough,
Assistant Professor of Entomology and Applied Ecology at the University of Delaware,
presented an illustrated lecture on "Oviposition Behavior of Root Maggots." She described
how maggots of the fly Hylemya antiquu can do considerable damage to commerical onion
crops in the Northern United States. Females appear to be attracted to volatile, sulfur-
containing compounds produced by onions after physical damage or by rot-inducing
microorganisms. In Southern Delaware the related seed corn maggot, H. platura, is an
agricultural pest on melon and bean seeds planted in April. The factors which stimulate
ovipositon in this species are being studied in Dr. Hough's laboratory.
In notes of local entomological interest, Howard Boyd reported the appearance of a
substantial population of the tiger beetle, Cicindela lepida. on a tract of disturbed New Jersey
Pine Barrens about 30 miles from the coast. Aside from some very early records (Clementon
and Lahaway (Smith, 1909)). this is the first New Jersey record of this species so far from
coastal sand dunes and the first on recently disturbed soil. Hal White displayed specimens of
Aeshna tubercitlifera and A. verticalis collected October 3 at Lums Pond State Park. This is
the first time either of the dragonflies has been found in Delaware. He also reported that the
damselfly, Argia bipunctulata, was collected in the state for the first time this summer.
Harold B. White — Corresponding Secretary
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983 21
A NEW SPECIES OF PENAPHLEBIA
(EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE)
FROM ARGENTINA1
Eduardo Dominguez^, Manuel L. Pescador^
ABSTRACT: A new species of Penaphlebia, P. exigua, is described from southerr
Argentina. Diagnostic morphological characters of both nymph and images are illustrated
Included in the mayfly collections of the senior author from Argentina
are unusually small specimens of the genus Penaphlebia which represent a
new species, Penaphlebia exigua, described herein. In the revision of the
generic classification of certain Leptophlebiidae from southern South
America, Peters and Edmunds (1972) listed four recognized species of
Penaphlebia: P. chilensis (Eaton), P.fulvipes (Needham and Murphy), P.
sepia (Thew), and P. vinosa (Demoulin). Pescador is presently revising the
genus and additional species will be included in the genus.
Penaphlebia exigua, new species
(Fig. 1-9, 11)
Male imago (in alcohol). Length: body 6.4-6.9 mm, fore wings 6.5-7.0 mm. Head pale
brown; a black stripe extends from compound eyes to base of antennae. Scape and pedicel of
antennae pale yellow, flagellum paler. Ocelli grayish-white, black at base. Upper portion of
eyes beige, lower portion grayish-black. Thorax: nota brown, pronotum paler, except margins
black with 2 pairs of longitudinal submedian black stripes. Pleura and sterna brown. Wings
(Fig. 1-3): membrane of fore wings hyaline, yellowish at extreme base; pterostigma
translucent white; longitudinal and cross veins yellowish-brown, vein C, Sc, and Rj darker;
vein MP2 of at least one of fore wings attached to vein CUA (Fig. 1); prepterostigmatic cross
veins weakly developed; number of costal cross veins 17-20. Hind wings elliptic; membrane
hyaline; longitudinal and cross veins yellowish-brown; number of costal cross veins 7-8.
Legs: coxae, trochanters, tibio-femoral joints, and tarsal joints brownish-yellow, remaining
segments yellow, progressively paler toward apex; femora with faint transverse black median
band; segment 3 of protarsi longer than segment 4. Abdomen: terga translucent yellow with
pronounced black maculae (Fig. 7) and black posterolateral markings thinly extended to
posterior margins of segment. Sterna yellow; lateral margins on sternum 9 yellowish-brown.
Genitalia (Fig. 4-6); forceps pale yellow, segment 1 faintly washed with brown, pronounced
on inner lateral margin; basal 3/4 of inner margin of segment 1 moderately serrated, segments
2 and 3 subequal length. Styliger plate yellow with shallow U-shaped posteromedian
emargination. Penes pale yellow; subapical spine on penis lobe stubby and pointed
posterolaterally (Fig. 5, 6); subapical lobe weakly developed (Fig. 5, 6). Caudal filaments;
pale yellow with apical 1/3 of basal segments brown, brown portion progressively becoming
1 Received June 22, 1982
^CONICET., Fundacion Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 205, 4.000 Tucuman, Argentina.
•^Department of Entomology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Fl. 32307.
ENT. NEWS, 94(1) 21-24, January & February. 1983
22
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Fig. 1-9. Penaphlebia exigua. Fig. 1-7. cfimago: 1, fore wing, 2, variation in vein MP of fore
wing; 4, genitalia, ventral; 5-6, dorsal (5) and ventral (6) detail of apex of penis lobe;
7, abdominal terga 2-10. Fig. 8-9, nymph: 8, posterior margin of abdominal terga;
9, fore claw. Fig. 10-11, posterolateral projections of abdominal segments 8-9 of
nymph: ventral view: 10, P. chilensis; \\, P. exigua.
Vol. 94. No. 1, January & February 1983 23
broader towards apex until filaments consist of alternating pale yellow and brown segments
with brown segments gradually faded distally.
Female imago (in alcohol). Length: body 7.7 mm, fore wing 8. Omm. Color and marking
of head, antennae and ocelli as in male. Eyes black. Thorax: color and markings as in male.
Wings: color of fore and hind wings as in male except veins darker, and costal and subcostal
cross veins well developed. Abdomen: color slightly darker than male, markings similar (Fig.
7).
Mature nymph (in alcohol). Body length 6.9-7.2 mm. Dorsum of head pale brown, venter
paler; small triangular pale yellow spot anterior to median ocellus and lateral to lateral ocelli.
Scape and pedicel of antennae light brown, flagellum paler. Ocelli black. Eyes of female black.
Upper portion of male eyes orange brown, lower portion black. Mouthparts: labrum with a
transverse row of closely set hair near dorsoapical margin. Outer margin of mandibles
smoothly curved, middorsal depression shallow to absent. Maxillary palpi uniformly yellow.
Thorax: nota light brown, sterna paler; color markings on pronotum as in imagos. Legs: light
brown: femora with broad transverse median and apical dark brown bands. Middenticles on
claws larger than apical denticles (Fig. 9). Abdomen: terga yellowish-brown with black
maculae as in imagos; terga 2-7 with midsublateral pale yellow spot; tergal posterior spines
subequal length with hair-like setae (Fig. 8); posterolateral projections on abdominal segments
8 and 9 weakly developed (Fig. 11). Sterna pale yellow, anterior margin brownish.
Gills: membrane grayish-white; tracheae black; lamellae terminated in a filamentous process.
Caudal filaments; pale brown, with pronounced dark shiny brown annulation on every other
articulations.
Geographical Distribution. Holotype c? imago, ARGENTINA: Rio Negro Prov.,
Rincon de Asconape, 70 km S Valcheta, 27-11-80, Willink, el. al. Allotype 9 imago, same data
as holotype. Paratypes: ARGENTINA: 19 o" imagos, 14 nymphs, same data as holotype.
Association of nymph and imagos is by color markings of nymphs and adults collected in
same locality. Holotype, allotype, 9 cfimaginal and 7 nymphal paratypes are deposited in the
collections of Fundacion Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo, Tucaman, Argentina. Ten cf imaginal
and 7 nymphal paratypes are deposited in the collections of Florida A&M University.
Etymology, exiguus, L., meaning little.
Discussion. The nymphs of P. exigua exhibit minor variations on
markings on the abdominal sterna, and the development of posterolateral
projections on abdominal segments 8-9. Young nymphs have uniformly
pale yellow abdominal sterna while mature ones have the anterior margin of
each segment brownish, and anterior brown maculae on sternum 9.
Additionally, mature nymphs have pronounced midsublateral pale yellow
spots on terga 2-8, less pronounced or absent among the immature ones.
Male nymphs have posterolateral projections of abdominal segments 8-9
more developed (Fig. 1 1) than the females.
Black maculae on abdominal terga 4 and 5 of most imagos are
medially separated (Fig. 7) while a few have such maculae medially fused.
Except for three cf imagos which have the base of vein M?2 of one of the
fore wings attached by a cross vein to vein MP i (Fig. 2), the rest have vein
M?2 basally fused or attached with vein CUA (Fig. 1 ).
24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Penaphlebia exigua can be distinguished from the other species of the
genus by any of the following characters. In the imagos: ( 1 ) small body size
having a length of 6.4-6.9 mm (male), 7.7 mm (female); (2) pattern of black
maculae on abdominal terga is similar to Fig. 7; (3) vein MP2 of at least one
of the fore wings is basally attached to vein CUA (Fig. 1 ); and (4) apex of
penes is as in Fig. 5, 6. In the nymph: (1) body length ranges from 6.9-7.2
mm; (2) middle denticles on claws are larger than the apical denticles (Fig.
9); and (3) posterolateral projections on male abdominal segments 8-9 are
weakly developed (Fig. 11) compared to the other species (Fig. 10).
Biology. The nymphs of P. exigua were collected in a small stream in
Somuncura Plateau which supports a thick growth of Nostoc and moss.
Along the edge of the stream are thick growths of Cortaderia speciosa
Nees, Samoulus valerandi (L.), Cvnodon dactvlum, Agrostis, and ferns
(Cei, 1969).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported in part by a grant (FLAX 79009) from SEA/CR. USDA.
Collection of specimens by one of us (ED) was supported by a grant from the National
Geographic Society, Dr. A. Willink, Principal Investigator. Fundacion Miguel Lillo. We
thank M.D. Hubbard. W.L. & J.G.. Peters, and H.M. Savage for reading the manuscript. The
nymphal figures were drawn by J.G. Peters.
LITERATURE CITED
Cei, J.M. 1969, La Meseta basaltica de Somuncura, Rio Negro. Herpetofauna endemica y
sus peculiares equilibrios biocenoticos. Physis XXVIII, 77: 257-271.
Peters, W.L. and G.F. Edmunds, Jr. A revision of the generic classification of certain
Leptophlebiidae from southern South America (Ephemeroptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc.
Am. 65: 1398-1414.
AWARDS FOR STUDY
at The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, through its Jessup and McHenry
funds, makes available each year a limited number of awards to support students pursuing
natural history studies at the Academy. These awards are primarily intended to assist
predoctoral and immediate postdoctoral students. Awards usually include a stipend to help
defray living expenses, and support for travel to and from the Academy. Application deadlines
are 1 April and 1 October each year. Further information may be obtained by writing
to: Chairman, Jessup-McHenry Award Committee, Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. 19th and the Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103.
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983 25
OBSERVATIONS ON TERRITORALITY OF
OLIGODRANES MITIS CRESSON (DIPTERA:
BOMBYLIIDAE) ON FLOWERS OF ERIGERON
NEOMEXICANUS (ASTERACEAE)1
Neal L. Evenhuis^
ABSTRACT: Territorality and allied behavior exhibited by Oligodranes mitis on flowers
heads of Erigeron neomexicanus in southern New Mexico is described and illustrated.
Bombyliidae are well known as visitors to many different flowering
plants (Graenicher 1910, Robertson 1928, Grant & Grant 1965) and are
principal pollinators of certain species (Moldenke 1976, Schmitt 1981,
Plichta, unpubl. data). Published observations on plant-insect relationships
concerning Bombyliidae have dealt primarily with floral visitation and
pollination ecology (Straw 1963, Moldenke 1976, Schmitt 1981). The
present paper concerns territoriality exhibited by Oligodranes mitis
Cresson on flower heads of Erigeron neomexicanus Gray (Asteraceae).
On 6-7 and 13 May 1982, observations were conducted by the author
at a site 5 mi [ 8.0 km ] N of Aguirre Springs, Dona Ana Co. in the Organ
Mts of southern New Mexico, elevation ca. 5000 ft [1524 m]. Observa-
tions were made daily from approximately 1000-1600 h. The prominent
floral display of Erigeron neomexicanus, combined with a small, dry
streambed that ran between two large patches of Erigeron, was
an ideal collecting site for Bombyliidae. The site is located in the
northernmost portion of the Chihauhuan Desert, and is characterized by a
lack of vegetation save for sporadic growths of Salvia, Opuntia, Erigeron,
and other small flowering annuals. The site is at the eastern base of the
Organ Mts and sharply grades into a pinyon-juniper woodland less than a
mile away.
While collecting the many bombyliids that frequented the flowering E.
neomexicanus (e.g., Pantarbes, Geminaria, Oligodranes, Mythicomyia,
Apolysis, Villa, Lepidanthrax and Aphoebantus), it was noted that when
disturbed, males of Oligodranes mitis would fly from their perches on the
E. neomexicanus flower heads and return a few seconds later. The time
between leaving the flower head and returning varied according to the
degree of disturbance; however, males would almost invariably return to the
same flower head. This type of behavior is similar to the territorial behavior
'Received August 31. 1982
^Department of Entomology, Bishop Museum. P.O. Box 19000- A. Honolulu. Hawaii
96819. USA
ENT. NEWS, 94 ( 1 ) 25-28, January & February. 1983
26
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
exhibited by species of Bombylius. The males of Bombylius hover over
marked territories and, after being disturbed from their territory, will
eventually return to the same territory (Cunningham-van Someren 1979,
Evenhuis, unpubl. data). Females of O. mitis did not exhibit territorality
but instead moved from flower to flower when disturbed and fed much more
frequently.
After alighting, the Oligodranes male placed itself on the outer ray
petals with its proboscis directed inward toward the disc flowers (Fig. 1).
When it fed, it moved forward slightly to probe among the corollas of the
disc flowers in search of nectar with its long proboscis. After feeding, the fly
would again move backward to the ray petals resuming its original position.
Feeding in males was infrequent; they spent most of the time in the resting
position described above.
1
Fig. I . Resting position of a male Oligodranes mitis Cresson on a flower head of Erigeron
neomexicanus Gray.
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983
27
Usually only one Oligodranes individual (male or female) would
occupy a single flower head; however, ocassionally more than one fly was
found on a single flower (observed in 12 out of 58 cases). As many as 4
individuals of O. mitis were observed on the same flower (2 observations).
When another individual alighted upon an occupied flower, the original
occupant would not attempt to chase the new occupant away but would
instead space itself 1 80° from the other indiviual (Fig. 2a). This equidistant
spacing also held true in cases when there were more than two individuals
on the same flower head (i.e., with three individuals, the spacing would be
120° apart, with four it would be 90°).
Fig. 2. Spacing of Oligodranes on Erigeron during multiple occupation, a) ca. 1 80C spacing
with 2 individuals; b) ca. 120 spacing with 3 individuals; c) ca. 90 spacing with 4
individuals.
When viewed from above, movement on the flower head by more than
one fly while feeding was always in a clockwise direction. When one fly
came within ca. 20° of another fly, one or the other would move away,
maintaining the equidistant spacing. During these confrontations, often the
larger individual, whether male or female, would remain in its position and
the smaller fly would move away (in a clockwise direction). Occasionally,
when the smaller one failed to move away as the larger one approached, the
larger one, after getting close enough, would kick its middle leg outward to
push away the smaller individual. This was the only physical contact
observed between individuals on the same flower and was seen three times
during the course of these observations.
Captures of other species of Oligodranes at this site, other localities in
New Mexico, and Arizona, all on various species of Erigeron, lead me to
conclude that Erigeron flowers play an important role in the biologies of
adult species of Oligodranes, much as other flowers do in the Old World
genus Us ia (Du Merle 1971 )[ both genera have been recently placed in the
subfamily Usiinae (Hull 1973, Hesse 1973) |. Though not observed here.
28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
territoriality exhibited by males of Oligodranes mitis presumably is related
to courtship and mating as in other genera of Bombyliidae.
LITERATURE CITED
Cunningham-van Someren, G.R. 1979. Observations on the behavior and feeding of
Bombvlius uniformis Paramonov and B. flammeus Bowden (Dipt., Bombyliidae) in
Kenya. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 114: 107-11.
DuMerle, P. 1971. Biologie de deux especies de genre Usia Latreille (Diptera: Bombyliidae).
Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (N.S.)l: 241-59.
Grant, V. & K. Grant. 1 965. Flower pollination in the Phlox family. Columbia Univ. Press,
N.Y. 180 p.
Graenicher, S. 1910. The bee flies (Bombyliidae) and their relations to flowers. Bull. Wise.
Nat 1. Hist. Soc. 8: 91-101.
Hesse, A.J. 1975. Additions to the South African species of Phthiriinae and Usiinae
(Diptera: Bombyliidae) with keys to all known species. A nn. S. Afr. Mus. 66: 257-308.
Hull, P.M. 1973. Bee flies of the world. The genera of the family Bombyliidae. Bull. U.S.
Natl. Mus. 286: 1-687.
Moldenke, A.R. 1976. California pollination ecology and vegetation types. Phrtologia
34: 305-61.
Robertson, C. 1928. Flowers and insects. Science Press, Lancaster, Penn. 221 p.
Schmitt, J.M. 1981. Pollinator foraging and evolution in flowering plant populations. Univ.
Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 73 p.
Straw, R.M. 1963. Bee fly pollination in Penstemon ambiguus. Ecology 44: 818-19.
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL
NOMENCLATURE
c/o BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),
CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, SW7 58BD
ITZN 11/4
(A.N.(S.)) 123 4 October, 1982
The Commission hereby gives six months notice of the possible use of its plenary powers
in the following cases, published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, volume 39,
part 3, on 30 Spetember 1982, and would welcome comments and advice on them from
interested zoologists. Correspondence should be addressed to the Secretary at the above
address, if possible within six months of the date of publication of this notice.
Case No.
2384 Nymphula Schrank, 1802 (Insecta Lepidoptera): proposal to designate a type
species.
2296 Hybosorus illigeri Reiche, 1853 (Insecta, Coleoptera): proposed conservation
by use of the plenary powers.
2380 Anthalia Zetterstedt, 1838 (Insecta, Diptera): request for designation of type
species.
(Continued on page 30)
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983 29
NOTES ON AUPLOPUS CARBONARIUS, A SPIDER
WASP NEW TO THE UNITED STATES
(HYMENOPTERA: POMPILIDAE)1
Sal Nolfo2
ABSTRACT: Six Auplopus carbonarius Scopoli have been captured in New York state
within the past fifteen years, five since June 15, 1981. It may be assumed that this Palearctic
species is firmly established in the northeastern United States.
Auplopus carbonarius Scopoli
Male — 5 mm to 6 mm in length; dorsum black, lacking iridescence; last tergum white;
frons bears two longitudinal white stripes, one adjacent to each compound eye, starting just
above the antennal sockets and extending down to the apical edge of the clypeus. Wings faintly
infuscate, forewing 6 mm long; second flagellar segment 2.5 times as long as wide: apical
margin of the clypeus moderately concave.
Female — 8 mm to 9 mm in length: dorsum black, without iridescence; apical section of
mandibles rufous. Wings faintly infuscate, forewing 8 mm long; pygidial plate polished;
second flagellar segment 4.0 times as long as wide; apical margin of clypeus broadly angled to
form a rounded median point.
This species closely resembles Auplopus variolarum Townes and
Auplopus caerulescens subcorticalis Walsh in Townes (1957) keys. The
female is similar to A. variolarum but differs in having its legs wholly dark,
the clypeus somewhat produced forming a rounded median point, and
averaging slightly smaller in size. The male is similar to A. caerulescens
subcorticalis but lacks the bluish iridescence on the thorax.
Auplopus carbonarius, like many other species of Auplopus, builds
nests of mud, consisting of single, not side by side, tubes. The females
collect small pellets of mud, using their mandibles and mental bristles, and
build cells with rows of pellets. The mud is pressed into place with the tip of
her gaster or pygidial plate. These barrel-shaped cells are flat topped and
approx. 8-10 by 4-5 mm.
It is not known if the cells are constructed before or after the prey is
paralyzed, but it is almost certain that it is after. After paralyzing the spider,
but before taking it back to the nest, the wasp usually mutilates it. The
significance of this habit is unknown. Perhaps this makes the paralyzed prey
easier to carry or pack into a cell.
The nest are built in a variety of situations, such as on tree stumps,
fences, under stones, under bark, in crevices of tree trunks and on walls.
Deceived August 12, 1982
2 14 19 Valley Rd., Garner. North Carolina. 27529
ENT. NEWS. 94 ( 1 ) 29-30, January & February, 1983
30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Nests may have been brought into this country in nursery stock or wood
products.
One female A. carbonarius was captured in Nyack, New York on June
12, 1967, by M. Deyrup (collection of the American Museum of Natural
History, New York). Since then five more have been captured in North
Bellmore, New York since June 15, 1981, by V. Nolfo. It seems, in all
probabilities, that this wasp is established here. One pair will be deposited
in the collection at the U.S. National Museum, Wash., D.C.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful to Howard E. Evans, Colorado State University, and to M.C. Day, of the
British Museum of Natural History, for assistance in determining these specimens. I also wish
to thank Vincent Nolfo for providing the five specimens from Long Island, New York and Mr.
and Mrs. W. Hancock for their translation of Heinrich Wolfs German manuscript.
REFERENCES
Richards, O.W. and Hamm, A.H. 1 939. The Biology of the British Pompilidae (Hymenoptera),
Trans. Soc. British Ent. 6: 51-114.
Townes, Henry. 1957, U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 209. 286 pps.
Wolf, Heinrich. 1972. Insecta Helvetica, pt. 5, Hymenoptera-Pompilidae. pps. 75-79.
(Continued from page 28)
ITZN59 4 October 1982
The following Opinions and Directions have been published by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature,
volume 39, part 3, on 30 September, 1982:
Opinion No.
1218 (p. 166) Trombidium akamitshi Brumpt, 1910 (Acarina): designation of
type species.
1221 (p. 175) Baeocera Erichson. 1845 (Insecta. Coleoptera): designation of type
species.
1222 (p. 178) Campylosteira Fieber, 1844 (Insecta, Hemiptera): type species
designated.
Direction No.
112 (p. 194) PIERIDAE Duponchel. [1835] (Insecta. Lepidoptera): protected.
113 (p. 196) MORPHIDAE (Insecta, Lepidoptera): further correction to Official List
entry.
The Commission regrets it cannot supply separates of opinion.
R.V. Melville,
Secretary
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983 31
CHIGGERS (ACARI: TROMBICULIDAE) FROM
SOME SMALL MAMMALS FROM NIGERIA1
John O. Whitaker, Jr.2, M. Lee Goff3, John G. Matthysse4
ABSTRACT: Six species of chiggers were recorded from mammals from Nigeria: Gahrliepia
(G.)bellieri, G. (Schoengastiella) nr. combesi, Leptotrombidium (Hypotrombidium) legaci,
Microtrombicula iecensis, Neotrombicula nigeriensis, and Schoengastia eburnensis. Of
these, only N. nigeriensis and L. legaci had been reported previously from Nigeria.
Recently, two of us (Whitaker and Matthysse, 1982) presented
information on ectoparasites of some small mammals in Nigeria. The
present paper presents information on the larval trombiculids or chiggers
from that collection. Mammal species collected which were not found
infested by chiggers are as follows (with numbers of hosts examined in
parentheses): Arvicanthis niloticus (2), Cricetomys gambianus (6),
Leggada musculoides (1), Mastomys natalensis (6), Mus musculoides
(2), Praomys tullbergi (9), and Rattus alexandrianus (1). All of the
uninfested hosts were rodents.
Four species of mammals were recorded as hosts for 1 12 chiggers of 6
species as follows:
Insectivora (Soricidae)
Crociduraflavescens (I. Geoffrey, 1827) The single specimen examined
(Ibadan, 18 Apr 1 975) of the White-footed shrew (= C. manni] yielded 24
larvae of Leptotrombidum (Hypotrombidium) legaci (Andre, 1950). This
species has been previously reported from a number of different hosts,
including Felis sp., Taterillus e. emini, Mylomys cunninghamei alberti,
Lemniscomys s. striatus and Gallus domesticus, from the Ivory Coast.
Ghana and the Central African Republic.
Rodentia (Muridae)
Dasymys incomtus (Sundevall, 1 847) Two of the 7 Shaggy-haired rats
examined (Ibadan; 30 Apr., 12 May 1975) were each infested by 1
specimen of Schoengastia eburnensis Taufflief, 1 960. This chigger was
previously reported from an antelope, Neotraguspygmaeus, taken from the
Ivory Coast.
1 Received July 9, 1982
^Department of Life Sciences, Indiana State University, Terre Haute. IN 47809
Department of Entomology, B.P. Bishop Museum, P.O. Box 1 9000-A, Honolulu. HI 986 1 9
410810 E. Prince Rd.. Tucson, AZ. 85715
ENT. NEWS, 94(1) 3 1-32, January & February. 1983
32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Lophuromys sikapusi (Temminck, 1853) The single specimen of the
harsh-furred mouse examined (Ibadan, 23 Apr 1975) was infested by 29
chiggers representing 3 species: 7 Gahrliepia (Gahrliepia) bellieri Taufflieb,
1 965; 1 2 Leptotrombidium (H.) legaci and 1 0 Neotrombicula nigeriensis
(Ewing, 1928). Gahrliepia (G.) bellieri was originally described by
Taufflieb (1965) from Crocidura sp. taken from the Ivory Coast and
Neotrombicula nigeriensis was described by Ewing (1928) from Funisciurus
auriculatus oliviae taken in Nigeria.
Rattus rattus (Linneaus, 1758) A total of 53 chiggers of 4 species was
recovered from 9 of 1 3 black rats examined. All rats with chiggers were
taken between April 10 and April 22, 1975, at Ibadan. Leptotrombidium
legaci was represented by 16 larvae on 6 hosts, 12 Microtrombicula
iecensis Taufflieb, 1960, on 3 host individuals, 24 Neotrombicula nigeriensis
on 6 host individuals, and a single Gahrliepia (Schoengastiella) likely
combesi Taufflieb, 1966. Microtrombicula iecensis was described by
Taufflieb (1960a) from Rattus frugivorus taken in Brazzaville, the Congo.
Taufflieb (1964) described Gahrliepia (S.) combesi from Aethomys sp.
taken near Bangui, Central African Republic. The specimen in the present
collection has been damaged, thus precluding positive identification. In all
observable characters, this specimen agrees with G. (S.) combesi.
Of the 6 species of chiggers collected during this study, only Neotrombicula
nigeriensis and Leptotrombidium (H.) legaci had been previously reported
from Nigeria. Host records from shrews and rodents are new for all chigger
species except Leptotrombidium (H.) legaci.
LITERATURE CITED
Andre, M. 1950. Une nouvelle forme larvaire de Thrombicnla d'AfriqueEquatoriale. Bull.
Mus. His. Natur., 2e Serie 22(5): 577-81.
Ewing, H.E. 1928. A preliminary key to the larvae of fifteen species of the mite genus
Trombicula, with descriptions of four new species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80: 77-
80. Taufflieb, R. 1960. Etude d'une collection de Trombiculidae d'Afrique Occidentale.
Acarologia 2: 224-37.
. 1960a. Notes sur les Trombiculidae (Acarina) de la region de Brazzaville.
Description de trois nouvelle especies. Acarologia 2: 472-79.
. 1964. Les Schoengastiella (Acarina, Trombiculidae) de la region Subsaharienne.
Acarologia 6: 455-75.
. 1 965 . Le sous-genre Gahrliepia (Acarina, Trombiculidae) en Afrique Subsaharienne.
Acarologia 7: 510-22.
Whitaker, J.O., Jr. & J.G. Matthysse. 1982. Records of some ectoparasites from Nigeria.
Entomol. News 93: 4: 95-102.
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983 33
TWO NEW SYNONYMS OF EUTAENIONOTUM
GUTTIPENNIS (STENHAMMAR) (DIPTERA:
EPHYDRIDAE)12
Philip J. Clausen3
ABSTRACT: The types of Notiphila producta Walker and Ephydra octonotata Walker
have been examined, lectotypes designated for each, and both are consideredjunior synonyms
of Eutaenionotum guttipennis (Stenhammar).
In 1849, Walker describd Notiphila producta and, later in the same
paper, described Ephydra octonotata, both from specimens taken at the
same locality. Much later Wirth (1965) listed producta (Walker) and
octonotata (Walker) as species in the ephydrid genus Hyadina.
Consequently, during the course of my revision of the genus Hyadina, it
was necessary to examine the Walker types of each of the above species.
My examination proves beyond any doubt that not only are both species
conspecific but both are definitely junior synonyms of Eutaenionotum
guttipenis (Stenhammar). For a complete list of synonymies of guttipennis,
both Notiphila producta Walker and Ephydra octonotata Walker should
be added to those in Clausen and Cook (1971).
In Walker's descriptions of both species, he made no mention of exactly
how many specimens of each species were before him or actually in the type
series. If there was ever a series of specimens of each species, apparently
only a single specimen of each still exists. Thus, I can either assume these to
be holotypes or designate each as a lectotype. For nomenclatorial stability,
I am herein doing the latter.
Both lectotypes are deposited in the collection of the British Museum
(Natural History) and bear identical data, except for the original determina-
tion labels and my lectotype and determination labels. The data on both
lectotypes are as follows: "Hudson's Bay, St. Martin's Falls, George
Barnston, B.M. 1844- 17. "The \eclotypeofNotiphilaproducta Walker is
a female and is now so labeled. The lectotype of Ephydra octonotata
Walker has the abdomen missing and is unlabeled as to sex, but from the
size of the specimen I strongly suspect it to be female also. Beneath the
1 Received June 8, 1982
"Paper No. 12,266, Scientific Journal Series. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
St. Paul Minnesota 55108.
- Department of Entomology, Fisheries, and Wildlife, University, of Minnesota, St. Paul.
Minnesota 55108
ENT. NEWS, 94(1) 33-34, January & February, 1983
34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
lectotype label, each also bears my determination label for Eutaenionotum
guttipennis (Stenhammar).
LITERATURE CITED
Clausen, P.J. and E.F. Cook. 1971, A revision of the nearctic species of the tribe Parydrini
(Diptera: Ephydridae). Mem. Am. Ent. Soc. 27: 1-150.
Walker, F. 1849. List of the specimens of diperous insects in the collection of the British
Museum. Vol. 4, pp. 689-1 172. London.
Wirth, W.W. 1965. Family Ephydridae. pp. 734-759. In Stone, A., C.W. Sabrosky, W.W.
Wirth, R.H. Foote, and J.R. Coulson, A catalog of the Diptera of North America north of
Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Service. Agriculture Handbook No.
276. 1,696pp.
ASHEUM, A REPLACEMENT NAME IN
CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)1
James E. Sublette, Mary Sublette^
In reviewing the genera of Chironomidae of the world, Dr. Patrick
Ashe, University College, Dublin, encountered a senior homonym for a
genus name published by Sublette (1964). The following new name is
proposed as a replacement for the junior homonym.
Asheum New name Sublette & Sublette
Etymology: This replacement name for Pedionomus Sublette, 1964,
nee Pedionomus Gould, 1840, Birds of Australia, 5, pi. 80. (Aves); nee
Pedionomus Haag-Rutenberg, 1875, Duetsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 19:42 (Insecta),
is dedicated to Dr. Patrick Ashe who pointed out the homonomy.
Gender: Neuter
Type-species: Pedionomus beckae Sublette (= Asheum beckae( Sublette)
n. comb.), by original designation.
LITERATURE CITED
Sublette, James E. 1964. Chironomidae (Diptera) of Louisiana. I. Systematics and
immature stages of some lentic chironomids of west central Louisiana. Tulane Stud Zool
11(4): 109-150.
'Received August 23. 1982
2Natural History Museum, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, N. Mex. 88130.
ENT. NEWS. 94 ( 1 ) 34, January & February, 1983
Vol. 94, No. 1, January & February 1983
NEW RECORDS OF CERATOPOGONIDAE
(DIPTERA) FROM NORTH CAROLINA1
Tommy W. Bowen^
ABSTRACT: Eighteen species of ceratopogonids (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are reported
from North Carolina for the first time. They include: Atrichopogon levis, A. fusculus,
Forcipomyia brevipennis, F. fimbriata, F. squamipes, F. pluvialis, Dasyhelea major, D.
navaiae, Culicoides chioplenis, Parabezzia alexanderi, Jenkinshelea albaria, Johannsenomyia
argentata, Probezzia pallida, Bezzia glabra, B. laciniastyla, B. pulverea, B. setulosa, and
Phaenobezzia opaca.
Records of North Carolina ceratopogonids are scattered in the literature.
Brimley ( 1938), in the first attempt at cataloging the insect fauna of North
Carolina listed 7 species in 6 genera of ceratopogonids. Wray (1967)
published a supplement to the Brimley catalogue which added 6 more
species and 3 genera. Battle and Turner (1970, 1971) summarized the
North Carolina Culicoides listing a total of 15 species. Kline and Axtell
(1976) collected an additional 4 species of Culicoides in a Spartina salt
marsh in coastal North Carolina. To my knowledge, no other major listing
of North Carolina ceratopogonids has been published.
Listed below are 18 species previously unreported from North Carolina.
The specimens were collected during 1978 and 1979 at Lake Norman, a
large, warm, monomictic, piedmont reservoir in Mecklenburg County,
North Carolina. Adults were collected either by ultraviolet and standard
fluorescent light traps (LT), emergence traps (ET), or by rearing (R) from
pupae collected at the water surface (S). For each species listed, the dates
collected, the sex, the number of specimens obtained, and the collection
method are given. Voucher specimens are deposited in the Duke Power
Company Environmental Services invertebrate collection.
Forcipomyiinae
Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) levis (Coquillett 1901): 30-VI-78, 1 male, LT.
A. (A.) fusculus ( Coquillett. 1901): 19-V-78, 1 male; 30-VI-78. 1 male: 19-X-78, 1 male,
LT.
Forcipomvia (Forcipomvia) brevipennis (Macquart. 1826): 23-VI-78, 1 male, LT.
F. (F.) fimbriata (Coquillett. 1901): 19-X-78, 1 male, LT.
F. (F.) squampies (Coquillett, 1902): 19-X-78, 1 male. LT.
F. (Metaforcipomyia) pluvialis Malloch. 1923: 24-VIII-78: 1 male, LT.
Dasyheleinae
Dasyhelea major (Ua\\oc\\, 1915): 14-IV-78. 10 males, 14 females: 12-V-78. 2 males: 1-V1-
1 Received May 28, 1982
-Duke Power Company, Production Environmental Services, Rt. 4. Box 53 1 . Huntersville.
NC 28078.
ENT. NEWS. 94 (1) 35-36, January & February. 1983
36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
78, 2 males; 4-VI-78, 1 male; 30-VI-78, 1 male; 15-V-79, 2 males, LT, R.
D. navaiaeV/augh and Wirth, 1976: 30-VI-78, 1 male, LT.
Ceratopogoninae
Culicoidini
Culicoides (Avaritia) chiopterus (Meigen, 1830): 28-IX-78, 1 male; 19-X-78, 1 male, LT.
Stilobezziini
Parabezzia alexanderi Wirth, 1965: 15-V-79, 2 male pupae, S.
Sphaeromiini
Jenkinshelea albaria (Coquillett, 1895): 17-VIII-78, 1 male. R.
Johannsenomyia argentata (Loew, 1861): l-VI-78, 1 female; 14-VII-78, 1 male; 28-VII-
78, 3 females, LT.
Probezzia pallida Malloch, 1914: 26-V-78, 1 male; l-VI-78, 9 males, 10 females; 9-VI-78,
1 male; 7-VII-78, 1 male; 15-V-79, 12 males, R.
Palpomyiini
Bezzia (Aspinabezzia) glabra (Coquillett, 1902): 12-V-78, 1 male, 1 female; 26-V-78, 2
males; 4-VI-78, 1 male; 8-VI-78, 1 female, 9-VI-78, 2 males, 1 female; 16-VI-78, 2
males; 30-VI-78, 4 males, 1 female, LT, ET, R.
B. (Pseudobezzia) laciniastvla Dow and Turner, 1976: 30-VI-78, 1 female, LT.
B. (P.) pulverea (Coquillet, 1901): 14-IX-78, 1 male, ET.
B. (P.)setulosa (Loew, 1861): 19-V-78, 2 males; 4-VI-78, 1 male; 30-VI-78, 2 males; 31-
VIII-78, 1 male. LT.
Phaenobezzia opaca (Loew, 1861): 14-IV-78, 1 male, 17-V-78, 1 female: l-VI-78, 1
female, 7-VI-78, 1 male; 15-V-79, 1 female, ET, R.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to express his appreciation to William L. Grogan, Jr. and Walter I.
Knausenberger for verification of identifications, and to Kenneth L. Manuel and Willis W.
Wirth for reviewing the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Battle, F.V. and E.G. Turner, Jr. 1 970. Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) reared from
breeding site collections in North Carolina with a summary of the species occurring in that
state. Mosq. News 30: 425-427.
Battle, F.V. and E.C.Turner, Jr. 1971. The insects of Virginia: No. 3. A systematic review
of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Virginia with a geographic catalog
of the species occurring in the eastern United States north of Florida. Va. Polytech. Inst. St.
Univ. Res. Div. Bull. 44: 1-129.
Brimley, C.S. 1 938. The insects of North Carolina being a list of the insects of North Carolina
and their close relatives. N.C. Dep. Agric. Div. Entomol., Raleigh. 560 p.
Kline, D.L. and R.C. Axtell. 1976. Salt marsh Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae):
species, seasonal abundance, and comparisons of trapping methods. Mosq. News 36: 1-
10.
Wray, D.L. 1967. Insects of North Carolina. Third supplement. N.C. Dep. Agric. Div.
Entomol., Raleigh.
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MARCH & APRIL 1983
,3!
«\t,
ENTOM
NEW;
Sexual dimorphism of tarsal claws in anthonomine
weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
P. Kovarik, H.R. Burke 37
Seasonal flight pattern of Plecoptera from
North Otter Creek, Virginia
B.C. Kondratiejf, J.L. Despins 41
Nests and prey of two little known species of Cerceris
(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Howard E. Evans 45
Southern range extension ofAmeletus cryptostimulus
(Ephemeroptera: Siphlonuridae) Robert D. Davic 47
A blind Homolophus biceps (Arachnida: Opiliones)
R.G. Holmberg, E.G. Kokko 49
No. Dakota fleas VIII: Two new geographic records
from northern flying squirrel (Siphonaptera)
Omer R. Larson 53
New records and descriptions ofAlloperla from Ozark-
Ouachita region (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae)
B.P. Stark, K.W. Stewart, J. Feminella 55
Arthropods from a saw-whet owl nest in Connecticut
J.R. Phillips, M. Root, P. DeSimone 60
Annotated checklist of stoneflies of Maine (Plecoptera)
Terry M. Mingo 65
SOCIETY MEETINGS of November 4, 1982 and
February 4, 1983
NOTICES
48, 54
40, 46, 52
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Vol. 94, No. 2, March & April 1983 37
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF TARSAL CLAWS
IN ANTHONOMINE WEEVILS
(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)12
Peter Kovarik, Horace R. Burke3
ABSTRACT: Sexual dimorphism of the protarsal claw tooth of several species of anthonomine
weevils is discussed and selected examples are illustrated. This dimorphic character occurs in
a scattered fashion in the subfamily. In the genus Anthonomus it is found mostly in closely
related species in the nominate subgenus and in all species of the subgenus A nthonornorphus.
Other genera containing species with sexual dimorphism of the claws areAchia, Coccotorus
and Furcipus. The character was not found in any other subfamilies of Curculionidae which
have toothed claws.
Dieckmann ( 1 968) was the first to point out that some of the European
species of the genus Anthonomous Germar have sexual dimorphic
protarsal claws. In his revision of the Anthonomini of the western Palearctic
region he described such claws for Anthonomus pomorum L. and
Anthonomus pedicularius (L.). Morris (1976) briefly mentioned dimorphism
in the tarsal claws of Anthonomus conspersus Desbrochers and A.
pedicularius, illustrating the latter. Read (1981) added Furcipus rectirostris
(L.) to this short list of anthonomine species showing secondary sexual
characters of the tarsal claws.
During our study of the systematics of North American anthonomines,
we surveyed a wide array of species of the subfamily to determine the
incidence and distribution of this dimorphism. Approximately 75 species,
representing nearly all of the genera of Anthonominae and subgenera of
Anthonomus, were investigated. Additional observations were made on
several other genera of Curculionidae whose species have toothed tarsal
claws similar to those of the anthonomines.
Sexual dimorphism of the tarsal claws in the anthonomines involves
only the protarsi. Tarsal claws of weevils in this subfamily are each usually
provided with a tooth which arises on the inner surface of the claw near the
base. The tooth may be short or it may extend almost the full length of the
tarsal claws. Occasionally the tarsal claws of anthonomines are simple and
there are a few which have the tooth arising from the underside of the claw
rather than on the inside.
1 Received November 8, 1982
^Technical Contribution No. 18082. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. College
Station, Texas 77843.
-•Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University. College Station. Texas 77843
ENT. NEWS 94(2): 37-40. March & April. 1983
UBRAR'
38
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
In species where sexual dimorphism is present the tooth on the protarsal
claw of the female is usually sharply pointed apically (Figs. 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a,
6a) while that of the male is somewhat rounded and blunt at the apex (Figs.
2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b). The reverse is true mAnthonomus nebulosus LeConte
where the tooth of the female has a blunt apex (Fig. 1 a) and that of the male
is more sharply pointed (Fig. Ib). The claw of the female is usually
distinctly shorter than that of the male in species with dimorphic claws,
although mAnthonomus texanus there is only a slight difference in length
between the sexes. Another difference noted is that the female tooth often
Figs. 1-6. Protarsal claws of species of Anthonomus. In each figure a=female, b=male. Fig.
1. Anthonomus nebulosus LeConte. Fig. 2. Anthonomus grandis Boheman. Fig. 3.
Anthonomus hunteri Burke and Cate. Fig. 4. Anthonomus texanus Dietz. Fig. 5. Anthonomus
fulvus LeConte. Fig. 6. Anthonomus peninsularis Dictz.
Vol. 94, No. 2, March & April 1983 39
curves inward and forms a greater angle with the claw; the tooth of the male
claw lies close to the claw so that the two are more or less parallel.
The distribution of the sexual dimorphic claws in the subfamily is
somewhat scattered. In addition to Anthonomus, they occur in the genera
Furcipus Desbrochers, Coccotorus LeConte and in some species ofAchia
Champion. Species of Furcipus and Coccotorus have occasionally been
placed in Anthonomus, indicating their apparent close phylogenetic
relationships to members of the latter genus. Furthermore, this affinity
seems to be with species in the nominate subgenus Anthonomus, some of
which also have sexual dimorphic claws. The majority of species of the
subgenus Anthonomus, however, are not dimorphic in this character.
Species of the subgeneraAnthonomorphus Dietz and Parathonomus Dietz
also exhibit dimorphism of the claws; these taxa (at least the latter) are
likewise relatively close phylogenetically to the species in the nominate
subgenus which are dimorphic. It seems, therefore, that dimorphism of the
tarsal claw occurs mostly in a relatively small number of species which have
the closest relationships to A. pedicularius, the type species of the genus.
The presence or absence of tarsal claw dimorphism may therefore be useful
as an indicator of phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily. One
exception to this general pattern is Anthonomus testaceosquamosus Linell.
This species, a member of the A. squamosus Group, has sexual dimorphic
claws but on the basis of overall characters does not appear to be closely
related to other species having the character.
Species of the subgenus Antonomorphus exhibit more distinct protar-
sal claw dimorphism than most other anthonomines. There is a relatively
small amount of difference in the sexual dimorphic tooth of the claw within
this subgenus (Figs. 2-6). Anthonomus grandis Boheman and A. hunteri
Burke and Gate are considered to be closely related (Burke and Gate 1 979)
on the basis of overall characters and this relationship is also reflected in the
tarsal claws (Figs. 2, 3). The most noticeable difference between the claws
of the two species is in the more slender tooth of A. hunteri. Two other
species, A. texanus Dietz and A. cognatus Burke, are considered by Burke
( 1 964) to constitute a species pair within the subgenus. This relationship is
supported by the claw characters. Similarity of claws of the two species is
more striking in males than in females. Anthonomus peninsularis Dietz is
not especially closely related to any of the other species in the subgenus;
both males and females have a shorter tooth than that of the other species
(Fig. 6). The remaining member of the subgenus, A.fulvus LeConte, is a
distinctive species which appears to have no close relatives in the subgenus.
The female tooth (Fig. 5a) of A.fulvus is somewhat intermediate in length
between that of A. peninsularis and other members of the subgenus. The
male tooth (Fig. 5b) is, however, one of the longest in the subgenus.
40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
The basis for the difference in the tarsal claw teeth of the two sexes in
these anthonomines is not known. This may be an adaptation in the male
which plays some part in grasping the female during copulation. In addition
to showing some phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily, the
character may also be used with ease to distinguish the sexes.
Relatively few other curculionids have toothed claws like those of the
anthonomines. None of the species with toothed claws examined from other
subfamilies show sexual dimorphism of the tooth of the tarsal claw.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Special thanks are due Jim Ehrman, Electron Microscopy Center. Texas A&M
University, for technical assistance in preparation of the SEM photographs included here.
LITERATURE CITED
Burke, H.R. 1964. Studies on the genus Anthonomus in North and Central America
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) II. The subgenus Anthonornorphus Dietz. Colept. Bull.
18: 7-17.
Burke, H.R. and J.R. Gate. 1979. A new species of Mexican A nthonomus related to the boll
weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 72: 189-192.
Dieckmann, L. 1968. Revision der westpalaarktischen Anthonomini (Coleoptera: Curculiondae).
Beitr. Entomol. 18: 377-564.
Morris, M.G. 1976. The British species of Anthonomus Germar (Col., Curculionidae).
Entomol. Mon. Mag. 112: 19-40.
Read, R.W.J. 1981. Furcipus rectiorostris (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) New to Britain.
Entomol. Gaz. 32: 51-58.
ENTOMOLOGIST'S SEMINAR ON TRINIDAD
For an exciting two weeks' stay in the tropics this summer, from June 9 to June 23, visit the
Asa Wright Nature Centre and attend the seminar on tropical entomology. Cameras and
collecting equipment are recommended. The island's unique location off the coast of
Venezuela gives it a varied and plentiful insect population. In the evening a series of lectures
covering photography, insects and other animals of Trinidad will be given. The seminar price
of $750 includes room, meals, transportation on the island, and two days in Tobago. For more
information contact: Wonderbird Tours, 500 5th Ave., A 13, New York, New York 10036.
Vol. 94, No. 2. March & April 1983 41
SEASONAL FLIGHT PATTERN OF PLECOPTERA
FROM NORTH OTTER CREEK, VIRGINIA1
Boris C. KondratiefT. Joseph L. Despins^
ABSTRACT: Adult stoneflies were collected by a hlacklight trap for one flight season from
North Otter Creek, a 4th order Virginia stream. A total of 324 specimens were collected,
representing 1 1 species of Perlidae and Perlodidae. Five species dominated: 2 species were
collected for about a 7-week period, 5 over a 4-week period. Few stoneflies were collected by
the trap when air temperature dropped below 1C.
Little information exits on emergence patterns and flight period of
adult stoneflies in eastern North America. Studies which report this type of
information have employed tent or other emergence traps (i.e.. Harper and
Pilon 1970 and White et al. 1979). Blacklight traps can provide similar
data. They are easy to employ and capture large numbers of specimens,
often including rare species. Resh et al. ( 1975) pointed out the advantages
and disadvantages of light trapping and the types of information obtainable.
Fernando (1961) indicated that regular light trapping is a useful method of
characterizing colonization cycles of many insects.
Some seasonal flight information for southeastern stonefly species has
been reported by Morse et al. (1980). Our paper presents the pattern of
adult stonefly occurrence over the flight season in 1981, based on blacklight
trap collections from a Virginia stream.
Study Area
North Otter Creek (37°27'30"N, 79C27'30"W). a tributary of the
Roanoke River Basin, lies at the boundary between the Blue Ridge and
Piedmont Plateau physiographic provinces in the northern portion of
Bedford County, Virginia. It is formed by the confluence of Overstreet and
Gunstock creeks. The sampling site was located on the N.A. Boone Farm,
off County Route 639, approximately 1 700 m below Bedford Lake, a small
14.5 ha impoundment.
The substrate was mostly pebble (16-64 mm) with some cobble (64-
256 mm), and silt accumulations were present in pool areas. The stream
averaged 5 m wide and had a 16 m/km gradient. Dissolved oxygen
concentrations were near saturation (> 90%) throughout the study period.
The stream water pH ranged from 6.9-7.1 and was soft (mean alkalinity:
3.1 mg/1 CaCO3). Riparian vegetation was dominated by American
'Received February 5, 1982
-Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Department of Entomology. Blacksburg.
Virginia 24061
ENT. NEWS 94(2): 41-44. March & April, 1983
42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and speckled alder (Alnus serrnlata
Aiton).
Methods
A standard Ellisco Inc. general purpose blacklight insect trap (with GE
F15T8/BL bulb) was operated continuously from 15 April to 20 September
1981. The trap was set 40 m from the stream margin and trap contents were
examined, identified and enumerated every 24 hours. Daily fluctuations in
air temperature were measured using a recording hygrothermograph (Cole-
Parmer Instrument Co.). There were no other streams near the trap site.
Results and Discussion
A total of 324 specimens representing 1 1 species were collected. The
seasonal pattern of stoneflies attracted to the trap is illustrated in Fig. 1.
Five species were numerically dominant: Perlesta placida (44% of all
stoneflies collected), Acroneiin'a arenosa (24%), Isoperla dicala (1 1%),
Acroneuria abnormis (10%), and Eccoptura xanthenes (7%). All except
MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST
1231123412341234
Diploperla robusta Stark and Gaufin ••
ALL S
Cliooerla clio (Newman) «•
WJ c-
I soperla dicala Prison
1 2
Eccoptura xanthenes (Newman)
1 2
Acroneuria abnormis (Newman)
1 3
Acroneuria arenosa (Pictet)
1 2
Ac roneu ria sp.
AIX a
Perlesta placida (Hagen)
1 3
Nleoperla sp.
ALL '.
Ph asganophora capitals (Pictet)
1 3
Paragnetma fumosa (Banks)
Fig I. Seasonal flight of adult stoneflies from May to August 1981. North Otter Creek, VA.
Vol. 94, No. 2, March & April 1983
43
Diploperla robusta, Clioperla clio, and /. dicala (Perlodidae) belong to the
family Perlidae, and members of both families are known to be readily
attracted to light (Prison 1935, Hitchcock 1974, Stark and Gaufin 1979).
The first stonefly, D. robusta, was trapped on 1 1 May and the last stonefly .
Paragnetina fumosa on 3 August 1981. Eccoptura xanthenes and
Phasganophora capitata exhibited the longest flight periods of about 7
weeks (Fig. 1 ). Diploperla robusta, C. clio, Acroneuria sp., and Neoperla
sp. had very short flight periods of less than 1 week. These species were
considered rare at this site. Acroneuria abnormis, C. clio, and P. placida
have approximately 4 week flight periods. Morse et al. (1980) reported
similar flight periods for some of the same species in South Carolina.
Nearly 73% of all stoneflies were collected in June, representing 7 of 1 1
species. Clioperla clio and D. robusta, are spring emerging species
collected only in May during this study. Adults of P. fumosa have been
recorded from April to September, however we collected it only in August.
Maximum air temperatures averaged highest in June (Fig. 2) the month
when almost two-thirds of all stoneflies were collected. Few adults were
collected when air temperatures dropped below 7°C.
35
30
25
20
Ul
(T
K
UJ
Q-
Ul
10
15 22 29
MAY
12 19 26
JUNE
10 17 24 31
JULY
14 21 28
AUGUST
Fig. 2. Weekly range of air temperatures from May 1 to September 1. 1981. North Otter
Creek. VA. Upper line is maximum, lower minimum.
44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Throughout the sampling period, less males were collected than
females (Fig. 1 ) and the sex ratio was less than 1 :2. Eighty-eight percent of
females either carried extruded egg masses or were void of eggs, indicating
that egg laying was occurring or had occurred. Active flying by females
probably accounted for the higher capture rate of this sex.
No attempts were made to test light trap efficiency or effects of light
intensity. Relative abundance of individuals or sex captured/hour was not
recorded. Benthic surveys of North Otter Creek indicated the presence of
nymphs of all the species attracted to the trap except Acroneuria sp., D.
robusta, and Neoperla sp. Five species: Amphinemura nigritta
(Provancher), Leuclra spp. (2 species), Sweltsa onkos (Ricker), and
Has taper/a brevis (Banks) were collected only by kicknet during the period
of trap operation. Adults of these genera typically are not attracted to light.
The majority of the species collected by the trap were widespread
boreal species. These included/), robusta, C. clio, I. dicala, A. abnormis,
P. placida, and P. capitata. No exclusively Appalachian species were
collected even though the collecting site was at the boundary with the
mountainous Blue Ridge Province. Stark ( 1979) considered E. xanthenes
Appalachian, however in Virginia it occurs throughout the state. Paragnetina
fumosa and A. arenosa are typical Piedmont and Coastal Plain species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank J.R. Voshell. Jr.. R.F. Kirchner. and P.P. Kondratieff for reviewing the
manuscript. We also thank Mr. N.A. Boone. Bedford. VA for technical assistance and
allowing us to place the trap on his property.
LITERATURE CITED
Fernando, C.H. 1961 Aquatic insects taken at light in Ceylon, with a discussion and
bibliography of references to aquatic insects at light. Ceylon J. Sci. 4: 45-54.
Prison, T.H. 1935. The stoneflies. or Plccoptera, of Illinois. III. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull.
20: 281-471.
Harper, P.P. and J.G. Pilon.1970. Annual patterns of emergence of some Quebec stoneflies
(Insecta: Plecoptera). Can. J. Zool. 48: 681-694.
Hitchcock, S.W. 1974. Guide to the insects of Connecticut: Part VII. The Plecoptera or
stoneflies of Connecticut. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Conn. Bull. 107: 1-262.
Morse, J.C., J.W. Chapin, D.D. Herlong, and R.S. Harvey. 1980. Aquatic insects of
Upper Three Runs Creek. Savannah River Plant. South Carolina. Part I Orders other than
Diptera. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 15: 73-101.
Resh, V.H., K.H. Haag, and S.E. Neff. 1975. Community structure and diversity of
cuddisfly adults from the Salt River. Kentucky. Environ. Entomol. 4: 241-253.
Stark, B.P. 1979. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Mississippi. J. Miss. Acad Sci 24- 109-
122.
Stark, B.P. and A.R. Gaufin. 1979. The stoneflies (Plectopera) of Florida. Trans. Amer.
Entomol. Soc. 104: 391-433.
White, T.R., P.H. Carlson, and R.C. Fox. 1979. Emergence patterns of fall and winter
stonctlics (Plecoptera: Filipalpia) in northwestern South Carolina. Proc. Fntomol Soc
Wash. 81: 379 390.
Vol. 94. No. 2, March & April 1983 45
NESTS AND PREY OF TWO LITTLE-KNOWN
SPECIES OF CERCERIS (HYMENOPTERA:
SPHECIDAE)1
Howard E. Evans^
ABSTRACT: Cerceris gnarina Banks and C. \\-yomingensis Scullen were studied at
montane sites in Colorado. In both cases the burrows penetrated the soil at about a 90 degree
angle and cells were built in a more or less radial pattern from the bottom of the burrow. C.
gnarina preyed on Boris striata (Curculionidae). C. wyomingensis on Graphops nebulosa
(Chrysomelidae).
Only about a third of the approximately 80 Nearctic species of Cerceris
have been studied in the field. What is known suggests that there is
relatively little diversity in nest structure but that each species is moderately
to strongly host-specific, preying upon a limited assemblage of beetles
(Scullen and Wold, 1969; Evans, 1971: Evans and Rubink, 1978). This
paper concerns two little-known species I have studied briefly in Colorado,
both appearing typical of the genus with respect to nest structure and also
with respect to prey selection.
Cerceris gnarina Banks
This species has nested for two consecutive summers (1981 -82), during
late June and early July, in the center strip of a little-used dirt road in
Hewlett Gulch, near Poudre Park, Larimer Co., Colorado, at about 1 800 m
elevation. The soil here is a fine-grained silty loam, with many stones on the
surface but not below 3-5 cm. In 1981 there were two nests 3.5 m apart,
each with a small tumulus and a vertical hole penetrating the center.
Females provisioned slowly, taking up to an hour to return with prey. When
not provisioning they remained within the burrow entrance, facing out. One
prey-laden female was followed by a satellite fly, Senotainia trilineata
(Wulp) (Sarcophagidae).
On 1 2 July one nest was excavated. The tumulus was 1 cm high, 6.5 cm
in diameter, the burrow nearly vertical, 5 mm in diameter, terminating at a
depth of 16 cm. There were 8 cells, at depths of 15-18 cm, forming a
somewhat radial pattern from the bottom of the burrow, each at the end of a
short side-burrow that had been closed off. Six of them contained wasp
larvae in various stages of development, one of them had 15 weevils but no
egg or larva, and the remaining cell had only beetle fragments. All weevils.
•Received November 11. 1982
-Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University. Fort Collins. CO
80523.
ENT. NEWS 94(2): 45-46. March & April. 1983
46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
including those taken from provisioning females, appeared to belong to the
same species. Twelve that were saved for identification proved to be Boris
striata (Say) (Curculionidae).
Cerceris wyomingensis Scullen
A single nest of this species was located in the steeply sloping bank of a
gully at Chimney Rock, a geological formation on the Colorado -Wyoming
border, 40 km SW of Laramie, Wyoming, at an elevation of 2350 m. There
was no tumulus, simply an open hole which penetrated the slope at about a
90 degree angle. The burrow was 4 mm in diameter and 45 cm long. When
the nest was excavated on 2 September 1981, there was a single beetle at
the end of the burrow and a single cell 4 cm from the terminus. The cell
contained 6 beetles and a wasp egg on the topmost beetle. All beetles were
Graphops nebulosa (LeConte) (Chrysomelidae).
At Great Sand Dunes National Monument, in southern Colorado, a
male C. wyomingensis was one of several species of bees and wasps being
used as prey by Philanthus basilaris Cresson.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Cerceris were identified by George R. Ferguson. Oregon State University, the beetles
by D.R. Whitehead and R. White of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory. USDA.
LITERATURE CITED
Evans, H.E. 1971. Observations on the nesting behavior of wasps of the tribe Cercerini. J.
Kansas Entomol. Soc. 44: 500-523.
Evans, H.E.,and W.L. Rubink. 1978. Observations on the prey and nests of seven species of
Cerceris (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Great Basin Nat. 38: 59-63.
Scullen, H.E., and J.L. Wold. 1969. Biology of wasps of the tribe Cercerini. with a list of
Coleoptera used as prey. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62: 209-214.
ANNOUNCEMENT AND CALL FOR PAPERS
The 34th annual meeting of The Lepidopterists' Society will be held July 7- 1 0, 1 983 at the
Fawcett Center for Tomorrow. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. For a PROGRAM
AND REGISTRATION FORM and other pertinent details write to the Ohio Biological
Survey, 484 West 12th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210 (614) 422-9645 or to Eric H. Metzler,
1241 Kildale Square, North, Columbus. Ohio 43229 (614) 265-6507.
Vol. 94. No. 2, March & April 1983 47
SOUTHERN RANGE EXTENSION OF AMELETUS
CRYPTOSTIMULUS (EPHEMEROPTERA:
SIPHLONURIDAE)1
Robert D. Davic2
ABSTRACT: Ameletus cn-ptostimulus Carle, previously known only from western Virginia, is
newly recorded from Macon County. North Carolina.
Ameletus cryptostimulus Carle has been known only from small
streams at high elevations in Giles County, Virginia (Carle 1978). Here
nymphs of A. cryptostimulus are reported from a small mountain stream in
Macon County, North Carolina, although Traver's ( 1 932) Ameletus sp. B
from North Carolina almost surely was A. cryptostimulus.
The unnamed stream, located on the U.S. Geological 7.5 minute
Highland map (35°5'N, 83C14'W). is spring-fed, and has an elevation
ranging from 1036m to 1049m. Stream width is less than 1 m; water depths
range from 0.7 cm to 5.9 cm annually. The stream flows through an oak-
hickory-deciduous heath second growth forest, with numerous Rhododendron
sp. shrubs dominating the stream bank vegetation. Soil composition of the
hill slope is utisol ashe loam series. Topsoil is dark brown humus loam with
a pH of 4.3 to 5.3.
A total of 48 A. cryptostimulus nymphs were collected from 408 Surber
samples taken from 4 random sections of the stream. Collection dates and
the number of A. cryptostimulus per square meter of stream-bed were as
follows: 23-24 June 1980 (0.9), 13-14 August 1980 (0.2). 2-3 October
1980(0.0), 29-30 December 1980 (3.3). 23-24 May 1981 (4.1). and 21-
22 August 1981 (1.2). The largest nymphs (head width and total length)
were collected during the two August time periods. The temporal pattern of
the density data suggests a summer emergence period which differs from the
April-May emergence observed by Carle (1978) in the western Virginia
populations.
Nymphs of other Ephemeroptera collected with A. cryptostimulus,
including their total numbers, from the 408 Surber samples were as
follows: Paraleptophlebia sp.-596, Stenonema meririvulanum Carle and
Lewis-485. Habrophlebia vibrans Needham-175. Seratella sordida
(McDunnough)-l 19. and Stenacron Carolina (Banks)-6. The relative
rarity of A. cryptostimulus suggests that a casual collector would likely
overlook it, which may explain its exclusion from previous species lists of
'Received August 9. 1982
-Department of Biological Sciences. Kent State University. Kent. Ohio 44242
ENT. NEWS 94(2): 47-48. March & April. 1983
48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
the southern Appalachian Mountains. The similarity of the North Carolina
habitat to the type-locality in Virginia (e.g. small stream at high elevation)
indicates that other cryptic populations of A. cryptostimulus should exist at
high elevations throughout the southern Appalachians.
I thank Dr. F.L. Carle for identification of the Ameletus and Stenonema
nymphs and Dr. J.D. Unzicker for identification of the other species. I also
thank Dr. B. A. Foote for reading the manuscript. This work was supported
by grants from Sigma Xi and The Highlands Biological Station.
LITERATURE CITED
Carle, F.L. 1978. A new species of Ameletus (Ephemeroptera: Siplonuridac) from western
Virginia. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 71: 581-584.
Traver, J.R. 1932. Mayflies of North Carolina. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. J. 47: 163-236.
SOCIETY MEETING — NOVEMBER 4, 1982
The American Entomological Society's second regular meeting of the 1 982-83 year was
held Thursday, November 4 at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Ten
members and four guests attended. The speaker for the evening was Dr. Dennis Joslyn,
Assistant Professor of Zoology at the Camden Campus of Rutgers State University. Dr.
Joslyn spoke on "Autocidal Control of Salt Marsh Mosquitoes."
Of the approximately 60 species of mosquitos that are known from New Jersey, the salt
marsh mosquito, A edes sollicitans is the most abundant. Since it is a major pest species and a
vetor for eastern equine encephalitis virus, controlling its' populations is important. Dr. Joslyn
is interested in developing a genetic strategy to complement current pest management
practices.
With a diploid chromosome number of six, the genetics of mosquitoes is potentially
simpler than that of Drosophila. An effective laboratory selection procedure carried out in
Florida on the Central American species. Anopheles atbimanus, has yielded a strain with
defined chromosomal translocations and inversions in which only males were resistant to
Propoxur. Analogous genetic manipulations of the salt marsh mosquito should be possible.
Such a strain could be mass cultured to yield males that could be released in the wild after
sterilization. Matings between these males and the wild monogamous females would result in
nonviable offspring. A lively discussion followed Dr. Joslyn's talk.
On notes of local entomological interest. Dr. William Day mentioned that alfalfa plant
bugs, Adelphocoris lineolatus, found in the fall, may be so darkly colored that field
identification can be difficult. He suggested that the dark coloration was probably an
adaptation to absorb more heat. Drs. Ronald Romig and Charles Mason reported on their
attempts to trace the spread ofLydella thompsoni into southeastern Pennsylvania. Lydella is
an introduced parasite of the European corn borer.
Harold B. White
Corresponding Secretary
Vol. 94, No. 2. March & April 1983 49
A BLIND HOMOLOPHUS BICEPS
(ARACHNIDA: OPILIONES)1
R.G. Holmberg2, E.G. Kokko3
ABSTRACT: Scanning electron microscopy of a harvestman. Homolophus biceps, that
lacked both eyes and ocular tubercle revealed no indication of external damage or healing.
Internally, light microscope sections showed no evidence of eyes. The brain had no or very
degenerate optic nerve masses. The ventral nerve cord was also reduced. Of the three possible
causative mechanisms i.e.. physical damage, genetic change and biochemical disruption, the
last is the most plausible.
There are three suborders of the Opiliones, of which two. the
Laniatores and Palpatores, typically have two eyes. Members of the third
suborder, the Cyphophthalmi, are usually blind. Though the degree of eye
development varies between species (Curtis, 1970; Juberthie and Munoz-
Cuevas, 1973), it is a rare event for a species with eyes to produce eye-less
individuals. Thus when we found a blind specimen of a normally sighted
species, we tried to discover how it became blind. As the specimen was
preserved 1 8 years previous to our study, we were limited to a morphological
and anatomical inquiry of the cause and extent of the abnormality.
Materials and Methods
The eye-less specimen, an adult female Homolophus biceps (Thorell).
was collected by A.L. Turnbull between 14 May and 8 June 1963 near
Seven Persons, Alberta (49 5 I'M, 110 54'W, an area of short grass
prairie). The specimen was taken along with another female and eight
immatures that are apparently normal. After removal from the ethylene-
glycol and water mixture of the pit-trap, the specimen was preserved in
ethanol. When the abnormality was noted, the specimen was taken through
a dehydration series of ethanol to 100%, critical point dried with carbon
dioxide, mounted, sputter coated with gold (15 nm thick), and examined
with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then the specimen was
removed from its mount and infiltrated and embedded in plastic (Spurr.
1969). After polymerization, it was sectioned (7 jum) and stained (1%
aqueous toluidine blue) for light microscopy.
For SEM comparisons a normal adult female that was collected in
'Received September 3. 1982
-Athabasca University, Edmonton. Alberta, Canada, T5L 2W4
-^Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Lethbridge. Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
ENT. NEWS 94(2): 49-52. March & April. 1983
50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Osoyoos, British Columbia was treated in the same fashion.
For light microscopy comparisons we used previously prepared slides
of normal subadult to adult females that were collected near Cypress Lake,
Saskatchewan. These specimens had been fixed in Brasil's fluid, embedded
in paraffin, sectioned (6 //m), and stained with Mallory's triple stain.
Nomenclature of the nervous system follows Bullock and Horridge
(1965).
Results
When we examined the abnormal specimen with SEM, there was no
evidence of either any damage to the integument or of any, even
rudimentary, development of an ocular tubercle (Fig. 1 ). There were a few
shallow indentations in the region near where the ocular tubercle should
have been, but these were also observed in the normal specimen (Fig. 2 ) and
are almost certainly artifacts of cuticle collapse caused by drying.
Light microscopy of the abnormal specimen revealed that the tissues
were, considering their history, remarkably well preserved (Fig. 3).
However, there was substantial (microbial?) degradation of the digestive
diverticulae, and most structures within the brain and ventral nerve cord
were very difficult or impossible to distinguish. There was no evidence of an
ocular tubercle, eyes or optic nerves. Optic nerve masses were absent or
very much reduced. The ventral nerve cord was also less developed than
normal specimens (cf. Fig. 4). The specimen was mature but not gravid.
Discussion
From the morphological and anatomical evidence, we conclude that the
abnormality was not caused by physical damage. Normally a large wound
such as removal of the entire ocular tubercle would cause an opilionid to
bleed to death or at least show some irregularities in the cuticle when the
wound was repaired during moulting.
A second possible explanation i.e., genetic change, is also unlikely. In
cavernicolous species, eye reduction is common and may range from simple
eye depigmentation, through absence of eyes, to absence of both eyes and
ocular tubercle (Goodnight and Goodnight, 1960). Thus in cavernicolous
species at least, degeneration of the eyes seems to be a gradual phenomenon
and the result of many gene changes. However if the situation described here
involves only a single genetic change, other closely related species occasionally
should show the same kind of abnormality (i.e., lack of eyes and ocular
tubercle and reduced brain and ventral cord).
The most probable cause of the abnormality was a biochemical
Vol. 94, No. 2, March & April 1983
51
imbalance that occurred during the opilionid's development. Biochemical
disruptions may be caused by "exotic" chemicals such as pesticides as well
as high temperatures. Juberthie (1968) has shown that in the opilionid
Odiellus gallicus temperatures between 20 and 23.5°C before or during
somite differentiation may cause anopthalmia and indicated that some
individuals may survive this disruption.
/
/
VC
> HE
#
f V
- , . V
\ , v
vc
3
/
4
Figures 1,2. Scanning electron micrographs of an anterior-dorsal view of the cephalothoraxof
H. biceps. Fig. 1. Eye-less specimen. Note the chelicerae (c) and the openings of the scent
glands (sg). Fig. 2. Normal specimen with ocular tubercle (ot). Figures 3,4. Light micrographs
of cross-sections through brain. Fig. 3. Maximum extent of brain (b) in eve-less specimen.
Note esophagus (e), digestive diverticulum (dd), trachaeae (t), and ventral cord (vc). Fig. 4.
Maximum extent of brain in a normal subadult female. Note optic nerve masses (on). The
position of this section is slightly anterior to Fig. 3. Bars represent 0.5 mm.
52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank J.C. Cokendolpher, Texas Tech University, for bringing the abnormal specimen
to our attention; C.D. Dondale, Biosystematics Research Institute (Ottawa. Ontario), for
granting us permission to examine it; and C. Juberthie, Laboratoire Souterrain (Moulis,
France), for his valuable comments.
LITERATURE CITED
Bullock, T.H. and G.A. Horridge. 1965. Structure and function in the nervous systems of
invertebrates. Vol. 2, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco.
Curtis, D.J. 1970. Comparative aspects of the fine structure of the eyes of Phalangida
(Arachnida) and certain correlations with habitat. J. Zool. (London) 160: 231-265.
Goodnight, C.J. and M.L. Goodnight. 1960. Speciation among cave opilionids of the
United States. Am. Midi. Natur. 64: 34-38.
Juberthie, C. 1968. Teratologie expe'rimentale chez un opilion (Arachnide). J. Embryo!.
Exp. Morph. 19: 49-82.
Juberthie, C. and A. Munoz-Cuevas. 1973. Le problemede la regression de 1'appareil visuel
chez les Opilions. Ann. Speleol. 28: 147-157.
Spurr, A.R. 1969. A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy.
J. Ultrastruct. Res. 26: 31-43.
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLGOCIAL
NOMENCLATURE
c/o BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) CROMWELL ROAD,
LONDON. SW7 5BD
ITZN 59
8 December. 1982
The following Opinions have been published by the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, volume 39, part 4, on
7 December, 1982:
Opinion No.
1227 (p. 233) Tinea bjerkandrella Thunberg, 1784 and Phalaena (Noctua) cardui
Hubner. 1790 (Insecta, Lepidopera): conserved.
1231 (p. 243) Blatta germanica Linnaeus, 1767 (Insecta, Dictuoptera): conserved and
designated as type species of Blatella Caudell, 1903.
1238 (p. 262) Mycteromyia Philippi, 1865 (Insecta, Diptera): designation of type
species.
The Commission regrets that it cannot supply separates of Opinion.
R.V. MELVILLE. Secretary
Vol. 94, No. 2, March & April 1983 53
NORTH DAKOTA FLEAS. VIII. TWO NEW
GEOGRAPHIC RECORDS FROM THE NORTHERN
FLYING SQUIRREL (SIPHONAPTERA)1
Omer R. Larson^
ABSTRACT: Opisodasys pseudarctomys (Baker) and Epitedia faceta (Rothschild) are
reported for the first time from North Dakota on Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw).
Since 1937 a total of 44 species or subspecies of fleas have been
reported from North Dakota. This paper adds two species to that list.
On October 29. 1981, a freshly killed northern flying squirrel,
Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw), from the city of Grand Forks (Grand Forks
County) was brought to my laboratory. It harbored a large population of
ectoparasites, including mites, larval ticks, mallophagans and three species
of fleas. The latter were identified as Orchopeas caedens (Jordan) ( 1 cf, 2
9), Opisodasys pseudarctomys (Baker) (2 cf, 2 9) and Epitedia faceta
(Rothschild) (5 cf, 3 9). Voucher specimens of the fleas are in the
Invertebrate Museum, University of North Dakota.
Orchopeas caedens is common on red squirrels throughout their North
American range, and occasionally occurs on other sciurids. The other two
species of fleas are true parasites of flying squirrels and constitute new
records for North Dakota. Opisodasys pseudarctomys has a transcontinental
distribution (Lewis 1974), and is known regionally from north-central
Minnesota (Benton, et al. 1971). Epitedia faceta has not been previously
reported west of Pennsylvania (Benton 1980). This range extension of
1500 km is interesting since flying squirrels from Manitoba, Minnesota,
Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois and Ohio have been examined for fleas
in other studies. It is tempting to view the local occurrence of E. faceta as a
disjunct population reflecting post-glacial movement of flying squirrels.
However, E. faceta is primarily a nest flea with adults present only in the
colder months. Since flying squirrels and their nests are seldom collected at
such times, it may be that E. faceta occurs throughout the intervening area,
at least across southern Canada. Apparently, there are not specimens or
reports to substantiate this hypothesis, but winter collections of flying
squirrel nests would probably resolve the question.
'Received October 21. 1982
-Department of Biology, University of North Dakota. Grand Forks. ND 58202
ENT. NEWS 94(2): 53-54. March & April. 1983
54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank Dr. Paul B. Kannowksi, University of North Dakota, for providing the
flying squirrel, and Dr. Allen H. Benton. State University College, Fredonia, NY. for
verifying my identification of E. faceta.
LITERATURE CITED
Benton, A.H. 1980. An atlas of the fleas of the eastern United States. Marginal Media.
Fredonia. 177 pp.
O.R. Larson and B.A. Yen Huizen. 1971. Siphonaptera from Itasca State Park
region. J. Minn. Acad. Sci. 37: 91-92.
Lewis, R.E. 1974. Notes on the geographic distribution and host preferences in the order
Siphonaptera. Part 3. Hystrichopsyllidae. J. Med. Ent. 11: 147-167.
SOCIETY MEETING — FEBRUARY 4, 1983
The twelve members and twenty-one guests who attended the February 4, 1 983, meeting
of the American Entomological Society at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
were treated to an absorbing talk by Dr. Paul W. Schaefer. Dr. Schaefer, an entomologist at
the USDA Beneficial Insects Research Laboratory in Newark. Delaware, spoke on
"Exploring for Parasites and Predators of the Gypsy Moth in Mainland, China, 1982." His
illustrated talk included a rich mixture of geography, culture, and entomology.
Dr. Schaefer reported that in China the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is not considered
to be a major forest pest and defoliation rarely occurs. The populations there are kept under
control by natural parasites and predators. Nevertheless, Dr. Schaefer and two other
American forest entomologists had no difficulty finding the gypsy moth throughout northeastern
China where they travelled and were successful in identifying a large number of its natural
enemies. Glyptoapanteles liparidis was found to be the most important parasite. Several
differences between the Chinese and American populations of gypsy moths were illustrated by
Dr. Schaefer. In China the larvae are more brightly colored with red and yellow and they
frequently retreat under rocks in the day time. The adult males are darker and females can fly.
This latter observation was documented by photographs of large concentrations of egg masses
around outdoor lights. The Academy of Forestry of the People's Republic of China, who
sponsored Dr. Schaefer's visit, provided the utmost in hospitality. Although Chinese officials
did not permit live insects to leave the country. Dr. Schaefer feels that his visit was a successful
step toward locating natural enemies of the gypsy moth that could eventually be useful in
controlling gypsy moth populations in this country. A small collection of Far Eastern insects
was displayed after the talk.
In the period for notes of local entomological interest. Dr. Kenneth Frank inquired if
anyone had observed the Ailanthis silk moth in Philadelphia in recent years. Joseph Harrison
responded that he had observed a colony about six years ago but that the populations are much
reduced compared to about fifty years ago, partly due to loss of the host tree. Dr. Paul Schaefer
reported a record of sorts. A gypsy moth egg mass found in the University of Delaware woodlot
contained 1 , 038 eggs. Typically large egg masses in regions of an expanding populations may
contain about 700 eggs.
Harold B. White
Corresponding Secretary
Vol. 94, No. 2, March & April 1983
NEW RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF
ALLOPERLA (PLECOPTRA: CHLOROPERLIDAE)
FROM THE OZARK-OUACHITA REGION1
Bill P. Stark^, Kenneth W. Stewart^, Jack Feminella^
ABSTRACT: The male of Alloperla ouachita n. sp., from Arkansas is described and compared
with other members of the A. leonarda Ricker group. Additional records of A. caudata Prison. A.
hamata Surdick and A. leonarda from the Ozark-Ouachita region are given and a key to male
Alloperla known from this area is presented.
Since the Prison (1934, 1942) descriptions of Alloperla caudata from
the Ozarks, no additional A lloperla species have been recorded in studies of
stoneflies of this region (Stark & Stewart 1973; Stewart et al. 1 974). Recent
field work on the Little Missouri River in Arkansas revealed one species
new to science and the first record of A. hamata Surdick from west of the
Mississippi River. A. hamata and an additional species, A. leonarda
Ricker, were subsequently found among material from Missouri in the
Monte L. Bean Museum.
In order to facilitate regional studies, the new species is described
herein, and a key to male Alloperla known to occur in the area is presented.
Specimens utilized in this study have been deposited in the Monte L. Bean
Museum, Brigham Young University (BYU), North Texas State University
Museum (NTSU), Bill P. Stark Collection (BPS), and the United States
National Museum (USNM).
Allopera hamata Surdick
Surdick (1981) described this species from Alabama, but illustrations
of the male genitalia are given here in facilitate comparison with other
regional species. Our specimens differ slightly from Alabama specimens
described by Surdick (1981) in fine detail of the epiproct tip. In Ozark-
Ouachita populations the widest part of the serrate apex occurs proximal to
the base, while in Alabama specimens the widest part of the serrated region
occurs anterior to the basal tooth (Figs. 1, 2). These populations are.
however, not presently considered to be specifically distinct.
Deceived September 30. 1982
^Dept of Biology, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS 39058
^Dept. of Biological Sciences, North Texas State Univ., Denton. TX 76203
ENT. NEWS 94(2): 55-59. March & April. 1983
56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Material examined — ARKANSAS: Montgomery Co., Little Missouri Riv. 20-VI-80,
E.J. Bacon and J.W. Feminella, 1 cf (BPS). MISSOURI: Christian Co., Bull Crk., 10-V-72,
B.K. Newman, 29cf (BYU).
Alloperla ouachita Stark & Stewart, n. sp.
(Figs. 3, 4)
Male. — Forewing length 6-7 mm; body length 5-7 mm. General color white in alcohol;
abdominal stripe absent. Epiproct tip ca. 2X long as wide; lateral margins covergent near base,
gradually diverging to apical third then slightly convergent to horns. Anterior margin bluntly
upturned, rounded with a pair of prominent lateral horns; dorsal aspect with a broad mesal
carina, widest at apex; fine setae along lateral margins. Cowl with prominent membranous
lateral lobes. Lateral brushes on segments 7-9.
Types. — Holotype cf (ISNM #100682) and 16 cf paratypes (BPS and NTSU) from
Arkansas, Montgomery Co., Little Missouri Riv., 20-VI-80, E.J. Bacon and J.W. Feminella.
Etymology. — The specific name, A . ouachita, is based on the mountain range in which it
is collected.
Diagnosis. -- A. ouachita is a member of the A. leonarda complex
which also includes A.furcula Surdick and A. natchez Surdick & Stark. It is
most closely related to A. leonarda and speciation probably is the result of
isolation in the Ouachita Mountains of ancestral populations of A.
leonarda. The two species are distinguished by characters given in the key
below.
Allopera cuadata Prison
Prison (1942) and Hitchcock (1974) have adequately characterized
this species, but illustrations of the male genitalia (Figs. 5, 6) are given to
facilitate comparison with other Ozark-Ouachita species. The records
below include the first Missouri localities for the species.
Material examined. — MISSOURI. Christian Co., Bull Crk, Hwy W, Sof Ozark, 10-V-
72, B.K. Newman. 13 cf (BYU); same location, 17-V-72, B.K. Newman, 17 cf (BYU).
Greene Co., Little Sac Riv, abv. Fellows Lake, 16-V-72, R.W. Baumann, 2 cf (BYU); same
location. 25-V-72, R.W. Baumann, 4 cf (BYU). Tanev Co. Blue Crk, nr. Swan, 23-V-72,
R.W. Baumann, 2 cf (BYU); Bull Crk, Hwy. 176, 12-17-V-72, B.K. Newman, 22 cf (BYU).
OKLAHOMA: Delaware Co., Flint Crk, Flint, 6-VI-73, B. Stark, 2 cf, 2 9 (BPS).
Alloperla leonarda Ricker
Harper & Kirchner (1978) and Ricker (1952) have adequately
diagnosed this species, but illustrations of male genitalia (Figs. 7, 8) are
given to facilitate comparisons with other regional species. The record
below represents the first Missouri locality for the species.
Material examined. — MISSOURI: Christian Co., Bull Crk, Hwy W, S of Ozark, 10-
V-72, B.K. Newman. 13 cf (BYU).
Vol. 94, No. 2, March & April 1983
57
Fig. 1-4. Alloperla terminalia. Fig. 1. ,4. hamata male, dorsal. Fig. 2. .4. humaia cpiproct.
lateral. Fig. 3. A. ouachita, male, dorsal. Fig. 4. .4. ouachita, epiproct. lateral.
58
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
>Y/i^
, ' / !
/ / ' i /
•
/
\ N
8
7
Fig. 5-S.Alloperlaterminalia.A. caudata, male, dorsal. Fig. 5. A. caudata, male, dorsal. Fig.
6. A. cauduta, epiproct, lateral. Fig. 7. A. leonarda, male, dorsal. Fig. 8. A. leonarda.
epiproct, lateral.
Vol. 94, No. 2, March & April 1983 59
KEY TO OZARK-OUACHITA MALE ALLOPERA
\ . Epiproct cowl with enlarged membranous lateral lobes (Fig. 4) 2
Epiproct cowl without enlarged membranous lateral lobes (Fig. 2) 3
2. Lateral margins of epiproct almost parallel (Fig. 7): lateral aspect of epiproct of almost
uniform thickness (Fig. 8) leonarda
Lateral margins of epiproct sinuate; Epiproct narrow at base, widest at apical third
(Fig. 3); lateral aspect of epiproct distinctly inflated in apical half (Fig. 4). . . . ouachita
3. Epiproct apex with lateral serrations (Fig. 1); dorsal aspect with scattered fine long
setae hamata
Epiproct apex without lateral serrations (Fig. 5); dorsal aspect densely covered with
short golden brown setae caudata
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to R.W. Baumann, Monte L. Bean Museum, Brigham Young University
and E.J. Bacon, Southern Arkansas University for the loan of material.
LITERATURE CITED
Prison, T.H. 1934. Four new species of stoneflies from North America. Can. Entomol.
66: 25-30.
1942. Studies of North American Plecoptera with special reference to the fauna
of Illinois. Bull. III. Nat. Hist. Surv. 22: 234-355.
Harper, P.P. & R.F. Kirchner. 1978. A new stonefly from West Virginia (Plecoptera:
Chloroperlidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80: 403-406.
Hitchcock, S. W. 1 974. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. VII. The Plecoptera or stoneflies
of Connecticut. St. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 107: 1-262.
Ricker, W.E. 1952. Systematic studies in Plecoptera. Ind. Univ. Publ. Sci. Ser. 18: 1-200.
Stark, B.P. & K.W. Stewart. 1973. Distribution of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Oklahoma.
Jour. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 46: 563-577.
Stewart, K.W., R.W. Baumann & B.P. Stark. 1974. The distribution and past dispersal of
southwestern United States Plecoptera. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 99: 507-546.
Surdick, R.F. 1981. New Nearctic Chloroperlidae (Plecoptera). Great Basin Natur.
41: 349-359.
60 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ARTHROPODS FROM A SAW- WHET OWL
(AEGOLIUSACADICUS) NEST IN CONNECTICUT1
James R. Philips^, Michael Root^, Peter DeSimone^
ABSTRACT: Analysis of saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadicus) nest material collected in
Sharon, CT yielded 6 species of insects and 1 4 species of mites, as well as phoretic nematodes.
None of the species had previously been found in saw-whet owl nests and the list includes 3
new mite records for the State of Connecticut.
Saw-whet owls (Aegolius acadicus} (Gmelin)) are the smallest owls in
eastern North American and occur in western, central and northeastern
United States, as well as Canada and Mexico. They feed largely on rodents
and nest in tree-holes, but they have not been studied as extensively as other
eastern owls, and there are no published records of parasites or other
arthropods found in saw-whet owl nests.
Owl nests provide a prime habitat for many kinds of arthropods. The
owls themselves represent only one potential food source; there is also a
wide variety of organic material, including carrion in the form of prey
remains, undigested pellets regurgitated by the owls, and plant material in
the nest. Thus the nests attract a wide variety of saprophagous, predatory
and parasitic arthropods which may be present in great numbers (Philips
and Dindal 1977, 1979b). Owl nests may also contain unique taxa - for
example, the beetle Trox tvtus Robinson is known only from barn owl ( Tyto
alba (Scop.)) nests (Vaurie, 1955) and Fain and Philips (1977a, I977b,
1 978a, 1979) have described a number of new mite genera and species from
a screech owl ( Otus asio(L.)} nest. The objective of this study was to survey
the arthropod fauna of a sample of saw-whet owl nest material.
Methods
During a survey of breeding birds of prey in northwestern Connecticut,
a saw-whet owl nest was located by the junior authors in a tree-hole in a
dead black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in Sharon, CT. The hole was
8.2m high and a sample of nest material was collected on 13 June 1978
while the one chick in the nest was banded. The sample of nest material was
highly odoriferous and contained decaying prey remains as well as pellets
and plant matter. The sample was shipped to the senior author for analysis.
However, upon arrival it was found that conditions had become anaerobic
'Received July 26, 1982
2Math/Science Division, Babson College, Babson Park (Wellesley), MA 02157
3West Cornwall Road. Sharon. CT 06069
ENT. NEWS 94(2): 60-64, March & April, 1983
Vol. 94, No. 2. March & April 1983
and the sample had become a mass of semi-liquefied material. This
prevented quantitative analysis, but the material was examined under a
dissecting microscope before disposal.
Results
Although no invertebrates were still alive in the sample at the time of
analysis, 204 arthropods were found intact. These represented 14 species
of mites and 6 species of insects (Table I). In addition, hundreds of
nematodes were found attached to 4 of the trogid beetles on the sides of the
elytra and pronotum, and on the prosternum, metasternum, and first
abdominal segment. Hundreds of unattached nematodes were also found
underneath the elytra of one trogid beetle and one silphid beetle. The prey
remains in the sample included skulls of woodland jumping mice (Napaeozapus
insignis (Miller)) and red-backed voles, (Clethrionomysgapperi( Vigors)).
Discussion
The role beetles play as hosts for other invertebrates needing food or
transportation was dramatically illustrated in this sample by the finding of
the nematodes and 6 species of mites associated with the beetles. No
nematodes have previously been found on trogid beetles. Both the
subelytral and externally attached nematodes seemed to be phoretic rather
than parasitic. The externally attached nematodes were dauerlarvae, the
third larval instar which is the usual phoretic stage formed under adverse
conditions. According to Croll and Matthews (1977), rhabditid nematodes
such as Pelodera form these larvae and attach by a secretion to beetles like
Phodius. Crowson ( 1981 ) stated that a considerable variety of nematodes
have such phoretic associations with beetles. However the unusual
circumstances of this record prevent the assumption that this is a frequent
association between nematodes and trogids. On the contrary, examination
of 3,433 additional specimens of trogid beetles in museums and in the field
has not yielded another incidence of an external infestation of dauerlarvae.
However, phoretic nematodes have been found on mites of the genus
Macrocheles, which are phoretic on trogid beetles (Philips and Dindal
1979a). The Macrocheles found in this nest represent a new species (R.M.
Emberson pers. comm.).
Both parasitic and phoretic mites were found on the trogid beetles.
Subelytral forms included an undescribed genus of pyemotid mite. Histiostoma
sp. B., Eviphis sp., and Poecilochinis necrophori Vitzth. No mites have
previously been reported from underneath the elytra of trogid beetles. The
undescribed pyemotid mites were found on only one trogid. on the
62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
anteroventral side of the elytra attached to membranous tissue and
underneath both wings attached to cuticle at the wing insertion. Other
pyemotid mites parasitize many beetle families (Cross and Krantz, 1964,
Cross et al. 1975) and it is likely that these are also parasites.
All specimens of Histiostorna sp.B. were found under the elytra of 4
trogid beetles. These anoetid mites were all in the hypopus stage, a form
adapted for phoresy possessing a posteroventral sucker plate and lacking
mouthparts . Anoetid hypopi are of widespread occurrence on insects; many
species occur on trogid beetle exteriors (pers. obs.) and one species of
Pelzneria has been found underneath the elytra of Nicrophoms (Springett,
1968). It is surprising that in this sample, Histiostorna sp.B. occurred only
on Trox underneath the elytra, Histiostorna sp.A. occurred only on the
exterior of Nicrophoms, and no mites occurred on Carcinops. Anoetid mite
hypopi have been found on Carcinops in other birds' nests (pers. obs.).
Three trogid beetles harbored 4 Eviphis females under or over the
wings, and 7 more Eviphis were found separately in the sample material.
Eviphidids have not previously been found associated with trogid beetles,
but the family generally disperses by phoresy. AHiphis halleri Can., for
example, is transported by Nicrophoms (Springett 1968).
Four Poecilochims duetonymphs were found under the elytra and on
the exterior of 2 trogid beetles; the rest occurred similarly on 2 Nicrophoms.
Poecilochims necrophori Vitz. deutonymphs are typically phoretic on
Nicrophoms, and this relationship has been studied by Springett (1968).
The mites feed on small fly larvae, fly eggs, and carrion encountered by their
beetle host, whose larvae feed on carrion.
While some mites colonize owl nests with the assistance of flying
insects, other reach the nests on various prey species. Three mammal
associates were found in the sample. Dermacarus newyorkensis Fain and
Glycyphagus hypudaei (Koch) hypopi have posteroventral claspers adapted
for gripping hair; these species have not previously been found in
Connecticut. Both species utilize many rodent hosts, but D. newyorkensis
is known from woodland jumping mice, while G. hypudaei is known from
the red-backed vole ( Whitaker and Wilson 1 974), which were the two rodents
whose remains were found in the nest.
The only vertebrate parasite found was an engorged chigger, Euschoengastia
peromysci (Ewing), which mainly parasitizes white-footed mice (Peromyscus
leucopus (Raf.)). Perhaps white-footed mice were also among the owl's
prey, or the chigger might have been parasitizing one of the rodents whose
remains we found. Another possibility is that white-footed mice may
previously have used the owl nest site as a nest and denning site of their own.
Most of the other species found were either saprovores or fungivores.
Acotyledon paradoxa Ouds. is a fungivore known from screech owl and
great horned owl (Bubo Virginia nits Gmelin)) nests in New York, mice
Vol. 94, No. 2. March & April 1983
63
nests in Maryland, and from the USSR (Fain and Philips 1978b) so this
find represents a new record for the State of Connecticut. Cosmoglyphus is
another fungivore, while the oribatid mites are species associated with
decomposing plant material. Overall, the community appears to be
dominated by carrion insects and their associated mites. Scavenging fly
larvae serve as food for predators like the histerid and silphid beetles and the
mesostigmatic mites, which may also feed on nematodes and other mites.
The silphid beetles also feed directly on the carrion, while the trogid beetles
eat the hair from the carrion and feathers lost by the owls. No avian
parasites were found, but the development of anaerobic conditions in the
sample before analysis caused our results to be very incomplete. A
thorough study of saw-whet owl nests is needed to accurately determine the
composition of the arthropod community, the presence and density of
nidicolous saw-whet parasites, and how the arthropod community changes
during the nesting period.
Table I. Arthropods from a saw-whet owl (Aegolius acadius (Gmelin)) nest in
Connecticut.
CLASS
Insecta
ORDER
Coleoptera
Diptera
Arachnida
Acarina
Mesostigmata
Prostigmata
Astigmata
FAMILY GENUS & SPECIES
Elateridae Elaterinae sp.
Histeridae Carcinops sp.
Silphiade .Vicrophoms pustulatus Hersch.
Trogidae Trox aequalis Say
Muscidae Fannia sp.
Scatopsidae sp.
Eviphididae Eviphis sp.
Macrochelidae Macrocheles n. sp.
Parasitidae Poecilochirus necrophori Vitz.
Pyemotidae n.g.
Pygmephondae Bakerdania sp.
Trombiculidae Euschoengastia peromysci (Ewing)
NUMBER STAGE
Oribatei
Acaridae
Anoetidae
Glycyphagidae
Galumnidae
Parakalumnidae
Acotyledon paradoxa Ouds
Cosmoglyphus sp.
Histiostoma sp.A.
Hisliostoma sp.B
Dermacams newvorkensis Fain
Glycyphagus hypudaei (Koch)
Pergalumna sp.
Prolokalumma depressa (Banks)
1
1
3
12
I
1
11
8
16
18
1
1
1
89
8
6
18
1
1
larva
adult
adults
adults
larva
larva
adults
adults
adults,
nymphs
adults
adult
larva
hypopi.
nymphs
hypopus
hypopi
hypopi
hypopi
hypopi
adult
adult
64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express our sincere appreciation to Dr. R.A. Norton and Dr. A.E. Newton
for reviewing the manuscript and to the following experts for taxonomic assistance: R.A.
Norton (Oribatei), A.F. Newton (Nicrophnrus) and R.M. Emberson (Macrocheles).
LITERATURE CITED
Croll, N.A. and B.E. Matthews. 1977. Biology of nematodes. Wiley and Sons, N.Y. 201 pp.
Cross, E.A. andG.W. Krantz. 1964. Two new species of the genus AcarophenaxNev/stead
and Duvall 1918. (Acarina, Pyemotidae). Acarologia 6: 287-295.
Cross, W.H., W.I. McGovern and E.A. Cross. 1975. Insect hosts of parasitic mites called
Pyemotes. J. Ga. Ent. Soc. 10(1): 1-8.
Crowson, R.A. 1981. The Biology of the Coleoptera. Academic Press, London. 802 pp.
Fain, A. and J.R. Philips. 1977a. Astigmatic mites from nests of birds of prey in U.S.A. I.
Description of four new species of Glycyphagidae. Int. J. Acarol. 3(2): 105-1 14.
1977b. Astigmatic mites from nests of birds of prey in U.S.A. II. Two new
species of the genera Fusacanis Michael and Blomia Oudemans (Glycyphagidae). Acta
Zool. Path. Ant. 69: 155-162.
.. 1978a. Astigmatic mites from nests of birds of prey in U.S.A. III. Sapracarus
iuberculatus g.n., sp. n. (Acari, Astigmata, Saproglyphidae). Acta Zool. Path. Ant.
70: 227-231.
1978b. Astigmatic mites from nests of birds of prey in the U.S.A. IV. Description
of the life-cycle of Acotyledon paradoxa Oudemans, 1903. Zool. Meded. 53(3): 29-39.
_. 1979. Astigmatic mites from nests of birds of prey in the U.S.A. V. Four new
species of Anoetidae. Int. J. Acarol. 5(2) 147-153.
Philips, J.R. and D.L. Dindal. 1977. Raptor nests as a habitat for invertebrates: A review.
Raptor Res. 11(4): 86-96.
1979a. Decomposition of raptor pellets. Raptor Res. 13(4): 102-111.
1979b. The acarine community of nests of birds of prey. Pages 559-562 in J.G.
Rodriguez ed. Recent Advances in Acarology. Vol. I. Academic Press, N.Y. 631 pp.
Springett, B.P. 1 968. Aspects of the relationship between burying beetles Necrophorus spp.
and the mite Poecilochirus necrophori Vitz. J. An. Ecol. 37: 417-424.
Vaurie, P. 1955. A revision of the genus Trox in North America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 106(1): 1-89.
Whitaker, J.O., Jr. and N. Wilson. 1974. Host and distribution lists of mites (Acari),
parasitic and phoretic, in the hair of wild mammals of North America, north of Mexico. Am.
Mid. Nat. 91(1): 1-67.
Vol. 94, No. 2, March & April 1983 65
AN ANNOTATED CHECKLIST OF THE
STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA) OF MAINE1
Terry M. Mingo^
ABSTRACT: A total of 92 species representing nine families and 37 genera are contained in
the first comprehensive checklist of Maine Plecoptera. Nineteen additional species which
occur in adjacent states and provinces, but which have not yet been collected in Maine, are also
listed. County distributions and adult collection dates are included for species occurring in the
state. Twenty one species are reported from Maine for the first time.
Although previous records of Plecoptera from Maine are scattered
throughout the literature, the study of Maine species has been generally
neglected. Studies by Proctor (1946), Mingo, et al. (1979). Rabeni and
Gibbs ( 1 979) and Mingo and Gibbs ( 1 980) have added to the understanding
of Maine species but have concerned either limited geographic areas or
specific watersheds.
The checklist presented herein represents the first attempt to compile a
comprehensive inventory of Plecoptera species occurring in Maine. It is
based primarily upon specimens collected by the author and reports
contained in the literature. At present it contains nine families, 37 genera
and 92 species. In addition five species new to science have been collected
and are currently under study.
The classification system used in the checklist follows that of lilies
(1966) and Zwick (1973) as reviewed by Baumann (1976). The earliest
and latest dates of collection follow each species name and are based solely
upon adult specimens. County distributions are included below each
species name and are based upon adult as well as immature specimens. The
inclusion of a county name in parentheses following a single date of
collection indicates that adults of that species were collected only from that
county on the date given. Additional county records listed for these species
refer to immature specimens only.
Nineteen additional species have been reported from adjacent states
and provinces but have not yet been collected in Maine. These species are
indicated with a double asterisk. The territory concerned is listed for each of
these species and the appropriate literature citation is given. Nine species
previously reported from the state but not collected by the author during this
study are indicated with a plus sign. The county of record is listed for each of
these species and the appropriate literature citation is given. New state
distribution records are indicated with a single asterisk.
1 Received September 23. 1982
2 Assistant Scientist. Department of Entomology. University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
ENT. NEWS 94(2): 65-72. March & April. 1983
66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Nemouridae
Amphinemurinae
A mphinemura
A. nigritta (Provancher) 30 July - 7 September
Aroostook, Piscataquis and Somerset County
A. wui (Claassen) 3 June - 16 August
Piscataquis and Somerset County
Nemourinae
Nemoura
*N. trispinosa Claassen 6 May - 3 June
Piscataquis County
Ostrocerca
O. albidipennis (Walker) 17 May (Penobscot County)
Penobscot, Piscataquis and Washington County
*O. complexa (Claassen) 23 May
Franklin County
+O. prolongata (Claassen)
Penobscot County (Needham and Claassen, 1925)
O. tmncata (Claassen) nymphs only
Hancock, Piscataquis and Somerset County
Paranemoura
P. perfecta (Walker) 4 May - 2 June
Penobscot, Piscataquis, Somerset and Washington Count)
P. sp. A 4 May - 7 July
Piscataquis and Washington County
Podmosta
P. macdunnoughi (Ricker) 5 May - 15 May
Hancock, Piscataquis and Washington County
Prostoia
P. completa (Walker) 5 May - 26 June
Penobscot, Piscataquis and Washington County
*P. similis (Hagen) 10 June
Somerset County
Ships a
S. rotunda (Claassen) 4 May - 11 May
Penobscot and Washington County
S. sp. A 19 June
Penobscot County
Soyedina
S. vallicularia (Wu) 4 May - 25 June
Somerset and Washington County
*S. Washington! (Claassen) 25 May
Piscataquis County
Zapada
Z sp. A 24 April
Piscataquis County
Taeniopterygidae
Brachypterinae
Bolotoperla
B. rossi (Prison) 5 May - 12 May
Penobscot and Washington County
Vol. 94, No. 2, March & April 1983 67
Oemopteryx
*O. contorta (Needham and Claassen) 24 April - 8 May
Piscataquis County
**O. glacialis (Newport)
Quebec (Ricker. et al.. 1968)
Strophopteryx
S. fasciata (Burmcister) 31 March - 5 May
Hancock and Penobscot County
Taenionema
*T. uilanticitm Ricker and Ross 8 May - 1 June
Piscataquis and Somerset County
Taeniopteryginae
Taeniopteryx
T. hurski Ricker and Ross 22 March - 16 April
I lancock, Penobscot and Washington County
T. maura (Pictet) 7 April - 16 April
Penobscot County
T. nivalis (Fitch) nymphs only
Penobscot. Piscataquis and Washington County
T. pan-ula Banks 22 March - 4 May
Hancock. Penobscot. Piscataquis and Washington County
Capniidae
Allocapnia
+A. illinoensis Prison
Southern Maine (Ross and Ricker. 1971)
A. maria Hanson 9 April - 29 March
Hancock County
A. minima (Newport I 25 February - 5 May
Hancock. Penobscot. Piscataquis and Washington County
**A. nivicola (Fitch)
New Brunswick (Ross and Ricker. 1971)
New Hampshire (Fiance. 1977)
Nova Scotia (Ross and Ricker. 1971)
Quebec (Ricker. et al.. 1968)
**A. pechumani Ross and Ricker
New Brunswick (Ross and Ricker. 1971 )
Nova Scotia (Ross and Ricker. 1971)
Quebec (Ross and Ricker. 1971 )
A. pygmaea (Burmeister) 1 March - 16 April
Hancock. Kennebec. Penobscot. Piscataquis and Washington County
+A. recta (Claassen)
Southern Maine (Ross and Ricker. 1971)
**A. vivipara (Claassen)
Quebec (Ross and Ricker. 1971 )
+A. zola Ricker
This species occurs in a diagonal band from the southwestern flanks of the Appalachians
to the hill country of Maine and New Brunswick (Ross and Ricker. 1971 ).
Capnia
C. manitoha Claassen 14 April 1 June
Piscataquis County
**C. vernal is Newport
Quebec (Ricker. et al.. 1968)
68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Nemocapnia
**N. Carolina Banks
Quebec (Harper and Hynes, 1971 and Harper, 1971)
Paracapnia
P. angulata Hanson 13 April - 27 May
Hancock, Penobscot and Washington County
P. opis (Newman) 9 April - 3 June
Hancock, Piscataquis and Washington County
Utacapnia
**U. labradora (Ricker)
Quebec (Ricker, et al., 1968)
Leuctridae
Leuctrinae
Leuctra
**L. baddecka Ricker
Nova Scotia (Ricker, 1965 and Hitchcock, 1974)
L. duplicata Claassen 1 7 June
Washington County
L.ferniginea (Walker) 3 June - 28 September
Aroostook and Piscataquis County
L. grandis Banks 1 June
Piscataquis County
**L. laura Hitchcock
New Hampshire (Hitchcock, 1969 and 1974)
**L. maria Hanson
New Hampshire (Hanson, 1941 and Hitchcock, 1974)
L. sibleyi Claassen 1 June - 26 June
Penobscot, Piscataquis, Somerset and Washington County
L. tenella Provancher 14 June - 16 August
Hancock and Piscataquis County
L. tennis (Pictet) 25 June - 23 August
Piscataquis and Washington County
**L. triloba Claassen
Quebec (Ricker, et al., 1968)
L. tnmcata Claassen 7 August - 22 August
Hancock and Piscataquis County
*L. variablis Hanson 29 August
Piscataquis County
Paraleuctra
P. sara (Claassen) 29 April - 10 June
Aroostook. Piscataquis and Washington County
Pteronarcyidae
In the classification system used by lilies ( 1966) and Zwick( 1973) the family Pteronarcyidae
contains two eastern genera: Allonarcys and Pteronarcys. The validity of A llonarcys has
been questioned and has recently been placed into synonymy with Ptcronarcvs by Stark and
Szczytko(1982).
Pteronarcys
P. biloba (Newman) 3 June (Piscataquis County)
Aroostook, Franklin, Penobscot and Piscataquis County
P. co mslocki (Smith) nymphs only
Aroostook and Hancock County
Vol. 94, No. 2, March & April 1983
69
P. dorsal a (Say)
Aroostook, Hancock, Oxford and Washington County
P. proteus (Newman)
Aroostook and Piscataquis County
Peltoperlidae
Peltoperlinae
Peltoperla
**P. arciiata Needham
Quebec (Ricker, et al., 1968)
Tallaperla
*T. maria (Needham and Smith)
Franklin, Oxford, Piscataquis and Somerset County
Perlodidae
Isoperlinae
Isoperla
+1. bilineata (Say)
Hancock County (Proctor. 1946)
**/. cotta Ricker
Quebec (Ricker, et al., 1968)
I. dicala Prison
Penobscot and Washington County
/. francesca Harper
Piscataquis and Washington County
/. fiisoni lilies
Hancock, Piscataquis and Washington County
/. holochlora (Klapalek)
Aroostook and Piscataquis County
/. tata Prison
Penobscot and Washington County
*/. marlynia Needham and Claassen
Washington County
+/. montana (Banks)
Hancock County (Needham and Classen, 1925)
*/. namata Prison
Piscataquis County
*/. orata Prison
Aroostook and Piscataquis County
/. signata (Banks)
Hancock, Penobscot and Washington County
*/. similis (Hagen)
Piscataquis and Washington County
+/. slossonae (Banks)
Piscataquis County (Prison, 1942)
/. transmarina (Newman)
Penobscot, Piscataquis and Washington County
/. sp. A.
Piscataquis County
/. sp. B.
Piscataquis County
10 May - 22 May
nymphs only
9 June (Somerset County)
Arcynopteryx
*A. compacta (MacKacklan)
Piscataquis County
Perlodinae
10 June- 13 July
14 June - 7 July
10 June - 12 July
24 July - 15 August
10 June (Washington County)
nymphs only
nymphs only
nymphs only
17 June - 1 1 July
19 May (Washington County)
27 May - 14 June
23 May - 3 June
1 June
nymphs only
70
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Cultus
*C. decisus (Walker) nymphs only
Aroostook, Piscataquis and Somerset County
Diura
**D. nanseni Kempny
New Hampshire (Ricker, 1964)
Quebec (Ricker, et al., 1968)
Helopicus
+H. subvarians (Banks)
Washington County (Prison, 1942)
Isogenoides
**/. doratus (Prison)
Quebec (Ricker. et a!., 1968)
*/. frontalis (Newman) nymphs only
Piscataquis County
/. hansoni Ricker nymphs only
Piscataquis and Washington County
**/. olivaceus (Walker)
Quebec (Ricker, et al.. 1968)
Malirekus
M. hastatus (Banks) nymphs only
Aroostook, Piscataquis and Washington County
Chloroperlidae
Chloroperlinae
Alloperla
A. atlantica Baumann
Piscataquis and Washington County
*A. banski Prison
Penobscot County
A. caudata Prison
Piscataquis and Washington County
A. chloris Prison
Piscataquis County
*A. concolor Ricker
Piscataquis County
A. idei (Ricker)
Washington County
A. leonarda Ricker
Washington County
*A. voinae Ricker
Piscataquis County
**A. vostoki Ricker
Nova Scotia (Ricker. 1947)
Hastaperla
H. brevis (Banks)
Hancock, Penobscot, Piscataquis and Washington
H. orpha (Prison)
Hancock, Penobscot and Washington County
Rasvena
**R. terna (Prison)
New Hampshire (Fiance, 1977)
Suwallia
S. marginata (Banks)
Piscataquis County
10 June - 12 July
13 July
10 June - 7 July
8 June - 30 July
1 June - 14 June
6 June - 13 July
17 June
18 July - 15 August
10 June - 30 July
County
27 May - 24 June
18 July 29 August
Vol. 94, No. 2, March & April 1983 71
Sweltza
S. lateralis (Banks) 25 May - 1 June
Piscataquis County
S. mediana (Banks) 1 June - 21 June
Piscataquis County
*S. naica (Provancher) 20 May - 3 June
Piscataquis County
5. onkos (Ricker) 29 May - 10 June
Washington County
Paraperlinae
U taper la
**U. gaspesiana Harper and Roy
New Hampshire (Fiance, 1977)
Quebec (Harper and Roy, 1975)
Perlidae
Acroneuriinae
Acroneuria
A. abnormis (Newman) 10 June - 14 July
Aroostock, Penobscot, Piscataquis, Somerset and Washington County
A. arenosa (Pictet) 30 June - 3 August
Penobscot County
A. carolinensis (Banks) 12 June - 3 August
Aroostook and Penobscot County
A. lycorias (Newman) 10 July (Penobscot County)
Penobscot and Washington County
Perlesta
P. placida (Hagen) 30 June - 16 August
Hancock, Penobscot and Washington County
Perlinella
P. drymo (Newman) 29 May - 17 June
Penobscot and Washington County
Perlinae
Neoperla
*N. freytagi Stark and Baumann 4 July - 27 July
Washington County
+N. mainensis Banks
Kennebec County (Banks, 1948)
N. mainensis was originally described by Banks (1948) as a subspecies of Neoperla
clymene (Newman). It has since been elevated to species status by Stark and Baumann
(1978) in their revision of the Neoperla species complex.
*N. stewarti Stark and Baumann 30 June
Penobscot County
Paragnetina
P. immarginata (Say) 17 June (Washington County)
Aroostook, Franklin, Penobscot, Piscataquis and Washington County
P. media (Walker) 17 June - 13 July
Penobscot. Piscataquis and Washington County
Phasganophora
P. capitata (Pictet) 10 June - 20 July
Aroostook, Hancock, Penobscot. Piscataquis and Washington County
72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The identification of various species contained in this list has been verified or corrected by
Richard W. Baumann, Peter P. Harper. Rebecca F. Surdick-Pifer and Stanley W. Szczytko.
Their assistance with determinations is greatly appreciated.
The manuscript was reviewed by K. Elizabeth Gibbs and Eben A. Osgood.
LITERATURE CITED
Banks, N. 1948. Notes on Perlidae. Psyche 55: 1 13-130.
Baumann, R.W. 1 976. An annotated review of the systematics of North American stoneflies
(Plecoptera). Perla 2: 21-23.
Fiance, S.B. 1977. Distribution and biology of the mayflies and stoneflies of Hubbard Brook.
New Hampshire. M.S. Thesis. Cornell University. 149 pp.
Prison, T.H. 1942. Studies on North American Plecoptera, with special reference to the
fauna of Illinois. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 22: 235-355.
Hanson, J.F. 1941. Records and descriptions of North American Plecoptera. Part I. Species
of Leuctra of the eastern United States. Am. Midi. Nat. 26: 174-178.
Harper, P.P. 1971. Plecopteres nouveaux du Quebec (Insectes). Can. J. Zool. 49: 685-690.
Harper, P.P. and H.B. N. Hynes. 1971. The Capniidae of eastern Canada. Can. J. Zool.
49: 921-940.
Harper, P.P. and D. Roy. 1975. Utaperla gaspesiana sp. nov., le premier Plecoptere
Paraperline de I'Est canadien. Can. J. Zool. 53: 1 185-1 187.
Hitchcock, S.W. 1969. Plecoptera from high altitudes and a new species of Leuctra
(Leuctridae). Ent. News 80: 311-316.
Hitchcock, S.W. 1974. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VII. The Plecoptera or
stoneflies of Connecticut. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Conn. Bull. 107. 262 pp.
lilies, J. 1966. Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich. Lieferung 82. Walter de
Gruyter and Company, Berlin. 632. pp.
Mingo, T.M., Courtemanch, D.L. and K.E. Gibbs. 1979. The aquatic insects of the St.
John River drainage. Aroostock County. Maine. Life Sci. and Agric. Exp. Stat. Tech. Bull.
92. 22 pp.
Mingo, T.M. and K.E. Gibbs. 1 980. The aquatic insects of the Narraguagus River. Hancock
and Washington County, Maine. Life Sci. and Agric. Exp. Stat. Tech. Bull. 100. 63 pp.
Needham, J.G. and P.W. Claassen. 1925. A monograph of the Plecoptera or stoneflies of
America north of Mexico. Thomas Say Found., Entomol. Soc. Amer. 2: 1-397.
Proctor, W. 1946. Biological survey of the Mount Desert region. Part VII. The insect fauna.
Wistar Inst. of Anat. and Biol. pp. 54-55.
Rabeni, C.F. and K.E. Gibbs. 1979. Ordination of deep river invertebrate communities in
relation to environmental variables. Hydrobiologia 74: 67-76.
Ricker, W.E. 1947. Stoneflies of the Maritime Provinces and Newfoundland. Trans, of the
Royal Can. Inst.. Toronto. 26: 401-414.
Ricker, W.E. 1964. Distribution of Canadian stoneflies. Gewasser und Abwasser. 34/35:
50-71.
Ricker, W.E. 1965. New records and descriptions of Plecoptera. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.
22: 475-501.
Ricker, W.E., Malouin, R., Harper, P.P. and H.H. Ross. 1968. Distribution of Quebec
stoneflies (Plecoptera). Nat. Can. 95: 1085-1 123.
Ross, H.H. and W.E. Ricker. 1971. The classification, evolution and dispersal of the winter
stonefly genus Allocapnia. III. Biol. Monogr. 45: 1-166.
Stark, B.P. and R.W. Baumann. 1978. New species of Nearctic Neoperla (Plecoptera:
Perlidae) with notes on the genus. Great Basin Nat. 38: 97-1 13.
Stark, B.P. and S.W. Szczytko. 1982. Egg morphology and phytogeny in Pteronarcyidae
(Plecoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 75: 519-529.
Zwick, P. 1973. Insecta: Plecoptera, phylogenetisches system und katalog. Das Tierreich.
Lieferung 94. Walter de Gruyter and Company, Berlin. 465 pp.
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US ISSN 0013 872X
MAY & JUNE 1983
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Commentaries in cultural entomology. 3. An entomological
explanation of Ezekiel's wheels. Charles L. Hague 73
Redescription of Cicindela speculans and its relationship
to other neotropical Cicindela (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)
Robert R. Murray 81
European Rhagionidae in eastern North America: Records
of newly discovered species (Diptera)
L.L. Pechuman, E.R. Hoebeke 86
New species and distribution notes of Mexican and Bolivian
Idiodonus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Dwight M. DeLong 89
Description of female Hydroptila jackmanni (Trichoptera:
Hydroptilidae), with biological notes Alexander D. Huryn 93
New record of attacks of Pedilus (Pedilidae) on Meloe
(Meloidae: Coleoptera) L. LeSage, Y. Bousquet 95
Lectotype designation for Euscaphurs saltator
(Coleoptera: Eucinetidae)
Richard A. Rochette 97
New records of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera) in Tennessee
R.E. Kelly, L.E. Klostermeyer 98
Occurrence of Ellipes minutus (Orthoptera: Tridactylidae)
in Kentucky
M. Ann Phillippi 99
Amphipoea velata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) attacking corn
near Friendsville, Maryland J.W. Amrine, Jr., L. Butler 101
Notes on geographical distribution of Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma
maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) /. Goddard, B.R. Norment 103
125TH ANNIVERSARY of Amer. Ent. Soc. notice
SOCIETY MEETINGS of March 3 and April 7, 1983
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Vol. 94. No. 3, May & June 1983
73
COMMENTARIES IN CULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
3. AN ENTOMOLOGICAL EXPLANATION OF EZEKIEL'S
WHEELS?'
Charles L. Hogue^
A category of aberrant angels was created when the Hebrew prophet
Ezekiel recorded his vision of four cherubim by the Chebar canal in
Babylon during his exile there around the year 592 B.C. (Holy Bible,
Ezekiel 1: 1-28). These heavenly creatures, said to be manlike, were
hardly described as such. In their depictions of Ezekiel's vision through the
centuries, artists have had to employ considerable license in anthropomor-
phizing "four-winged, four-faced spirits with eyes over their entire bodies"
(Figs. 1 a-b). Only in the twentieth century did an entomologist suggest an
alternate explanation of the nature of the cherubim.
a b
Figure 1 . Artists' impressions of Ezekiel's vision. Fig. la. Eyed cherub [p. 35, fig. 21 from E.
Schimitschek. 1968. Insekten als Nahrung. in Brauchtum. Kult und Kultur. //; J.C. Helmcke
etal. eds..Kukenthal'sHandbuchderZoologie(2ed.)4(2) 1/10: \-62.after G. Eicke. 1964.
unpub. seminar report. Forstl. Fakult. Univ. Gottingen]. Fig. Ib. Ezekiel and his vision (p.
1 25 from W.L. Phelps. 1933. Matthew Merian's Illustrated Bible. William Morrow. New
York. ciftfrW. Merian. 1650. Bybel Printen. Amsterdam.
In his little book on the relationships of beetles and human history,
"Aus der Kaferweld," Karl Sajo (1910) offered the idea that Ezekiel
actually recounts an eclectic image of scarabaeine and coprine dung beetles
| Received November 2. 1982. Accepted March 5. 1983.
-Entomology Section. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 900 Exposition
Boulevard. Los Angeles. California 90007.
ENT. NEWS. 94(3) 73-80 May & June 1983
I? .
OBRARIE?
74
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
and their habits; that is to say, the prophet envisioned a montage of the
several deified species known in Egypt and the Middle East, namely
Scarabaeus sacer, S. variolosus, S. cicatricosus, S. puncticollis, Kheper
aegyptiorum, Gymnopleurus flagellatus, Copris hispanus, and Catharsius
sesostrus (Bodenheimer, 1928:111, species added by me) (Fig. 2). It is
Figure 2. Three scarabaeines and coprines deified in the Middle East during ancient times.
Fig. 2a. Copris hispanus brooding dung ball. Fig. 2b. Scarabaeus cicatricosus in flight
showing salient features discussed in text. Fig. 2c. Kheper aegyptiorum rolling dung ball.
reasonable to assume that, as a priest, Ezekiel should be intimately aware of
such beetles and their habits because of the prominent religious status they
held at the time in area culture. Indeed, the ball of dung rolled by these
beetles symbolized the sun to the ancient Egyptians whose political
influence extended through much of the Middle East (Weise, 1927).
Sajd (p. 50) briefly justifies his conclusion on the basis of physical clues
to the identity of the cherubim as scarabs as well as apparent etymological
similarities between names for beetles and the word"cherub" (Heb. k'rubh,
kerubh, kerub).
He mentions the obvious references in the Biblical text to beetle elytra
and flight wings (paraphrasing the Lutheran translations of parts of verses
5-1 1 in Chapter 1 in the Heilige Schrift): "Sie waren Tiergestalten und ihre
Flugel gingen oben auseinander; durch zwei Flugel beruhrte eines das
andere und zwei Flugel bedeckten ihre Leiber." ("They were animal-like
and their wings went out above from one another; by two wings they touched
one another and two wings covered their bodies.") He is further convinced
by the implications of verse 1 2 in the 10th chapter that the "eyes" covering
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 75
the cherubim bodies are equivalent to the pits found on certain Scarabaeus,
especially cicatricosus: "Und ihr ganzer Leib, Riicken, Hande und Fliigel, .
. . waren voll Augen um und um; . . . . " ("And their whole body, backs,
hands and wings, . . . were full of eyes all around; ....") Further, because
he considers as cognates the Semitic k'rubh (cherub) and various Aryan
words for beetle and like animals, Skarabaeus, Carabus (Latin, beetle),
Kerb, Kerf, Kafer (German, beetle), there is an etymological argument for
the beetle nature of the cherubim as well (Sajo, 1910:47f).
Even if they are familiar with his argument, however, it is unlikely that
biblicists would be convinced by Sajo's explanation of Ezekiel's cherubim
as non-human forms. Haran ( 1 962), for example, stresses the variability of
their form, which, though composite, is definitely human in shape and not
comparable even with the fictitious griffin or similar Mesopotamian
mythical creatures. Greenberg. a linguist to whom I introduced Sajo's
ideas, also disagrees with Sajo's etymological argument. He believes
"kerub" relates the Akkadian "karibu," a protective genius, to a basic
quadriped form, like the griffin of Greek and Mesopotamian mythology but
generally follows Haran's views on the humanoid nature of the cherubim.
He summarizes (Greenberg, 1 980), "... nothing either in the texts or in the
iconography of ancient Israel, or of the contexts in which the Akkadian
supposed cognate appear, lends the slightest support to the view that there
was anything beetle-like about the cherubs ... I am not suprised, then, that
no one, to my knowledge, has taken up Sajo's notion."
It would seem fatuous, therefore, to debate Sajo's ideas with Bible
scholars. Yet, like Sajo, I am an entomologist intrigued with the possible
connection between Ezekiel's cherubim and beetles, and therefore, reintro-
duce the issue here as one of interest to readers concerned with cultural
entomology (Hogue, 1979).
In reviewing the current English versions of the Old Testament (King James-
KJ, Modem Language-ML, Living Bible-LB, Revised Standard-RS, New
American-Standard-NAS and Jerusalem Bible-JB), I have found consider-
able support for Sajo's thesis from the descriptive standpoint, allowing for
imprecise and varied interpretations of the original language, redactions,
and the non-scientific background of the original authors. The text of the LB
is expressed in a language most closely approximating contemporary
English, and I shall quote it below as the primary source for discussion.
Cherubim figure prominently in both the first and tenth chapters of the
book, but the account presented in chapter one is probably closest to the
original (Irwin, 1943). The first pertinent verses are 5-6, "Then from the
center of the cloud, four strange forms appeared that looked like men,
except that each had four faces and two pairs of wings!" The "four faces" I
shall take up below (when detailed in verse 10); the four wings, of course,
are typical of Coleoptera and insects in general. Verses 7-9 describe
76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
anatomical details: "Their legs were like those of men (i.e. jointed), but
their feet were cloven like calves' feet . . . ." The latter phrase could be a
reference to the bifid tarsal claws; but a more likely reference, because
Ezekiel presumably had no magnifying lens, is to the forked outline of the
apex of the mid and hind legs produced by the elongate apical tibial spine
diverging from the tarsus itself and easily seen with the naked eye. Verse 7,
continues, "... and shone like burnished brass." (copper, bronze?) a
possible allusion to the dull metallic greenish or coppery sheen of various
species, such as Kheper aegyptiorum.
In verse 8 he says, "And beneath each of their wings I could see human
hands." By "beneath" he could have meant either below or on a lower level.
In the former case he may have been likening to hands the hind wings with
their heavy, articulated veins radiating finger-like from the base; in the latter
case, his reference may have been to the five-pointed ("fingered") tibio-
tarsi of the front legs, which can be seen easily from above.
The beginning of verse 9 suggests a physical impossibility if, indeed,
beetles are being described. "The four living things were joined wing to wing
. . . ." This reference, however, is expanded upon in the 1 1th verse, "Each
had two pairs of wings spreading out from the middle of his back. One pair
stretched out to attach to the wings of the living beings on each side, and the
other pair covered his body." Since I doubt that beetles or angels would find
it possible to fly in this manner, I believe that the central portion of verses 1 1
and 9 could mean what the rest of verse 1 1 explains, simply that there were
two pair of wings basally attached to the body, one pair of flight wings and a
second pair of protective elytra.
The remainder of verse 9 reads, ". . . and they flew straight forward
without turning." Verse 12 repeats this, "Wherever their spirit went they
went, going straight forward without turning." The flight of scarabs, though
deviating at times, is forceful and persistent, and often directional (Halffter
and Matthews, 1966:90-91).
Verse 10 is symbolic, based, at least in part, on scarab anatomy, "Each
had the face of a man in front, with a lion's face on the right side of his head,
and the face of an ox on his left side, and the face of an eagle at the back of his
head!" The large lateral eyes, and rounded clypeal corona seen from the
underside of the head explain the first reference; the last easily derives from
the horn on the back of the head of Copris and certain Catharsius, which
resembles an eagle's beak. The remaining two views might be imagined
from material aspects of any of the beetles and more likely are absolute
symbols to complete an ancient Mesopotamian allegorical animal tetrad,
possibly the four leading deities of Babylon: Nabu, the human-faced
revealer; Nergal, the lion-faced god of the netherworld; Marduk, represented
by a winged bull; and Ninib, the eagle-faced god of hunting and war or are
from figures in Solomon's Temple (Layman, 1971:414; Pfeiffer and
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 77
Harrison, 1962: 710). Finally, the flashing colors of some species and
darting flight are reiterated in verses 13 and 14, "Going up and down among
them were other forms that glowed like bright coals of fire or brilliant
torches, and it was from these the lightning flashed. The living beings darted
to and fro, swift as lightning."
Two points about flight are added in verse 24, "And as they flew, their
wings roared like waves against the shore . . . When they stopped they let
down their wings." Scarab wings make loud buzzing noise in flight and are
carefully folded at rest.
Sajd fails to follow with what I can suggest to be even more exciting
imagery in continuing verses of chapter one describing the vision of the
wheels. "Ezekiel's wheels" have puzzled biblical scholars and religious
artists perhaps even more than the nature of the cherubim themselves (fig.
lb).3 Assuming the correct precedence of the scarab as a model for the
cherub, would it not be logical to assume that the wheels were originally not
such at all but the round dung balls fabricated by and closely tended by these
beetles (Fig. 2c)?
The possibility of equivalence of the scarab ball and the wheel symbol is
suggested by the equation, dung ball = sun (Egypt) = winged sun disc
(Egypt- Assyria) = solar wheel (Assyria) (Goldsmith, 1 929:81 -83, 93-94).
Several points of comparison, from additional text in chapter 1 , also relate
the "wheels" to dung balls: Verse 15 says, "As I stared at all of this, I saw
four wheels on the ground beneath them, one wheel belonging to each." I
add the emphases in this passage to stress the fact that dung balls are rolled
on the ground and that each has a definite beetle "owner."
In verse 16 the color and basic structure of the wheels (balls) are
described, "The wheels looked as if they were made of polished amber
(other versions read, color of beryl-KJ, NAS, tarshish stone-ML, chrysolite-
RS, JB) and each wheel was constructed with a second wheel crosswise
inside (footnote, "Literally, a wheel within a wheel . . . "). the color
comparison to "amber" is not entirely explainable but, dull or olive green
are compatible with the muddy green of balls made from fresh bovine dung,
although the soil-smeared balls of some may take on a yellowish color upon
drying. The other color comparison might have been inspired by the blue-
green and blue glazes applied to scarab amulets so common at the time. The
LB translation adds the word "crosswise" to the description of the wheels'
construction; the other versions merely mention "wheels within wheels," an
arrangement easily compared to the layered structure that these balls may
assume from the packing and rolling activities of their beetle makers
(Klemperer, 1982a:79; Halffter and Matthews, 1966).
•> Interpretations even include "flying saucers" (M. Sachs. 1980. The UFO Encyclopedia.
Perigee Books, New York).
78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Verse 17 relates the ability of the "wheels" to ". . . go in any of four
directions without having to face around" a natural capability of a rolling
sphere as opposed to a flat wheel.
Verse 18 is incomplete and inconsistent with the fuller corresponding
verse 1 2 of the repeated account of the nature of the cherubim and wheels in
Chapter 10,'The four wheels had rims and spokes (some translators note
confusion in the earliest Hebrew manuscripts at this point) and the rims
were filled with eyes around their edges." Here too the LB is also
incomplete and we fall back to the KJ version, "And their whole body, and
their backs, and their hands, and their wings, and the wheels, were full of eyes,
round about, even the wheels that they four had," which clearly indicates
that the cherubim were eyed all over (as were the wheels?).
This is a very telling verse in its reference to such a bizarre feature as
eyes on the corpus and wings of the angels. Yet certain scarabs of the region
(e.g. S. cicatricosus) display diffuse oval punctae or elliptical depressions
over the entire body which could appear to the purblind, lay viewer as eyes.
In fact, this large type of puncture is described by beetle anatomists as
"ocellate" or "ocelleV' (Janssen, 1940:9). Many depictions of cherubim
show eyes dispersed over the body (Fig. la).
It is reasonable to assume that the reference to eyes on the wheels
(balls) is an embellishment and pseudepigraphon of the author of Chapter
10, who most likely was a later editorializer of a single original account of
the nature of the animal forms and associated structures (Irwin, 1943),
although he may be preserving a notation lost from the primary narration.
In verses 19-20 there is a statement about the control of the "wheels"
by the cherubim, "When the four living beings flew forward, the wheels
moved forward with them. When they flew upwards, the wheels went up
too. When the living beings stopped, the wheels stopped." This is a
plausible description of the purposeful rolling of the dung ball by the
scarabs. (I cannot explain the rising of the balls with beetles in flight,
however.)
Verse 2 1 ascribes the "spirits" of the living beings to the balls, "For the
spirit of the four living beings was in the wheels. . ." could the "spirits" be
the larvae or pupae of the beetles? The idea is consistent with the correlation
made by early Egyptian scarab cultists between the metamorphosis of
insects and the birth (egg), life (larva), death (pupa) and resurrection
(imago) stages of human life (Harpaz, 1973:23).
The remaining verses repeat earlier passages in the chapter, except
verse 26, which in part gives another clue to the natural basis of the vision,
"For high in the sky above them was what looked like a throne . . . , and upon
it sat someone who appeared to be a man." The basis of this imagery might
lie in the habit of some scarab females to remain atop the dung ball brooding
it and keeping it upright during the period of larval development. This
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 79
behavior is best developed in Copris (Klemperer, 1982b) (Fig. 2a), but
Scarabaeus can assume a position atop its ball for short periods as well. Of
course, Ezekiel would have had to had special knowledge to know this for
Copris since brooding occurs only in vaulted underground chambers. But
such knowledge could have been common among priests of the time who
surely studied such an important animal assiduously. (It is interesting that
the ML uses the term "vault" to describe the place occupied by the man on
the throne.)
Other references to cherubim (Genesis 3:24, Exodus 25:18, II Samuel
22:11, I Kings 6:23, Revelations 4:6, 7) doubtlessly are to separate
prototypes and are not necessarily equal to those in Ezekiel's portrait.
Therefore, altogether, we have an elaborate imagery consistent with a
natural phenomenon. The etymological questions remain unresolved. If the
Semitic and Aryan words equated by Sajo are indeed true cognates or
others found to relate beetles to cherubim, our argument is strengthened,
especially if they have known religious significance, e.g. Kheper (Egyptian,
to exist, the Father of the Gods, Creation), corpus (Latin, body, vehicle of
our earthy existence, predecessor of the soul) (see Sajo, 1910:49). That
cherubim were scarabs is, of course, not provable; and since it deviates
radically from traditional explanations. Biblical scholars, theologians and
Fundamentalists will probably find ludicrous the suggestion that Ezekiel's
cherubim and wheels were based on his supposed experience with dung
beetles. However, the naturalistic method in Bible exegesis is as valid as
any and has a basis in logic and history unlike most canonical, theosophic
analyses, and surely represents as parsimonious an approach as literalism
since it answers more, and raises fewer questions. Without facts to follow,
attempting to reconstruct what influenced the mind of authors in antiquity
can never be more than speculation; but from their writings, however
fragmented and edited, basic ideas often shine through. Thus it would
appear to me that whoever recorded the original of the story before us in
Chapter 1 was a holy man of the seventh to sixth centuries with personal
experiences and priestly training in Judea and Babylonia where the
theophany of scarabs was understood, if not firmly believed and taught, as
in proximate Egypt. The prophet appears to have been trained in this cult
and possibly a direct observer of the events of scarab life.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Dr. W.D. Edmonds, scarabaeid specialist at the California
Polytechnic University, Pomona, and Jay Bisno of the Archaeology Section of my own
institution for criticising preliminary versions of this paper and assisting with technical and
linguistic matters. Much appreciated also are the many fine suggestions for improvement of the
manuscript provided by Dr. D Keith McE. Kevan, of McGill University and the review of the
80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
final draft by Dr. Edgar N. Raffensperger of Cornell University. The cooperation of the
foregoing individuals does not necessarily imply agreement with the ideas presented.
LITERATURE CITED
Bodenheimer, F.S. 1928. Materialien zur Geschichte der Entomologie. Junk, Berlin, vol. 1,
x, 498 p.
Goldsmith, E. 1 929. Ancient pagan symbols. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, xxxvi, 220 p.
Greenberg, M. 1980. Personal communication, letter of 16 January 1980, 1 p.
Halffter, G. and E.G. Matthews. 1966. The natural history of dung beetles of the subfamily
Scarabaeinae. Folia Entomologica Mexicana 12-14: 1-312.
Haran, M. 1959. The ark and the Cherubim: Their symbolic significance in Biblical ritual.
Israel Exploration Journal 9:30-38, 89-94.
Harpaz, I. 1973. Early entomology in the Middle East, pp. 21-36 inR.P. Smith, T.E. Mittler
andC.N. Smith, 1973. History of entomology. Annual Reviews Inc. .Palo Alto, California.
vii, 517 p.
Hogue, C.L. 1980. Commentaries in cultural entomology. 1. Definition of cultural
entomology. Entomological News 91: 33-36.
Irwin, W.A. 1943. The problem of Ezekieh An inductive study. Univ. Chicago Press,
Chicago, xx, 344 p.
Janssens, A. 1940. Monographic des scarabaeus et genres voisins. Memoirs Musee Royal
d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, Ser. 2, fasc. 16, 1-81 p. 3 pi.
Klemperer, H.G.1982a. Normal and atypical nesting behaviour of Copris lunaris (L.):
Comparison with related species (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Ecological Entomology
7:69-83.
Klemperer, H.G. 1982b. Parental behaviour in Copris lunaris (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae):
Care and defence of brood balls and nest. Ecological Entomology 7:155-167.
Layman, C.M. ed. 1971. The interpreter's one-volume commentary on the Bible. Abingdon,
Nashville, xiv, 1386 p.
Pfeiffer, C.F. and E.F. Harrison. 1 962. The Wycliffe Bible commentary. Southwestern Co.,
Nashville, xii, 1525 p.
Sajo, K. 1910. Aus der Ka'ferwelt. Mit Rucksicht auf die Beziehungen der Kerfe zur
menschlichen Kulturgeschichte. Theod. Thomas Verlag, Leipzig. 89 p.
Weise, H.B. 1927. The scarabaeus of the ancient Egyptians. American Naturalist 61: 353-
369.
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Foreign Currency Program, Office of Fellowships and Grants, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C. 20560, or call (202) 287-3321.
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 81
REDESCRIPTION OF CICINDELA SPECULANS
BATES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER
NEOTROPICAL CICINDELA (COLEOPTERA:
CICINDELIDAE)1
Robert R. Murray^
ABSTRACT: The original description of Cicindela speculans Bates is incomplete and in
error in respect to the maculation, elytral microserrulations, and shape of the aedeagus. This
species has been assigned inaccurately to the subgenus Cylindera. The sculpturing of the head
and thorax and the apical hook of the aedeagus indicate that C. speculans is related most
closely to C. hemichrysea Chevrolat of the C. argentata Fab. species complex, subgenus
Brasiella. The male syntype is redescribed and illustrated.
Bates ( 1 890) described Cicindela speculans from a male and female
collected by H.H. Smith in Omilteme, Guerrero, Mexico, el. 8000 ft. Bates
indicated that the maculation consists of a humeral lunule, basal portion of
the middle line, and marginal line which are mirror-like or shining. The
apical margins of the elytra were described as being non-serrulate. Bates
believed that C. speculans was most closely related to C. praecisa Bates.
Cazier (1954) presented a taxonomic review of the Mexican Cicindela
but representatives of some species, including C. speculans, were not
available to him. He indicated in a footnote that it would probably key out
beyond couplet 37 but did not otherwise key the species. His illustration
was copied from Bates ( 1 890) and follows it in respect to the maculation.
Cazier stated that C. speculans was probably more closely allied to C.
viridisticta Bates than to C. praecisa on the basis of the smooth lateral
elytral margins and non-serrate elytral apices.
Rivalier (1954) in this division of the American Cicindela tentatively
placed C. speculans in the subgenus Cylindera, also without examining
specimens.
Recently I have examined the male syntype of C. speculans in
connection with studies of Mexican and Neotropical cicindelids and found
that Bates' observations pertaining to the maculation were incomplete and
that his description of the elytral apices as being non-serrulate was in error.
This error probably caused Cazier and Rivalier to misplace C. speculans in
respect to its relationship with other Mexican Cicindela. Cicindela
speculans is redescribed, illustrated, and its position within Cicindela is
determined more accurately in this paper.
Deceived February 1 1, 1983. Accepted March 25, 1983.
^Section of Invertebrate Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum. 800 W. Wells Street,
Milwaukee. WI 53233
ENT. NEWS, 94(3) 81-85 May & June 1983
82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Cicindela speculans Bates
(Figures 1,2,3,4)
Head: Distinctly wider than thorax, deeply excavate between eyes. Labrum unidentate,
convex, tan to creamy white; anterior margin narrow, dark brown, medially produced; with
single irregular row of 8 submarginal setae; length slightly more than half width. Antenna
having basal 4 segments cupreous with green reflections, scape with 1 erect subapical seta,
several erect setae on segments 3 and 4; distal 7 segments ferrugino-testaceous, covered with
fine setae, Clypeus dark brown, glabrous, finely alutaceous. Gena dark greenish black,
shining, glabrous, shallowly striate. Frons and vertex brown, concentrically striate, becoming
rugose toward posterior margin, bare except for 1 pair anterior supraorbital setae and 1 pair
medial supraorbital setae.
Thorax: Pronotum same color as vertex of head, widest at apical third, narrowest at base,
without posterior angles, obliquely striate anteriorly and posteriorly, becoming rugose
medially, with scattered decumbent setae laterally and anteriorly; median longitudinal line
shallowly impressed, represented by broad depressions at anterior and posterior ends; anterior
and posterior transverse lines obscure. Sternal region smooth, shining, dark greenish black;
proplura, prosternum bare; mesepisternum, mesepimeron each with 1-2 suberect setae;
mesosternum bare; metepisternum with 2-3 suberect setae at anterior margin, 5-7 suberect
setae at posterior margin; metepimeron bare; metasternum with 30 or more suberect setae.
Legs with pro- and mesocoxae having several setae on anterior half, bare posteriorly;
protrochanter with single subapical seta; femora greenish bronze with cupreous reflections,
becoming testaceous at apex, setae sparsely arranged in longitudinal rows; tibiae testaceous,
becoming darker toward apex, with rows of sparse stout suberect setae; tarsi testaceous with
violaceous or green reflections.
Abdomen: Venter dark greenish black; with few scattered, fine, suberect setae; setae
numerous at apical margin of 6th segment.
Elytra: Colored as vertex, granulate-punctate; punctures shallow, green, frequently
confluent; foveae absent; gradually widened to apical 1/4, then narrowing until just before
apex, then turned obliquely anteriorly; apex with short spine. Maculation with humeral lunule,
marginal line and base of middle line connected, shining brownish black; medial portion of
middle line white, transverse for half elytral width, bending apically, then returning medially
forming an oblique C; marginal line endingjust behind junction with middle line; basal portion
of apical lunule present as white spot separated from lateral margin by 1-1.5 times its
diameter. Apical 1/5 of elytra finely microserrulate.
Genitalia: Apex of aedeagus of cf syntype protruding, apex hooked at right angle, length
of hook 1-1/2 times length of metathoracic tarsal claw.
Measurements: (in mm): Labrum width 0.78, labral length 0.41, head width 1.59,
greatest width between eyes 1.04, pronotal width 1.18, oronotal length 1.04, elytral length
(apex of scutellum to apex) 3.33, total elytral length 3.52, metathoracic tibial length 2.26, total
length (frons to elytral apex) 5.38, apical hook of aedeagus 0.22.
Label data (from top to bottom): 1 ) (disc with red margin - printed) Type; 2) (printed) Sp.
figured.; 3) (printed) Omilteme, Guerrero, 8000 ft.. July. H.H. Smith; 4) (handwritten)
speculans Bates cf; 5) (inverted - printed) T.E.S.; 1890.
Diagnosis: Cicindela speculans is easily distinguished from most Mexican
and Central American Cicindela on the basis of its small size and bicolored
maculation (Figs. 1 ,2). It is rivaled in size by C. hemichrysea Chevrolat, C.
viridisticta Bates and C. wickhamiW. Horn. It can be distinguished from
C. viridisticta by having apical microserrulations (Fig. 4). It can be
distinguished from C. hemichrysea and C. wickhami by the bicolored,
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983
83
CM
I ;
j
E
'S -
T -^
— c
r:
'
,
Li. E
84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
almost complete maculation. Cicindela hemichrysea usually has greatly
reduced maculation, typically represented by the internal portion of the
middle line and basal portion of the apical lunule which are white. Cicindela
\\ickhami likewise has totally white maculation. The female syntype of C.
speculans in the BMNH was examined by G.G. Kibby, and the bicolored
maculation is similar to that of the male (pers. comm.).
DISCUSSION
Bates (1890) did not completely describe the maculation of C.
speculans. It was illustrated as being totally dark. Furthermore, the elytral
apices were described as being non-serrulate when in fact they are distinctly
microserrulate. Cazier ( 1 954) perpetuated the error with his discussion and
copy of Bates' illustration of C. speculans. These authors believed that C.
speculans is most closely related to C. praecisa or C. viridisticta. Rivalier
(1954) placed C. speculans (as specularis) in the genus Cylindera without
having seen specimens. He also placed C. praecisa and C viridisticta in
Cylindera. The genera used by Rivalier are recognized only as subgenera
by most American cicindelid specialists. In this same paper Rivalier
described the genus Brasiella as containing species of small size (around 7
mm in length) with a short labrum having 6-10 submarginal setae,
protruding eyes, elytra with metallic spots, and often fragmented or
partially reduced maculation. Furthermore, Rivalier states that the genus is
best defined by the shape of the aedeagus which is almost always provided
with a sharp, right-angled hook and by the absence of a flagellum in the
internal sac. These characters, with the exception of those of the internal
sac. which was not dissected, are all possessed by C. speculans.
In a subsequent paper (Rivalier 1955) Brasiella is divided into 3
species groups based on genitalic characters. 1 ) The typical (C. argentata
Fab.) species complex is characterized by the distinct, right-angled
aedeagal hook and by all 4 components of the internal sac being strongly
sclerotized with the arciforrn piece being spiny and oriented longitudinally.
The 13 species of this group, including C. hemichrysea (C. argentata
hemichrysea in Cazier (1954)). range from the southwestern US to
Paraguay and Argentina. 2) A Brasilian group containing 2 species is
characterized by a sharply hooked aedeagus, a large oblique arciforrn piece
in the internal sac and a lightly sclerotized foliaceous appearing shield-
shaped piece in the internal sac. 3) A Central and South American group
containing 2 species is characterized by the apical hook of the aedeagus
being reduced or absent and by the complicated architecture of the internal
sac.
On the basis of the shape of the aedeagus and distributional data, in
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 85
addition to its similarity in respect to head and pronotal sculpturing, C.
speculans appears to be most closely related to the C. argentata species
complex and probably is nearest to C. hemichrysea.
Cicindela speculans will key to C. argentata (= C. hemichrysea} in
couplet 43 of Cazier ( 1 954). These 2 species can be separated as follows.
A. Maculation unicolored. white; maculation usually reduced, occasionally nearly
complete but without marginal line: elytral coloration black or dark brown
C. hemichrysea
A'. Maculation bicolored ( Figs. 1,2); marginal line, humeral lunule and base of middle line
shining brownish black, remainder of middle line and remnant of apical lunule white;
maculation nearly complete, with marginal line; elytral coloration brown
C. speculans
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My thanks are extended to G.G. Kibby, British Museum (Natural History) forthe loan of
the male syntype of C. speculans and his drawing of the maculation of the female syntype.
E.G. Bashaw. USDA. SEA. College Station, Texas graciously allowed me to use the
photographic equipment in his care. H.R. Burke and J.C. Schaffner. Texas A&M University
critically reviewed the manuscript and contributed helpful suggestions for its improvement.
LITERATURE CITED
Bates. H.W. 1 890. Additions to the Cicindelidae fauna of Mexico: with remarkes on some of
the previously recorded species. Trans. Entomol. Soc. London. 1890. pt. 3: 439-510.
Cazier, M.A. 1 954. A review of the Mexican tiger beetles of the genus Cicindela (Coleoptera,
Cicindelidae). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 103: 227-310.
Rivalier, E. 1954. Demembrement du genre Cicindela Linne II. Faune americaine. Revue
franc. d'Ent. 21: 249-268.
Rivalier, E. 1955. Les Brasiella du groupe de argentata F. (Col. Cicindelidae). Revue franc.
d'Ent. 22: 77-101.
INSECT AND SPIDER COLLECTIONS OF THE WORLD
A new work entitled "Insect and Spider Collections of the World" is now being compiled
by Dr. Ross H. Arnett. Jr., Florida State Collection of Arthropods, P.O. Box 1269.
Gainesville. FL 32601. Dr. G. Alan Samuelson, Bishop Museum. P.O. Box 19000-A.
Honolulu. HI 96819. Drs. Robert E. Woodruff and John B. Heppner. Division of Plant
Industry. P.O. Box 1269, Gainesville, FL 32601. and Dr. Gerardo Lamas. Museo de
Historia Natural "Javier Prado," Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Aptd. 434.
Lima 14. Peru.
The purpose of this work is to produce a standard list of museums and collections of the
world containing specimens of insects and spiders useful for study of systematists; to provide a
suitable coden for each collection for use in journals and monographs to refer to the place of
deposit of specimens of insects and spiders: and to describe these collections, including the
size, type of housing, and similar data.
Questionnaires are being sent to all institutions listed in previous works. Any collections
not included in previous lists may be added by writing to the compilers for information and a
questionnaire.
86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
EUROPEAN RHAGIONIDAE IN EASTERN
NORTH AMERICA: RECORDS OF NEWLY
DISCOVERED SPECIES (DIPTERA)1
L.L. Pechuman, E. Richard Hoebeke^
ABSTRACT: The Palearctic species Rhagio strigosus Meigen (Diptera: Rhagionidae) is
newly discovered in New York State; this is a new North American record. In addition, R.
tringarius (L.) is reported from Massachusetts and New York which represent new United
States records. Diagnostic characters ofR. strigosus are illustrated to aid in its separation from
other native and introduced species in North America. An existing key to the eastern species of
Rhagio is modified to include R. strigosus. A possible means of introduction is hypothesized.
The discovery of Rhagio strigosus Meigen in the Genesee Region of
New York State is the first record of this common European species in
North America. A collection of 5 specimens at Bergen (Genesee County),
New York, in 1981-82, by Patricia Ferris, would seem to indicate that this
species may be established here. A male specimen was taken from a garage
window around August 8, 1981, and a female specimen was taken
September 3, 1982. Three dead and damaged specimens also were taken
from sills of garage windows at the same location in early August 1 982; one
specimen was a male, while the sex of the other specimens were not
determined as they lacked the head or most of the abdomen. Further
attempts to collect this distinctive species in the vicinity of Bergen in late
July and early August 1982 proved unsuccessful.
In eastern North America, the genus Rhagio Fabricius is comprised of
15 species, 4 of which are introduced. Chillcott (1965) revised the eastern
nearctic species and reported for the first time the presence of the European
species R. tringarius (L.) (from Lockeport, Nova Scotia) and R. Hneola F.
(from Ottawa, Ontario). Thompson (1969) reported the occurrence in
North America of a third European species, R. scolopaceus (L.), based on
collections of specimens from the metropolitan Boston area (Massachusetts) in
June 1949, 1963, and 1968. Our discovery of R. strigosus in New York
marks the fourth European species of Rhagio to be found introduced into
North America.
Rhagio strigosus, a species common throughout much of Europe, is
easily separated from most other eastern North American Rhagio. R.
strigosus looks like scolopaceus in habitus and is likely to be confused with
it. Thompson (1969) modified Chillcott's (1965) key to the eastern
nearctic species of Rhagio to include R. scolopaceus. Here, Thompson's
1 Received September 2, 1982. Accepted March 5, 1983.
^Professor Emeritus and Extension Associate, respectively, Department of Entomology,
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
ENT. NEWS, 94(3) 86-88 May & June 1983
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983
87
couplet #4 (p. 142) is modified to incorporate R. strigosus.
4. Notopleural shelf and metepimeron bare 4a.
Notopleural shelf and metepimeron haired 5.
4a. Wings strongly patterned; proepisternum bare and haired 4b.
Wings clear; proepisternum bare tringarius (L.)
4b. Proepisternum bare; stigma of wing isolated from radial fork (Fig. 1); third antennal
segment smaller than the second, ovate or broader than long (Fig. 2)
strigosus Meigen
Proepisternum haired; stigma usually connected to radial fork by dark patch; third
antennal segment larger than second, longer than broad (Fig. 3) scolopaceus(L.)
The specimens of/?, strigosus from Bergen, NY, key out readily in the
European literature (Lindner, 1 925; Oldroyd, 1969). The determination by
us was verified by comparison with several European specimens identified
Figs. 1-3. Rhagio spp. 1, Wing of R. strigosus Meigen. 2, Antennal segments 1-3, R.
strigosus (after Oldroyd, 1969). 3, Antennal segments 1-3, R. scolopaceus (L.) (after
Oldroyd, 1969).
88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
by E. Lindner, and given to the Cornell University Insect Collection
through the kindness of Wolfgang Schacht (Zoologische Staatssammlung,
Munich).
Chillcott (1965) noted that the "larvae of Rhagio are frequently
intercepted in the soil on imported plant materials. . .". It would then seem
probable that R. strigosus, like the other introduced Rhagio species, was
introduced through nursery importation. In the second half of the nineteenth
century, the city of Rochester (Monroe County), New York, had the proud
claim to the title of "The Flower City: Center of Nurseries and Fruit
Orchards." It is well documented (McKelvey, 1940) that some of the
prominent nurseries of the greater Rochester area (notably the Ellwanger
and Barry nurseries) in the mid-1800's acquired extensive purchases of
nursery stock from abroad, especially Europe. This early and extensive
importation of nursery and floriculture stock in New York, prior to any U.S.
imposed quarantine restrictions, may be responsible, at least in part, for the
presence of other exotic species in the area surrounding Rochester. We
offer this hypothesis as one possible explanation for the mode of introduction
for R. strigosus.
A thorough search was made of the Cornell University Insect Collection's
unidentified Rhagionidae for additional specimens of R. strigosus. No
material was found. However, 2 specimens of another introduced species of
Rhagio were discovered which represent new U.S. records, R. tringarius,
first reported in North America by Chillcott ( 1 965 ) from Lockeport, Nova
Scotia, is now recorded from Massachusetts and New York. The following
locality records extend its known distribution in eastern North America:
UNITED STATES: Massachusetts: Berkshire Co., Lenox (Eastover), 7 July 1982, L.L.
Pechuman, coll. (1 tf). New York: Chenango Co., Jam Pond Bog nr. German, 7 August
1980, D.J. Bickle, coll. (cf)
These specimens key to R. tringarius in the European literature and in
Chillcott ( 1 965 ). They also compare well with European representatives of
R. tringarius in the Cornell collection.
LITERATURE CITED
Chillcott, J.F. 1965. A revision of the eastern nearctic species of Rhagio Fabricius
(Diptera: Rhagionidae). Can. Entomol. 97: 785-795.
Lindner, E. 1925. 20. Rhagionidae (Leptidae) 49 pp. + 2 pis., 29 figs. In E. Lindner's Die
Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.
McKelvey, B. 1 940. The Flower City: Center of Nurseries and Fruit Orchards, pp. 1 2 1 - 1 69.
In B. McKelvey's (ed.). Part I. Foreign Traveler's Notes on Rochester and the Genesee
County before 1 840. Part II. Nurseries, Farm Papers, and selected Rochester Episodes.
The Rochester Historical Society, Publications XVIII, Rochester.
Oldroyd, H. 1 969. Diptera Brachycera. Section (a), Tabanoidea and Asiloidea. Vol. IX. Part
4, 132 pp. In Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Royal Entomological
Society of London, London.
Thompson, F.C. 1969. First record of Rhagio scolopaceus (Linne) in North America
(Diptera: Rhagionidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 71(2): 141-43.
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 89
NEW SPECIES AND DISTRIBUTION NOTES OF
MEXICAN AND BOLIVIAN IDIODONUS
(HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)1
Dwight M. DeLong^
ABSTRACT: Six new species of Idiodonus, I. albifrons n.sp., E. sexpunctatus n.sp. /.
marginatus n.sp., /. pallidus n.sp., /. nigrifrons n.sp., all from Mexico and /. costatus n.sp.
from Bolivia are described. A new name Idiodonus beamerellus is proposed for /. beameri
DeLong ( 1 946) preoccupied by /. beameri Ball (1937). New distribution notes are given for /.
wickhami Ball.
The Idiodonus of Mexico were treated by DeLong (1946) who listed
35 species, 32 of which were described as new. Six species are being
described at this time, five from Mexico and one from Bolivia. A new name
Idiodonus beamerellus is proposed for /. beameri DeLong (1946),
preoccupied by /. beameri Ball (1937). Notes on new distribution records
of I. wickhami Ball are cited.
The male genital structures in this genus are of little or no specific value.
Color patterns and the female 7th sternum are therefore used for species
identifications. All types are in the DeLong collection, Ohio Stae University.
Idiodonus albifrons n.sp.
(Figs. 1, 7)
Length of female 4.5 mm. Male unknown. Crown broadly rounded, appearing parallel
margined 2 1/2 times as wide between eyes at base as long at middle. Color: face white without
markings. Crown sordid yellow with a large black spot just above margin next to each eye and 2
smaller black spots between them. Pronotum gray, tinged with yellow. A small black spot near
anterior margin behind each eye. Scutellum yellow, 2 proximal small, black spots at middle.
Forewings grayish subhyaline, veins brownish.
Female seventh sternum with posterior margin excavated about 1/4 distance to base, and
bearing a spatulate process which extends to length of lateral angles.
Holotype female: Chilpancingo, Gro. Mexico 25-X- 1 94 1 , DeLong. Good and Caldwell
colls.
/. albifrons is related to /. schwartzi (Ball) ( 1 9 1 1 , p. 197) and can be
separated from it by the 2 large black spots close to the eyes, the 2 smaller
central proximal spots, the 2 black spots on the pronotum, the 2 proximal
minute black spots on the scutellum and by the mesally spatulate 7th
sternum of the female.
1 Received June 21. 1982. Accepted March 25. 1983.
^Department of Entomology. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
ENT. NEWS, 94(3) 89-92 May & June 1983
90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Idiodonus sexpunctatus n.sp.
(Figs. 2, 8)
Length of female 5.5 mm. Male unknown. Crown slightly produced, approximately 1 1/2
times as wide at base between eyes as long at middle. Color: face pale yellowish with
remnants of black arcs and a black spot just below each ocellus next to each eye. Crown
yellowish, tinted with orange, with 2 proximal large black spots at apex and 2 minute round
black spots just basad of larger spots. Pronotum tinted with a faint dark brown transverse mark
at center. Forewings pale gray subhyaline, veins brown.
Female 7th sternum with posterior margin slightly produced between the lateral angles,
bearing a median squarish notch 1/6 length of segment, with a convexly rounded base.
Holotype male: Mexico, Rio Frio, D.F. (K-47) 18-X-1941, DeLong, Plummer,
Caldwell, Good colls.
/. sexpunctata is related to /. andanus DeLong (1946, p. 29) and can
be separated from it by the 2 small proximal black spots on the middle of the
crown, by the absence of small spots on the pronotum and by the squarish
excavation of the 7th sternum of the female.
Idiodonus marginatus n.sp.
(Fig. 3)
Length of male 4.5 mm. Female unknown. Crown broadly rounded, only slightly
produced, half as long at middle as wide at base between eyes. Color: face pale yellow. Crown
pale brown with a broad marginal black transverse band between eyes. Pronotum pale
brownish with dark gray coloration on caudal margin. Scutellum yellowish with a dark brown
T-shaped mark at middle. Forewings grayish subhyaline, veins mostly brown except white
claval veins.
Male genital plates elongate, triangular, 3 times as long as wide at middle, apices pointed.
Holotype male: Mexico, Tulancingo, Hidalgo (K-129) 25-X-1945, Stone, DeLong,
Hershberger, Elliot colls.
/. marginatus is related to /. turpiter DeLong ( 1 946, p. 28) and can be
separated from it by the black transverse band on the margin of the crown.
Idiodonus pallidus n.sp.
(Figs. 4, 9)
Length of female 5 mm, male 4.6 mm. Crown slightly produced and broadly rounded, 1
1/2 times as wide at base between eyes as long at middle. Color: face pale yellowish with
remnants of brown arcs each side. A small round black spot next each eye below ocellus.
Anterior coronal margin narrowly whitish with 4 transverse elongate black spots, 2 near apex,
2 near eyes. Remainder of crown brown with darker brown coloration along with the white
margin. Pronotum brown, scutellum brown with a white V-shaped wedge at middle each side.
Forewings brown, veins brown except the terminal portion of claval veins next to commissure
and the veins of posterior apical cells, which are white.
Female 7th sternum with posterior margin slightly produced and broadly shallowly
notched at center, 1/6 distance to base.
Male plates elongate, triangular, 5 times as long as wide at middle.
/. pallidus is related to /. anademus DeLong (1946, p. 29) and can be
separated from it by the elongate spots on the crown, the white spots on the
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983
91
scutellum and the white claval veins of the forewing.
Idiodonus nigrifrons n.sp.
(Fig. 5)
Length of male 5 mm. Female unknown. Crown slightly produced, broadly rounded, half
as long at middle as wide at base between eyes. Color: face black, crown yellow with a black
transverse band in front of eyes. Pronotum yellow, a large irregular shaped spot behind each
eye with a black, broken, transverse band extending across basal part of pronotum, brownish
irregular pigment on apical protion. Scutellum yellowish with a dark brown spot near each
basal angle. Forewings grayish subhyaline, veins brown.
Male genital plates elongate, triangular, 4 times as long as wide at middle, apices sharply
pointed.
Fig. 1. Idiodonus albifrons n.sp. head, pronotum and scutellum. Fig. 7 female 7th sternum.
Fig. 2. /. sexpunctata n.sp. head, pronotum and scutellum. Fig. 8, female 7th sternum. Fig.
3. /. marginatus n.sp. head, pronotum and scutellum. Fig. 4. /. pallidus, n.sp. head,
pronotum and scutellum. Fig. 9 female 7th sternum. Fig. 5. /. nigrifronsn.sp. head, pronotum
and scutellum. Fig. 6. /. costatus n.sp. head, pronotum and scutellum.
92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Holotype male: Mexico, Huanchinango, Puebla (K.-170) 25-X-1945, Stone, DeLong,
Hershberger, Elliott colls.
/. nigrifrons is related to /. vinculus DeLong ( 1 946, p. 1 5) and can be
separated from it by the black face, the black transverse band on the apical
portion of the crown and the black spots on the pronotum and scutellum.
Idiodonus cost at us n.sp.
(Fig. 6)
Length of male 4.2 mm. Female unknown. Crown scarcely produced, almost 3 times as
wide at base between eyes as long at middle. Color: face white, crown white, basal portion
along margin brownish. Pronotum brownish, scutellum brownish, caudal half sordid whitish,
basal angles dark. Forewings brown with costal margin broadly white.
Male genital plates elongate, triangular, 3 times as long as wide at middle, apices tapered,
pointed.
Holotype male: Bolivia, Santa Cruz, 19-VIII-1980, Donald Foster coll.
/. costatus is related to /. rubellus DeLong (1946, p. 15) and can be
separated from it by the white crown, the absence of black spots on the
crown, the absence of red coloration and the broad white costal wing
margin.
Idiodonus beamerellus n.n. for /. beameri (1946) preoccupied by
Idiodonus beameri Ball (1937)
Idiodonus wickhami Ball was described from specimens collected in
Arizona. It has been collected abundantly in Mexico, especially at higher
altitudes, 6,000 to 9,000 feet. Records at hand are: Mt. Popo, D.F. 1 1 ,000
ft., Mexico City D.F. 7,500 ft., La Guarda D.F. 8,500 ft., Chapingo, D.F.
9,900 ft., Toluca D.F. 9,700 ft., Rio Frio D.F. 10,300 ft., Zitacuara, Mich.
6,700 ft., Carapan, Mich. 5,000 ft., Zacapu, Mich. 6,500 ft. and Pueblo,
Pue. 8,500 ft.
A reddish form has been collected at Santa Cruz, Bolivia by Donald L.
Foster.
LITERATURE CITED
Ball, E.D. 1911. Additions to the Jassid Fauna of N.A. (Homoptera) Canad Entomol.
43: 197-204.
1937. Some New Species of Leafhoppers in Groups Recently Segregated from
Thamnotettix. Bull Brook. Entomol. Soc. 32(1): 26-31.
DeLong, D.M. 1946. The Mexican species of Idiodonus ( Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Ohio
Jour. Sci. 46(1): 13-30.
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED
ORTHOPTERAN MATING SYSTEMS. D.T. Gwynne & G.K. Morris,
eds. 1983. Westview Press, Boulder, Colo. 376 pp. $30.
Comprehensive study of diverse reproductive ecology and reproductive behavior of orthopteran
insects. Based on symposium at 1980 E.S.A. meeting.
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 93
A DESCRIPTION OF THE FEMALE OF
HYDROPTILA JACKMANNI BUCKLE
(TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPTILIDAE), WITH
BIOLOGICAL NOTES1
Alexander D. Huryn^
ABSTRACT: A description of the female of Hydroptila jackmanni Blickle is given.
Included are notes on the flight period, distribution, and habitat of this species as it occurs in
Ohio.
During a recent survey of the caddisflies inhabiting the Little Muskingum
River watershed, Monroe and Washington Counties, Ohio (Huryn 1982),
an undescribed female of the genus Hydroptila was encountered. Through
associations of male and female flight periods, local distributions, and
terminalia morphologies, I determined this female to be H. jackmanni
Blickle.
In Ohio, H. jackmanni is restricted to the Appalachian Plateau with
collections being made in Monroe, Portage and Summit Counties. Light
trap collections of associated males and females were made at Haskell Run,
Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, Summit County (June 27,
1980; 12 males, 48 females), and Wildcat Run, Perry Township, Monroe
County (June 9, 1981; 10 males, 61 females). Both collections were made
along relatively unperturbed, second order streams of moderate gradient,
which flowed through dense, mixed-deciduous forest areas. Other members
of Hydroptila collected in association with H. jackmanni were H. amoena
Ross, H. callia Denning, H. consimilis Morton and H. waubesiana Betten.
Hydroptila jackmanni apparently is univoltine with peak emergence
occurring in mid-June (Huryn 1982).
Hydroptila jackmanni Blickle
Male. — Blickle (1963).
Female. -- Length from front of head to tip of abdomen 2.8-3.8 mm (N = 10). Eighth
abdominal segment as in Figure 1. Conspicuous, well sclerotized, "flange-like" clasper
grooves are lateral (Figure 1A). Internally, anterior margins of clasper grooves are sites of
attachment of apodemes of eighth segment. Eighth sternite short and trapezoidal in outline
(Figure IB). Posterior margin of eighth sternite emarginate with a group of four stout setae at
each apex. Eighth tergite showing a similar setal arrangement but with no posteromesal
emargination. Approximately midway between the dorsal and ventral setal groups are two
smaller setae.
Females of//, jackmanni are easily distinguished from other described
Deceived November 15, 1982. Accepted March 5, 1983.
Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44240. Present
address: Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.
ENT. NEWS. 94(3) 93-94 May & June 1983
94
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
members of the genus by the presence of the conspicuous clasper grooves.
However, as females are known for only about one-quarter of the 60 species
offfydroptila recorded from North America (Blickle 1 979), determination
of//, jackmanni based on collections of females without associated males
should be regarded as tentative.
Specimens of H. jackmanni are depositied in the collection at the
University of Georgia.
ant.
0.1 mm
Figure 1. Eighth abdominal segment of the female of H. jackmanni. A. lateral view. B.
sternite. (AP=apodeme, CG=clasper groove).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Ohio Biological Survey provided partial funding for this study. The drawings were
executed by M. Shomack at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
LITERATURE CITED
Blickle, R.L. 1963. New species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol.
Soc. 58: 17-22.
1979. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of American north of Mexico. New
Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 509: 1-97.
Huryn, A.D. 1 982. The caddisflies (Trichoptera) of the Little Muskingum River, Washington
and Monroe Counties, Ohio. Unpublished M.S. Thesis. Kent State University, Kent,
Ohio. 177 pp.
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 95
A NEW RECORD OF ATTACKS BY PEDILUS
(PEDILIDAE) ON MELOE (MELOIDAE:
COLEOPTERA)1
Laurent LeSage, Yves Bousquet^
ABSTRACT: Two specimens of the pedilid beetle, Pedilus lugubris (Say), were found on a
male meloid, Meloe angusticollis Say in Rigaud, Quebec. They had severely damaged the
meloid beetle by partially chewing the elytra. Photographs of the beetles and of the elytral
damage are provided.
The first North American record of Pedilus attacking Meloe adults was
reported by Say (1826), who stated that the type-specimen of Pedilus
impressus (Say) was found attached to the side of an adult Meloe
angusticollis Say. Leech (1934) observed elytra of Meloe niger Kirby
partially eaten by Pedilus monticola( Horn), and Pinto & Selander(1970)
made similar observations involving Pedilus terminalis (Say) attacking
Meloe angusticollis Say and M. americanus Leach. The purposes of this
note are to present a new record of attack by Pedilus and to illustrate the
damage caused to the elytra of meloid beetles.
During a collecting trip at Rigaud, Quebec (45° 29'N; 74° 18'W) on
May 17, 1982 we found a male and a female of the blister beetle Meloe
angusticollis Say crawling on a trail in a deciduous forest. The male meloid
(Fig. la) attracted attention because it was bearing two smaller black
beetles, Pedilus lugubris (Say) (Fig. Ib) on its dorsal surface. All beetles
were brought to the laboratory and placed together in a transparent plastic
container for observations. Apparently the meloid beetles did not pay
attention to the two Pedilus but seemed stressed by their confinement in the
plastic container. The two Pedilus were very active, crawling on the dorsal
surface of the male meloid and feeding on its elytra; indeed, the examination
of the gut content of one Pedilus revealed several setae and small pieces of
cuticle similar to those found on Meloe. They also quickly located the
meloid female and began the same activity on its elytra. Maximum elytral
damage was not observed because the Pedilus were killed and preserved for
determination. The purpose of such a chewing behavior is still a mystery.
An examination of the Meloe beetles in the Canadian National
Collection, about 400 specimens, did not reveal any specimens with similar
damage to the elytra. Consequently, attack by Pedilus on Meloe seems to
be a rare phenomenon. However, more material and additional observa-
1 Received October 12, 1982. Accepted March 5, 1983.
^Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OC6
Canada.
ENT. NEWS, 94(3) 95-96 May & June 1983
96
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
tions are needed to determine if this rarity is real or apparent, and we hope
our note will stimulate research in this area.
We would like to acknowledge Mr. C. Beddoe for the habitus
photographs and our colleagues Drs. J.M. Campbell and E.G. Becker for
the determination of the beetles and their comments on the manuscript.
Figure 1 . Dorsal view of: left, Meloe angusticolis Say; right, Pedilus lugubris (Say); both at
the same scale (enlargement: about 3 times).
LITERATURE CITED
Leech, H.B. 1934. Almost a cannibal. Bull. Brookl. ent. Soc. 29: 41.
Pinto, J.D. and R.B. Selander. 1 970. The bionomics of blister beetles of the genus Meloe and
a classification of the new world species. 111. biol. Mono. 42: 1-222.
Say, T. 1 826. Description of new species of coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States.
J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 5: 237-284.
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 97
LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION FOR EUSCAPHURUS
SALTATOR CASEY (COLEOPTERA:
EUCINETIDAE)1
Richard A. Rochette2
ABSTRACT: A lectotype and eight paralectotypes are designated for Euscaphurus saltator
Casey.
Casey ( 1 885 ) described Euscaphurus saltator from California without
designating a type. Vit ( 1 977) later redescribed it from a specimen (female)
from the Horn collection without designating a lectotype. The purpose of
this note, therefore, is to select a lectotype for this species.
There are nine specimens in the "type" series from the Casey
collection. Spec. Nr. 1-8: "Cal'VCasey bequest 1925"/"Paratype NMNH
(orange-red label, National Museum of Natural History) series #49232";
Spec. Nr. 9: Same data except, "Holotype NMNH series #49232". With
Casey (1885) not mentioning any type designation in his paper, one
questions the validity of the holo- and paratype labels. These labels were
probably added later. Therefore, a male in good condition with the genitalia
exposed is hereby designated as the lectotype. The label ''Lectotype
Euscaphurus saltator Casey des. R.A. Rochette XI/3/82" was attached to
it. All remaining specimens in this series are hereby designated paralecto-
types.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Dr. John M. Kingsolver for bringing this nomenclatural problem to my attention;
and also Drs. Richard W. Spellenberg and James R. Zimmerman for reviewing this note.
REFERENCES CITED
Casey, T.L. 1 885. New genera and species of California Coleoptera. Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1 :
283-336.
Vit, S. 1977. Contribution a la connaissance des Eucinetidae (Coleoptera). Revue suisse
Zool. 84: 917-935.
Deceived December 16, 1982. Accepted March 5, 1983.
^Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
ENT. NEWS, 94(3) 97 May & June 1983
98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
NEW RECORDS OF DRYINIDAE
(HYMENOPTERA) IN TENNESSEE1
R.E. Kelly, L.E. Klostermeyer2
ABSTRACT: The known ranges of the dryinids, Gonatopus ashmeadi Kieffer, Neogonatopus
agropyrus (Fenton), Dicondylus americanus (Perkins), and Pseudogonatopus stenocrani
Perkins are extended to include Tennessee.
Seven specimens of Dryinidae were collected with a D-Vac® suction
sampler in a 1980-1981 survey of leafhoppers associated with a mixed tall
fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) pasture at the University of
Tennessee's Plateau Experiment Station, Grassland Farm, located 12.9
km south of Crossville, Cumberland County, Tennessee (Kelly, 1982).
Only females were collected and were identified by Dr. Paul H. Freytag,
Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, as
follows:
Gonatopus ashmeadi Kieffer — 1 specimen each on 19 August 1980, 1 1 June 1981 and 8
July 1981.
Neogonatopus agropyrus (Fenton) — 1 specimen each on 10 June 1980 and 8 July 1981.
Freytag 1977 transferred agropyrus from Gonatopus to Neogonatopus.
Dicondylus americanus (Perkins) — 1 specimen on 27 May 1980. Giri and Freytag (1982)
transferred americanus from Haplogonatopus to Dicondylus.
Pseudogonatopus stenocrani Perkins — 1 specimen on 14 October 1980.
These species are new records from the state of Tennessee.
REFERENCES CITED
Giri, M.K. and P.H. Freytag. 1982. A new generic placement for Haplogonatopus
americanus Perkins (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae). Entomol. News 93(4): 121-4.
Freytag, P.H. 1977. A review of the genus -/Veogo/taro/JH.? for North America (Hymenoptera:
Dryinidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70: 569-76.
Kelly, R.E. 1982. Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) associated with a mixed tall
fescue pasture on the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee. Knoxville, TN: Univ. of
Tennessee. M.S. Thesis. 59 p.
Deceived November 8, 1982. Accepted March 26, 1983.
2 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
37901.
ENT. NEWS, 94(3) 98 May & June 1983
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 99
THE OCCURRENCE OF ELLIPES MINUTUS
(SCUDDER) (ORTHOPTERA: TRIDACTYLIDAE)
IN KENTUCKY1
M. Ann Phillippi^
ABSTRACT: Tridactylids collected from ten counties across Kentucky have been identified
as Ellipes minutus (Scudder). Reports of the species across North America are sporadic and
undoubtedly reflect the paucity of collections from their riparian habitat. Ellipes minutus has
not been previously reported from Kentucky.
The orthopteran family, Tridactylidae, is represented by four species in
North America (Guenther 1977), Neotridactylus apicialis (Say), Ellipes
gurneyi Guenther, E. minutus (Scudder), and E. monticolus Guenther.
Across the United States, locality records for the species are widespread
(Guenther 1975, 1977, 1 980) but scarce (Urquhart 1937), most likely due
to the paucity of collections from their riparian habitat and the difficulty in
capturing these fast, small, exceptionally strong jumpers (Blatchley 1920,
Goodwin and Powders 1968). This author inquired into the distribution of
the family after a single individual of E. minutus was collected in a Surber
sample from a stream in eastern Kentucky.
There are no published reports of the family from Kentucky, and there
are no Kentucky specimens housed at the University of Michigan Museum
of Zoology in Ann Arbor; the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia;
the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.; or the
Eastern Kentucky University Insect Collection in Richmond. Ninety
specimens of E. minutus were found in two museums, the University of
Louisville and the University of Kentucky from the following counties:
Breathitt, Fayette, Graves, Henry, Jefferson, Knox, Leslie, Meade,
Oldham, and Pendleton. Collection dates were April 12,18,19,26, and 30;
May 3, 18, 19, 26, 26, and 27; June 30; July 16; and Sept. 11 and 24.
These specimens are from ten counties scattered across Kentucky
including several physiographic regions as follows: extreme western
Kentucky in the Gulf Coastal Plain Province (Graves Co.); in the central
Bluegrass (Fayette Co.); along the Ohio River in north-central Kentucky
(Meade, Oldham, Jefferson, Pendleton, and Henry Cos.); and in the
Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky (Breathitt, Knox, and Leslie
Cos.). Based on these few definite records in a wide geographic area, it is
probable that E. minutus is more common and widespread than is presently
known throughout Kentucky and perhaps throughout much of North
'Received December 24, 1982. Accepted January 13. 1983.
ZT.H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
ENT. NEWS, 94(3) 99-100 May & June 1983
100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
America (Merritt and Cummins 1978) primarily due to the scarcity of
collections in its habitat.
Unfortunately, information referring to the purported riparian habitat of
E. minutus is limited to general statements. Blatchley ( 1 920) observed that
E. minutus is "more abundant about ponds and lakes than along flowing
streams," and other authors refer to its apparent preference for "lakes and
watercourses" (Hebard 1934), "moist habitats" (Goodwin and Powders
1968), "streams on moist sand banks where they closely resemble their
background" (Rentz 1965), and "lentic and lotic margins near quiet water
away from wave or splash effects" (Merritt and Cummins 1978). The Knox
County, Kentucky, specimen came from a stream with trees, shrubs, and
herbaceous plants on the immediate sandy, silty shore with adjacent
cornfields. The stream was clear, and the substrate consisted of a stony,
sandy bottom with silt accumulating in the pools. It is postulated that E.
minutus was accidental in the Surber sample and is typically a riparian or
semi-aquatic species.
LITERATURE CITED
Blatchley, W.S. 1920. Orthoptera of northeastern America. The Nature Publishing
Company, Indianapolis.
Goodwin, J.T., and V.N. Powders. 1968. The Gryllotalpidae and Tridactylidae (Orthoptera)
of Tenneessee. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 43(1): 28-29.
Guenther, K.K. 1975. Das genus Neotridactylus Guenther, 1972. (Tridactylidae: Saltatoria
Insecta). Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 51: 305-365.
1977. Revision der Gattung Ellipes Scudder, 1902 (Saltatoria, Tridactylidae).
Dtsch. Ent. Zeit. N.F.. 24: 47-122.
_. 1980. Katalog der Caelifera — Unterordnung Tridactylodea (Insecta). Dtsch.
Ent. Zeit., N.F., 27: 149-178.
Hebard, M. 1934. The Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Illinois. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull.
20: 125-279.
Merritt, R.W., and K.W. Cummins. 1978. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North
America. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa.
Rentz, D.C. 1 965. Additional locality records of Tridactvlus minutus. Pan Pacific Entomol.
4(1): 70.
Urquhart, F.A. 1937. Some notes on the sand cricket, (Tridactvlus apicalis Say). Canad.
Field Naturalist 51: 28-29.
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED (Continued)
POPULATION BIOLOGY OF TROPICAL INSECTS. A.M. Young.
1982. Plenum Press. 511 pp. $57.50.
Author describes major developments in study of insect populations in tropical environments
and brings together various concepts and related studies that explain spatial and temporal
patterns of tropical insect diversity.
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 101
AMPHIPOEA VELATA (WALKER) (LEPIDOPTERA:
(NOCTUIDAE) ATTACKING CORN NEAR
FRIENDSVILLE, MARYLAND1 2
James W. Amrine, Jr., Linda Butler^
ABSTRACT: The noctuid, Amphipoea velata (Walker), was observed attacking 20-30 cm
corn in early June in Garrett Co. Md. Larvae made nests by tying leaves together with silk.
Feeding habits included general defoliation, tunneling in the stalk, and cutting through the base
of the stalk. The larvae fed on several species of weeds in addition to corn. Infestations
occurred in grassy-weedy patches and averaged 6.2 larvae per corn plant. Carbaryl treatment
produced 40% mortality (many larvae were protected by their leafy retreats).
On June 4, 1980, a sample of "leaf-tying" larvae was submitted to us
for identification. The larvae were collected4 from corn on a farm, 4 miles
west of Friendsville, Garrett Co., Maryland. Using the larval key of Crumb,
1956, the specimens were identified to the genus Septis, a synonym of
Amphipoea (=Apamea) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Approximately 75
larvae were placed on cabbage looper media; the majority fed and moulted
to pupae but only 5 adults emerged. Adults were then identified by Linda
Butler, and confirmed by Eric Quinter, American Museum of Natural
History, as Amphipoea velata (Walker).
The infested field was visited on June 5, 1980; the corn plants were 20
to 30 cm tall. The field was located along the top of a ridge. Cultivation was
no-till, and numerous weeds occurred in random patches. The crop was
planted on May 5, 1980 with an application of fonofos insecticide. The A.
velata infestation was generally confined to weedy-grassy areas. The larvae
made silken retreats by joining leaf margins together, thus forming curled
tubes in corn and grass leaves, or leafy nests in broad-leaved weeds. Small
larvae formed retreats by merely folding over leaf margins. Feeding habits
included general defoliation, tunneling in the stalk, and cutting through the
base of the stalk. Numerous plants were severely defoliated or cut off at the
base. Damage to the corn crop was serious enough that the farmer
considered plowing and replanting. A survey of another, distant corn field
(5 km S.) indicated a light infestation along the forest margin ( 1 larva per 50
1 Received September 30, 1982. Accepted March 5, 1983.
^Published with the approval of the Director of the West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry
Experiment Station as Scientific Article # 1 796. This research was supported with funds
appropriated under the Hatch Act.
•^Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
4By Charles B. Sperow, Extension Specialist, Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West
Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
ENT. NEWS, 94(3) 101-102 May & June 1983
102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
corn plants). A survey of larvae in a sample of 20 infested corn plants within
a weedy patch yielded an average of 6.2 larvae (2nd to 5th instar) per plant
(range of 1 to 14). Weeds found were quackgrass (Agropyron repens(L.)),
pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.), jimson weed (Datura stramonium
L.), blackberry (Rubus spp.), and milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.). Larval
nests and feeding damage were found in all weed plants except pokeweed.
The infestation was treated with carbaryl insecticide and dicamba
herbicide on June 4, 1 980, and by the following day, approximately 40% of
the larvae were dead or moribund. Apparently, the balance of the larvae
were protected by their silken retreats.
A literature search revealed no previous report of attack by this insect
on corn or other crops. Forbes (1954), using the name Apamea velata
Walker, relates that it feeds on grasses and is sometimes common but not
injurious. Dethier (1944) described the larva and pupa and gave the
following life history details for Massachusetts: overwintering pupae
produce adults in the spring and eggs hatch in early May; second generation
adults appear in early June and a third generation of adults appears in late
July and August, producing larvae which develop to overwintering pupae.
The adult male is illustrated by Grote and Robinson (1867) as Apamea
sera.
No larvae of A. velata were observed causing injury during the 1981
growing season. Apparently, this is a fine example of a normally innocuous
insect which has the potential to become a pest when conditions are
favorable. Because of its voracious feeding habits and immense reproductive
potential, future surveillance for outbreaks of this insect is warranted.
LITERATURE CITED
Crumb, S.E 1956. The larvae of the Phalaenidae [Noctuidae]. USDA Tech. Bui. No. 1 1 35.
356 pp.
Dethier, V.G. 1944. Observations on the life history of Apamea velata Wlk. Canadian
Entomologist 76: 223-225.
Forbes, W.T.M. 1954. LepidopteraofNew York and neighboring states. Part III. Noctuidae.
Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Mem. 329. p. 189.
Grote, A.R. and C.T. Robinson. 1867. Description of American Lepidoptera, No. 3. Trans.
Amer. Entomol. Soc. 1: 323-360. (Fig. 55, plate 7).
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED (Continued)
PHENETICS & ECOLOGY OF HYBRIDIZATION IN BUCKEYE
BUTTERFLIES. J.E. Hafernik, Jr. 1983. Univ. of Calif. Press. 109 pp.
$16.50.
This paper analyzes interrelationships among North and Central American representatives of
Junonia, exclusive of the Caribbean region.
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 103
NOTES ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
OF THE GULF COAST TICK, AMBLYOMMA
MACULATUM (KOCH) [ACARI: IXODIDAE]12
Jerome Goddard, B.R. Norment-'
ABSTRACT: 1982, six specimens of the Gulf Coast tick, A mblyomma maculatum (Koch),
were taken in two northern Mississippi Counties. Additional specimens were taken during a
trip to southwestern Kentucky.
The Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum (Koch), is a three host
species found in the southern United States, generally in areas bordering the
Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean (Bishopp and Trembley, 1945).
According to Bishopp and Hixson (1936), it is seldom found in large
numbers farther inland than 100 miles. Cooley and Kohls (1944) published
on the distribution, hosts, and taxonomy of this species . The Gulf Coast tick
has been reported from Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
Virginia, and Delaware on the Atlantic coast and also from Arizona,
Arkansas, and California (Bishopp and Hixson, 1936; Lancaster, 1973). It
is well established in northeastern Oklahoma (Semtner and Hair, 1973)
and is also known to exist in southeastern Kansas. A few specimens taken at
Dallas, Texas and Memphis, Tennessee were suggested to have been
brought in on livestock shipped from the coastal region. Amblyomma
maculatum has been reported twice from Arkansas (Lancaster, 1973) and
is considered relatively rare in Alabama occurring only in the southern one-
third of the state (Cooney and Hays, 1972).
In a current research project concerning the rickettsial organisms
associated with the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), ticks
were collected weekly throughout the 1 982 season in northern Mississippi,
with occasional collecting trips to the TVA Land Between the Lakes region
in southwestern Kentucky. Ticks were collected by dragging with a flannel
cloth in the study area. Six specimens of the Gulf Coast tick were collected
in northern Mississippi; four in Noxubee Co. and two in Oktibbeha Co.
These locations are 200-250 miles from the Gulf Coast. Also, one
specimen was collected in the Land Between The Lakes region of
southwestern Kentucky. Subsequently, a search through the student
collections in the Medical Entomology collection at Mississippi State
'Received September 30, 1982. Accepted March 5. 1983.
^Publication no. 5265, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station.
^Department of Entomology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State. Mississippi
39762.
ENT. NEWS, 94(3) 103-104 May & June 1983
104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
University revealed 1 1 more specimens from northern Mississippi, repre-
senting Lafayette, Lowndes, and Oktibbeha counties.
The majority of these specimens were collected in July or early August
(see records) which is consistent with the findings of Hixson (1940) who
reported an adult peak in July. These records further expand the known
range of this species. Bishopp and Hixson (1936) suggested that northern
records may represent specimens brought in on livestock from the coastal
region; however, all of the ticks collected in Noxubee Co., Miss, were found
in a national wildlife refuge isolated from pastureland. Also, the specimen
from Kentucky was collected in an area free of any known livestock. These
records indicate that either the previously reported range ofAmblyomma
maculatum may be incomplete or this species is extending its range
northward.
New Records of Amblyomma maculatum
Material examined — Lafavette Co., MS, Oxford, 21-V-1974, L. Thead, 2 9 (SC)*;
Lowndes Co.. MS, Crawford, 14-IV-1982, B. Hinkle,4 9 1 cf(SC); Marshall Co., KY, 6 mi.
E. Aurora, 2- VIII- 1982, J. Goddard, 1 cf; Noxubee Co., MS, Noxubee Wildlife Refuge, 5-
VI-1982,J.Goddard. 1 9; Noxubee Wildlife Refuge, 2-VII- 1982, J. Goddard, 1 cf; Noxubee
Wildlife Refuge, 8-VII-1982, J. Goddard, 1 9 1 cf; Oktibbeha Co., MS, Starkville, 4-VII-
1974, D. Wigle. 4cf (SC); Starkville, l-VII-1982, S. Winters, Icf (SC); Starkville, 10- VII-
1982, J. Goddard, 1 9.
All of these specimens are deposited in the Mississippi Entomological
Museum, Mississippi State University.
*Student Collection
LITERATURE CITED
Bishopp, F.C., and H. Hixson. 1936. Biology and economic importance of the Gulf Coast
tick. J. Econ. Entomol. 29: 1068-1076.
Bishopp, F.C. and Trembley, H.L. 1945. Distribution and hosts of certain North American
ticks. J. Parasit. 31: 1-54.
Cooley, R.A., and Kohls, G.M! 1944. The genus Amblyomma (Ixodidae) in the United
States. J. Parasit. 30: 77-111.
Cooney, J.C. and Hays, K.L. 1972. The ticks of Alabama. Auburn Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.
426. p.
Hixson, H. 1940. Field biology and environmental relationships of the Gulf Coast tick in
southern Georgia. J. Econ. Entomol. 33: 179-189.
Lancaster, J.L. 1973. A guide to the ticks of Arkansas. Univ. Arkansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.
779 p.
Semtner, P.J. and J.A. Hair. 1973. Distribution, seasonal abundance, and hosts of the Gulf
Coast tick in Oklahoma. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 66: 1264-1268.
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983
105
125th ANNIVERSARY OF THE AMERICAN
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
The American Entomological Society, publisher of "Entomological
News," "Transactions," and "Memoirs" was founded in February,
1859 as the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. Therefore, our
Society is observing its 125th Anniversary this year. A special meeting
to mark the occasion will be held on February 15, 1 984 at the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Members and friends of the Society
are invited.
Tentative plans include exhibits of early insect collections, publica-
tions, photographs of pioneer entomologists, and a series of short talks
on outstanding entomologists who were active in the Society in its early
years. Details will be announced in the fall of 1983.
W.H. Day
SOCIETY MEETING OF MARCH 3, 1983
The American Entomological Society's fourth meeting of the 1982-83 year was held
Thursday, March 3. in Agricultural Hall on the University of Delaware campus. Eight
members and twenty-four guests attended the evening lecture on the "Biology of Mayflies,"
presented by Mr. David Funk of the Stroud Water Research Center, Avondale. PA. Dr. Paul
Burbutis introduced the subject with a spirited reading from Benjamin Franklin's "The
Ephemera: An Emblem of Human Life," written in 1778. Mr. Funk, winner of the
Photographic Society of America's Silver Medal for Best of Show at last year's North Central
Insect Salon held at the Entomological Society of America's North Central Branch Meeting,
integrated beautiful slides of mayflies, their habitats, and natural history with a contemporary
ecological analysis of species distribution and behavior.
Of the approximately 2000 species of mayflies known, about 600 occur in the United
States. The larvae of most species graze on algae and leaf litter on the bottom of streams or
rivers. They display a variety of body shapes which are related to current speed, substrate
types and behavioral patterns. Adults are sexually dimorphic with males usually having long
forelegs and enlarged dorsal surfaces of their compound eyes. The eyes in some species are
extremely specialized and have distinctive shapes and colors. Studies on the Salmon River in
Idaho and White Clay Creek in Pennsylvania suggest that within a watershed, related species
have evolved to minimize competition in a variety of ways. Closely related species may occur
in different areas of the watershed and show an upstream-downstream distributional
relationship. Temperature variance, both geographic and within a watershed, may effectively
limit a species' distribution by lowering fecundity in areas where the annual temperature
regime is not optimal. Where related species coexist their life history patterns may be
displaced temporarily thereby minimizing overlap in their periods of maximal growth. A
similar displacement in the emergence period minimizes the possibility of interbreeding. In the
ensuing question period there was considerable interest in the subimago, a stage found in no
other insect order.
In notes of local entomological interest, Roger Fuester said that he had observed mating
mourning cloak butterflies within the past week and that ticks, Dermacentor variabilis. are
now active. Dr. Dale Bray added that a new species of tick close to Ixodes scapular!*.
appeared in the area last year. It has a painful bite. Dr. William Day commented on the warm
winter we have had and how spring flowers are blooming very early this year. With continued
mild weather we may observe an early emergence of many insects.
Harold W. White
Corresponding Secretary
106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
SOCIETY MEETING OF APRIL 7, 1983
The last regular meeting of The American Entomological Society for the 1982-83 year
was held Thursday April 7, 1983 at the University of Delaware. Eight members and nine
guests listened to Dr. John Lublinkhof of Biochem Products Montchanin, Delaware speak on
"Integrated Use of Microorganisms and Chemicals for Managing Insect Populations."
The main part of Dr. Lublinkhof s talk dealt with Nosema pyrausta, a protozoan parasite
on the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. As a well-adapted parasite, in the laboratory
Nosema does not normally kill its host despite high levels of infection. The primary effects of
infection are reduced fecundity and longevity of the host. It was reasoned that infected
individuals would be weakened and therefore more susceptible to killing by other agents in a
field situation. Such an effect was demonstrated for concurrent Bacillus thuringensis infection
and for treatment with carbaryl or carbofuran.
At the AES Council meeting President Charles Mason announced the following
committee assignments for the 1983-84 year:
Finance - William Day (Chairman), Paul Burbutis, Harold White, and Jessie Freese.
Libran' - Selwyn Roback (Chairman), Joseph Sheldon, Howard Boyd, and Roger
Fuester.
Publications - Selwyn Roback (Chairman), Howard Boyd, Daniel Otte, and Charles Mason.
Membership - Joseph Sheldon (Chairman), and Ronald Romig.
Program - Harold White (Chairman), and Carla Ritter.
125th Anniversary Program - Charles Mason, (Chairman). William Day, Howard
Boyd, Harold White, Joseph Sheldon, and Selwyn
Roback.
Harold B. White
Corresponding Secretary
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED (Continued)
TIGER BEETLES OF GENUS CICINDELA IN ARIZONA. J.
Bertholf. 1983. Texas Tech Univ. 44 pp. $7.00.
Systematics and species accounts of the 37 species found in Arizona.
ANTS OF WESTERN TEXAS: MYRMICINAE. J.V. Moody & O.F.
Francke. 1982. Texas Tech Univ. 80 pp. $12.00.
Study objective was to determine which ant species inhabit western Texas, define their
geographic regions, and explore factors limiting their distributions.
BIOLOGY & POPULATION OF TIGER BEETLE CICINDELA
JAPONICA. M. Hori. 1 982. Physiology & Ecology Japan, Kyoto. 2 1 2 pp.
Life history, growth, development, and dynamics of natural population were studied for 8
years by tracing labeled larval burrows and marked adults.
AUSTRALIAN CRICKETS. D. Otte & R.D. Alexander. 1983. Mono-
graph 22, Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 477 pp. $45.00.
A taxonomic survey and study of 492 species, of which 376 are new.
GUIDE TO LARVAE OF NEARCTIC DIAMESINAE (DIPTERA:
CHIRONOMIDAE). J.S. Doughman. 1983. U.S. Geological Survey. 57
pp.
Keys and decriptions to known species of Boreoheptagyia, Protanvpus, Diamesa, and
Pseudokiefferiella present in clean, cool arctic-alpine waters.
Vol. 94, No. 3, May & June 1983 107
CHECKLIST OF BEETLES OF NORTH AND CENTRAL
AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES
Several years ago I started the North American Beetle Fauna Project which was aborted in
1 98 1 because of lack of funds. We were able to produce the "Red Version" of the "Checklist of
the Beetles of Canada, United States, Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies" and
two families of the "Yellow Version" of that checklist. The "Red" list was completed with the
help of now Professor Emeritus Richard E. Blackwelder. Only a limited number of copies were
produced and it immediately went out of print.
Meantime several parts of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's "A Catalog of the
Coleoptera of America north of Mexico" have been issued. Also four additional parts of the
"Yellow Version" have been published elsewhere.
Continued requests for the checklist parts have forced me to have some of that work
reprinted and to undertake revision of these parts. To do this, I have incorporated the new
sections of the "Yellow Version" mentioned above and changed the arrangement and
renumbered the families included in the work to conform with the recent changes in the
classification.
This new work is entitled, "The Checklist of the Beetles of North and Central America and
the West Indies." It covers the same geographical area as intended in the original Project. It is
compiled and edited by myself. The present set of volumes ( 10) includes renumbered parts of
the "Red" list, some with minor updating, except for the new parts mentioned above.
It is my intention to continuously revise this work as the need and time permits. All of the
new parts are entered into computer storage for ease in updating and revising. Various beetle
specialists are invited to revise or help revise these sections.
New family sections may be replaced or added to the work according to the wishes of the
owner of the set. All of the volumes are stored in looseleaf notebooks.
Each volume contains a table of contents. One volume is published elsewhere (the
Weevils) but may be supplied to those wishing the complete set. The final volume is the
bibliography. To find references given in the text use the name of the author of a taxon, the year
of publication, and the page number (these appear as citations in the Checklist). However,
please note that the present set includes references from 1758 through 1947. Later references
will be included in future parts.
These 10 volumes complete this work as it now stands; revisions will be issued as
separate works. The titles of the 10 volumes follow.
Vol. 1. The Ground Beetles, Water Beetles, and related groups.
Vol. 2. The Rove Beetles and related groups.
Vol. 3. The Scarab Beetles, Buprestid Beetles, and related groups.
Vol. 4. The Click Beetles, Fireflies, Checkered Beetles, and related groups.
Vol. 5. The Ladybird Beetles and related groups.
Vol. 6. The Darkling Beetles, Strepsiptera, and related groups.
Vol. 7. The Longhorned Beetles.
Vol. 8. The Leaf Beetles and the Bean Weevils.
Vol. 9. The Fungus Weevils, Bark Beetles, Weevils, and related groups.
Vol. 10. Bibliography of the Coleoptera of North America north of Mexico, 1758-
1948.
Ross. H. Arnett, Jr. Florida State Collection of Arthropods,
Div. of Plant Industry, P.O. Box 1269. Gainesville, FL 32601
108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL
NOMENCLATURE
c/o BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD,
LONDON, SW7 5BD
ITZN 59 6 April 1983
The following Opinions have been published by the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, volume 40, part 1, on
29 March 1983:
Opinion No.
1239 (p. 25) Attelabus Linnaeus, 1758 (Insecta, Coleoptera): type species designated.
1 240 (p. 27) HESPERIIDAE Latreille, 1 809 (Insecta, Lepidoptera): added to Official
List.
1244 (p. 37) Stethaspis Hope, 1837 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae): designation of type
species.
1245 (p. 39) Linyphia tenebricola Wider, 1834 (Arachnida): to be interpreted in the
sense of Kulcyzynski, 1887.
The Commission regrets that it cannot supply separates of Opinions.
ITZN 11/4
(A.N. (S.) 125)
The Commission hereby gives six months notice to the possible use of its plenary powers
in the following cases, published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, volume 40, part
1, on 29 March 1983, and would welcome comments and advice on them from interested
zoologists.
Correspondence should be adddressed to the Secretary at the above address, if possible
within six months of the date of publication of this notice.
Case No.
1688 PseudopontiaPlotzv. GonophlebiaFe\der (Insecta, Lepidoptera): settlement
of case.
2233 Request for a ruling to correct homonymy in names of the family-groups based
on Myrmecia (Insecta) and Myrmecium (Arachnida).
2269 On family-group names based on Eurhin, Eurhinus and Eurhynchus (Coleoptera).
2389 Myzusfestucae Theobald, 19 17 (Insecta, Aphidoidea): proposed conservation.
2153 Calaphis Walsh, 1862 and Callaphis Walker, 1870 (Insecta, Hemiptera,
Aphididae): proposals to remove the confusion.
2373 UROPLAT -- as the stem of family-group names in Amphibia and Insecta
(Coleoptera): proposals to remove the homonymy.
2358 Oeciacus vicarius Horvath, 1912 (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cimicidae): proposed
conservation.
R.V. MELVILLE
Secretary
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US ISSN 0013-872X
Vol. 94
SEPTEMBER & OCTOBER 1983
No. 4
t
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Variation in structure of ligula of Tanypodine larvae (Diptera:
Chironomidae) K.J. Tennessen, P.K. Gottfried 109
Four acalyptrate Diptera reared from dead horseshoe
crabs Allen L. Norrbom 117
Biology of Euxesta quaternaria (Diptera: Otitidae)
J.S. Yoon, M.T. Mathew, R.E. Holman 122
New species of Loreta & Icaia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
from Bolivia & Peru Dwight M. DeLong 127
Stygnocoris rusticus: new records in eastern No. America,
with a review of its distribution A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 131
New records of No. American Odonata
Sidney W. Dunkle 136
New record for Ixodes texanus (Acarina: Ixodidae) in Missis-
sippi with a new host record /. Goddard, B.R. Norment 139
New record of mayfly Baetisca rubescens for West
Virginia D.C. Tarter, D.K. Peltry 141
A mutillid mimic of an ant (Hymenoptera:
Mutillidae & Formicidae) George C. Wheeler 143
An aggregation of Chalybion californicum (Hymenoptera:
Sphecidae) in a bell K. Schoenly, D.M. Calabrese 145
Insects visiting flowers of wild red raspberry in spruce-fir
forested areas of eastern Maine R. W. Hensen, E.A. Osgood 147
Biology of Trichadentotecnum alexanderae (Psocoptera:
Psocidae): its habitat, life stages & events B. W. Betz 152
BOOK REVIEW & BRIEF EDITORIAL COMMENT
159
BOOKS RECEIVED & BRIEFLY NOTED
116, 130, 135,
140, 142, 159, 160
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Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October. 1983 109
VARIATION IN STRUCTURE OF LIGULA OF
TANYPODINAE LARVAE (DIPTERA:
CHIRONOMIDAE)1
K.J. Tennessen, P.K. Gottfried2
ABSTRACT: Variations in the structure of the ligula of Tanypodinae larvae (Diptera:
Chironomidae) were found in six of nine genera examined. About 3 percent of the 2370 larvae
examined were considered abnormal, possessing either fewer or greater numbers of teeth than
typically found, or teeth that were bifid, curved, or otherwise asymmetrical.
Findings indicate that taxonomic keys which rely primarily on the number of ligula teeth
should be used with caution. Basic shape and color of the ligula, besides number of teeth, are
important characteristics; combinations of other characters are provided here to aid in
identifying certain genera.
The number, shape, and color of teeth on the ligula of Tanypodinae
larvae have been used as key characters in separating tribes and genera
(Beck 1 976; Mason 1 973; Roback 1 978, 1 980; Webb and Brigham 1 982).
We have found that the ligula is a variable structure in certain species,
especially in regard to the number of teeth, and this variation can lead to
mistaken determinations using present keys which overemphasize ligula
morphology. Some larvae simply cannot be keyed to ligula characteristics
alone.
We examined nine genera and found atypical ligulas in six of them. For
each genus in which we have observed abnormal ligulas. we describe and
illustrate the major types of variations and give a combination of characters
by which the larvae may be reliably identified. All specimens examined are
from northern Alabama. The drawings were made by tracing photographs;
the paraglossae were included since they can be useful in confirming
identifications.
Ablabesmyia
The ligula typically bears five black teeth, the tips of which are often
translucent; the median tooth is shorter than the first lateral teeth in most
species. The ligula of A. annulata ( Say) is unusual in that the median tooth
is at least as long as the first laterals and the apices of these three teeth are
truncate (Figure 1). One larva from Alabama (25 examined) has a ligula
with an extra lateral tooth, for a total of six teeth (Figure 2). Ablabesmyia
larvae may be recognized by the presence of more than one basal palpal
segment, and most species have one or two dark claws on the anal prolegs.
'Received March 3. 1983. Accepted May 21, 1983.
^Div. of Air & Water Resources, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville. Tennessee 37902
ENT. NEWS 94(4): 109-1 16. September & October. 1^X3 \\\ I
I OCT 181983
110
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figures 1-2. Typical ligula (1) and abnormal ligula (2) of Ablabesmyia annulata.
Clinotanypus
The typical Clinotanypus ligula has six clear amber teeth (Figure 3).
Several C. pinguis (Loew) larvae we observed had five or seven teeth
(Figures 4 and 5), while another larva had a ligula with six asymmetrical
teeth (Figure 6). A total of 9 larvae (3.16 percent) out of the 285 larvae
examined possessed atypical ligulas.
5 6
Figures 3-6. Typical ligula (3) and abnormal ligulas (4-6) of Clinotanypus pinguis.
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 1 1 1
Because of the variations in the number of teeth between specimens of
the same species, the number of ligula teeth is not a totally reliable
diagnostic character. In addition, other genera may have the same number
of teeth as Clinotanypus, Roback (1974) reported Colelotanypus concinnus
(Coquillett) larvae with six to eight teeth (the usual number of ligula teeth
for this genus is seven).
Characters that distinguish Clinotanypus larvae from those closely
related include: (1) head about 1-1/2 times as long as wide, (2) antennae
about 3/4 as long as head, and ( 3 ) mandibles hook-like. In addition, a small,
lateral spur-like process between the second and third thoracic segments of
Coelotanypus larvae will help to differentiate them from Clinotanypus.
Djalmabatista
The typical ligula of the only North American species, D. pulcher
(Johannsen), has four black teeth (Figure 7) (See Roback and Tennessen
1978). We have found a high degree of variation in the number and shape of
teeth in several populations. Of 1545 larvae examined, 50 (3.24 percent)
were atypical. The number of teeth varied from three to six: other
configurations included asymmetrical, bifid, and curved teeth (Figures 8-
16). The most common abnormal type of ligula had five symmetrical teeth
(Figure 12) resembling the Procladius ligula and larvae of two South
American species of Djalmabatista (Roback 1980). Larvae with three
teeth cannot be keyed.
Other diagnostic characters for the genus which should be used in
addition to ligula characteristics for accurate taxonomic identification
are: ( 1 ) blade of antennal segment 1 much longer than combined length of
antennal segments 2-4 and (2) mandible with bilobed inner tooth (Roback
1980).
Larsia
The ligula typically has five dark brown teeth (Figure 17). Out of 1 10
larva examined, 1 had 6 teeth (Figure 18). The genus is characterized by the
combination of: ( 1 ) teeth of ligula in concave configuration, with first
laterals pointed anteriorly; (2) preanal papillae less than five times as long
as wide: and (3) antennas yellow, ant >nnal ratio ± 4.0.
Procladius
The typical ligula of both subgenera (Psilotanypus and Procladius) has
five black teeth, the outer laterals longest, the median shortest (Figures 19
and 24). We examined 223 larvae of P. (Psilotanypus) bellus(Loew) and
observed that 10, or 4.48 percent, had atypically shaped ligulas. Variations
included four teeth (Figure 20), five asymmetrical teeth (Figures 21 and
22), and six or seven teeth (Figure 23).
112
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figures 7 16. Typical ligula (7) and abnormal ligulas (8-16) of Djalmabatista pulcher.
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983
113
17
18
Figures 17-18. Typical ligula (17) and abnormal ligula (18) of Lars ia sp.
23
Figures 19-23. Typical ligula (19) and abnormal ligulas (20-23) of Procladius bellus.
A reliable combination of other characteristics for P. bellus includes:
( 1 ) blade of antennal segment 2 subequal in length to antennal segments 2-
4, (2) single tooth on inner margin of mandible, (3) hypopharyngeal pecten
with 4-8 teeth, (4) smallest one or two claws of posterior prolegs usually
toothed, and (5) ligula of instar IV 61-87 /x (based on Roback 1980).
One specimen out of fifty-eight P. (Procladius) sublet tei Roback larvae
examined had an aberrant ligula, with six teeth (Figure 25 ). Part of one of the
median teeth on this specimen was broken off. Otherwise, the specimen
resembles an aberrant larvae reported by Roback (1980. Figure 25).
114
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
25
Figures 24-25. Typical ligula (24) and abnormal ligula (25) of Procla dins sublettei.
Larvae of the subgenus Procladius differ little among the species. Roback
( 1 980) offered a provisional key based on size differences. As a group, they
differ from Psilotanypus in their larger size and the longer apical tooth of the
paraglossae (compare Figures 19 and 24).
Tanypus
The typical ligula is pale to light brown, with five teeth; the median tooth
and first lateral teeth are as long as or longer than the outer laterals (Figure
26). We have 1 specimen of T. punctipennis Meigen with 6 teeth (Figure
27 ); we examined 1 2 specimens. The genus is recognizable by the following
combination of characteristics: ( 1 ) the presence of dorsomental teeth, (2)
ligula pale, teeth with tips in convex or straight configuration, (3) body with
conspicuous lateral hair fringe, an (4) mandibles thick and bulging in basal
three-fourths of their length.
26 27
Figures 26-27. Typical ligula (26) and abnormal ligula (27) of Tanypus punctipennis.
DISCUSSION
Examination of over 2370 Tanypodinae larvae from northern Alabama
Vol. 94, No. 4. September & October, 1983 115
revealed that slightly over 3 percent possessed an abnormal ligula, with
either more or fewer teeth than dictated for the taxa, or with some type of
asymmetry. Although the incidence of ligular abnormalties is low, it shows
that most keys rely too heavily on the ligula as a character for distinguishing
genera.
The majority of larvae examined were fourth instar, although a few
abnormalities were found in second and third instar larvae. Our data
indicate that the ligula within the Procladiini is more variable than within
the Pentaneurini. For example, some monthly samples of Djalmabatista
pulcher consisted of over 6 percent abnormal larvae.
Hamilton and Saether (1971) observed deformed chironomid larvae in
Lake Erie and in two lakes in British Columbia. Approximately 1 percent of
the larvae were affected, the most common deformity being an extremely
thickened integument; a few had deformed mouthparts. An analysis of the
distribution of deformed larvae in these lakes showed that they occurred in
areas receiving industrial discharge or agricultural runoff.
The majority of larvae we examined were from two man-made lakes
and three ponds formed in pits from which coal had been stripped in
Marion County, Alabama. The percentage of ligula deformities was slightly
higher in the combined strip-mine pond samples (Table 1), but was not
significantly different that the percentages found in the man-made lakes.
Whether certain environmental variables are causative agents during larval
development is unknown.
Table 1 . Number of larvae with a deformed ligula from three locations in Marion County,
Alabama. Numbers in parentheses are numbers of larvae examined.
Marion Strip-Mine Buttahatchee
County Lake Ponds Lake
Ablabcsmyia 1 (29) 0 (50) 0 (22)
Clinotanypus 1 (35) 4 (73) 4(177)
Djalmabatista 10 (547) 40 (1014) 0 (2)
Larsia 0 (4) 1 (99) 0 (7)
Procladius 0 (24) 1 (36) 10 (240)
Tanypus 0 (0) 0 (2) 1 (12)
Totals 12 (639) 46 (1274) 15 (460)
1.88% 3.61% 3.26%
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the Environmental Protection Agency under terms of
Interagency Agreement D8-E721-DS with the Tennessee Valley Authority. Energy Accomplish-
ment Plan 80-BDS. We thank Dr. Selwyn S. Roback for advice and comments on the
manuscript.
116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
LITERATURE CITED
Beck, W.M., Jr. 1976. Biology of the larval chironomids. State of Florida Dept. Environ.
Reg.. Tech. Series, 2(1): 1-58.
Hamilton, A.L. and O.A. Saether. 1 97 1 . The occurrence of characteristic deformities in the
chironomid larvae of several Canadian Lakes. Can. Entomol. 103:363-368.
Mason, W.T., Jr. 1973. An introduction to the identification of chironomid larvae. U.S. EPA
Analytical Quality Control Lab.. Cincinnati. 90 pp.
Roback, S.S. 1974. The immature stages of the genus Coelotanypus (Chironomidae;
Tanypodinae: Coelotanypodini) in North America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 126: 9-
19.
Roback, S.S. 1978 The immature chironomids of the eastern United States. III. Tanypodinae-
Anatopyniini. Macropelopiini and Natarsiini. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 129: 151-
202.
Roback, S.S. 1 980. The immature chironomids of the eastern United States. IV. Tanypodinae-
Procladiini. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 132: 1-63.
Roback, S.S. and K.J. Tennessen. 1978. The immature stages of Djalmabatista pulcher
[= Prodadius (Calotanypus) pulcher (Joh.)]. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1 30: 1 1-20.
Webb, D. W. and W.U. Brigham. 1 982. Aquatic Diptera. pp. 1 1 . 1 - 1 1 . 1 1 1 . In A.R. Brigham,
W.U. Brigham. and A. Guilka, eds. Aquatic insects and oligochaetes of North and South
Carolina. Midwest Aquatic Enterprises, Mahomet, Illinois.
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED
A BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE EUROPEAN STRATIOMYIDAE (DIPTERA),
Vol. 2. R. Rozkosny. 1983. Dr. W. Junk BV, Pub. 431 pp. $87.00.
This volume deals with the sub-families Cliterllariinae, Hermetiinae, Pachygasterinae, plus
bibliography.
DIAPAUSE AND LIFE CYCLE STRATEGIES IN INSECTS. V. Brown and I. Hodek,
Eds. 1983. Dr. W. Junk BV, Pub. 283 pp. $59.50.
Fourteen papers on mechanics regulating seasonal adaptation, life cycle polymorphism, and
evolution of life cycle strategies.
METABOLIC ASPECTS OF LIPID NUTRITION IN INSECTS. T. Mittle & R. Dadd,
Eds. 1983. Westview Press. 252 pp. $27.50.
Twelve papers from the 1 980 World Congress on the study of essential fatty acids and fat-
soluble vitamins in insects, and in work on insect sterol nutrition and metabolism.
INSECT BEHAVIOR: A SOURCEBOOK OF LABORATORY AND FIELD EXER-
CISES. J. & R. Matthews, Eds. 1982. Westview Press. 324 pp. $20.00.
A concept oriented collection of 34 laboratory and field behavioral exercises using insects as
uniquely suitable animals for behavioral studies.
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 117
FOUR ACALYPTRATE DIPTERA REARED
FROM DEAD HORSESHOE CRABS1 2
Allen L. Norrbom^
ABSTRACT: Four species of acalyptrate Diptera were reared from dead horseshoe
crabs: Hecamede albicans (Meigen) (Ephydridae), Conioscinella hinkleyi (Malloch)
(Chloropidae), Coproica vagans (Haliday) and C. hirtula (Rondani) (Sphaeroceridae). The
third instar larvae and puparia of H. albicans and C. hinkleyi are described, and Urolepsis
rufipes (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) is reported as a parasitoid of H. albicans.
In spring and early summer, the beaches of Delaware Bay in the
vicinity of Town Bank, New Jersey, become littered with the carcasses of
horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus L., which crawl ashore to mate and
lay their eggs. The decaying crabs provide an excellent larval substrate for a
number of Diptera, including the following four species that I was able to
rear: Hecamede albicans (Meigen) (Ephydridae), Conioscinella hinkleyi
(Malloch) (Chloropidae), Coproica vagans (Haliday), and C. hirtula
(Rondani) (Sphaeroceridae). These records probably represent an oppor-
tunistic use of this locally abundant, temporary resource, as all four species
appear to be generalist scavengers.
The flies developed from fifteen dead horseshoe crabs collected from
the beach on June 19 and July 5, 1982. The viscera of most of the crabs
were dried up or were previously consumed by muscid and calliphorid
larvae, leaving mainly the outer sclerotized parts, muscle, and connective
tissue. The crabs were placed with moist sand in rearing jars and were
stored at 18-23°C. Water was occasionally added to prevent desiccation.
Several crabs were dissected and the dipteran larvae and pupae in them
collected and preserved or reared separately to allow association with the
adults. This paper presents biological observations on these flies and
descriptions of some of their immature stages. The morphological terminol-
ogy of Teskey (1981) is followed in descriptions of the immatures. All
specimens studied, unless otherwise noted, were deposited in the Frost
Entomological Museum, The Pennsylvania State University or the National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
1 Received February 19, 1983. Accepted March 31, 1983.
^Authorized on February 9, 1983 for publication as Paper No. 6604 in the Journal Series of
the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. A contribution from the Frost Entomo-
logical Museum (AES Proj. No. 2594).
Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA 16802.
ENT. NEWS 94(4): 117-121. September & October, 1983
1 1 8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Hecamede albicans (Meigen)
H. albicans is a common maritime ephydrid found from Massachusetts
to Maryland and also in Europe ( Wirth 1 965 ). It has been reared previously
from rotting lettuce and excrement (Simpson 1976 andpers. comm.) and its
congener, H. persimilis Hendel, has been found in "foul smelling sand
beneath a human carcass" (Bohart and Gressitt 1951) and bred from
seaweed (Tenorio 1 980). Both species probably develop in a wide range of
decaying organic materials.
Adults of//, albicans were very common on the dead horseshoe crabs,
walking about on their surface and crawling inside them. They frequently
extended their mouthparts to feed, or perhaps simply to obtain moisture.
Over 200 individuals were reared from the crabs. The larvae were present
mainly between the gills and on other moist membranous surfaces, and
pupation occurred within the crabs, in the sand, and on the sides of the
rearingjar. Descriptions of the third instar larva and the puparium are given
below. In both stages, H. albicans is very similar to H. persimilis (see
Bohart and Gressitt 1951; Tenorio 1980), but the tentoropharyngeal
sclerite tapers more gradually anteriorly and there are 3 pairs of tubercles
on the last segment of the larva.
One pupa of H. albicans was parasitized by the pteromalid Urolepsis
rufipes ( Ashmead). This wasp previously has been reared from two western
Nearctic ephydrids, Hydropvrus hians (Say) and Setecera pacifica
(Cresson) (Burks 1979)".
Third Instar Larva (Figs. 4-9): Opaque white; length 4.00 - 4.50 mm; cylindrical,
tapering anteriorly, truncate posteriorly. Cephalic segment bilobed anteriorly; antenna (Fig.
5) two segmented, basally surrounded by broader membranous evagination; cephalopharyngeal
skeleton about 0.65-0.70 mm long; mandibles (Figs. 6-7) strongly sclerotized, separate,
strongly curved anteriorly, with short ventral process at about their midpoint, and with small
circular window present at base of ventral process; hypopharyngeal sclerite strongly
sclerotized; parastomal bar very slender, not connected posteriorly to tentoropharyngeal
sclerite; tentoropharyngeal sclerite gradually tapering anteriorly to acute apex, broad between
cornua, strongly sclerotized medially and anteriorly, gradudally weakening dorsally, ventrally,
and on apical half of ventral corua; dorsal cornu with small window apically; ventral cornu
with larger mesaily bent window dorsally near base; pharynx ventrally with longitudinal
ridges, and with 2 small dark spots near tips of ventral cornua; anterior spiracle (Fig. 8) short,
fan-shaped, six-lobed. Posterior spiracle tube short and cylindrical, slightly projecting in
lateral view; spiracular plate (Fig. 9) moderately sclerotized, with inner margins of 3
spiracular openings and ecdysial scar indistinct, and with 4 sets of fine, many-branched hairs.
Terminal body segment with 3 pairs of small tubercles (Fig. 4), 1 pair dorsolaterally, 1 pair
ventroapically, and 1 pair ventrolaterally.
Puparium (Figs. 1-3): Medium brown, partially translucent; length 2.25 - 2.75 mm,
width 1.00 - 1.25 mm. Segmentation obvious, delimited by distinct transverse sutures and
ridges. Posterior spiracles very short.
Conioscinella hinkleyi (Malloch)
The chloropid C. hinkleyi occurs from Kansas and Pennsylvania south
to Georgia and Louisiana (Sabrosky 1965). Kulman (1965) has reared it
previously from tents of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 119
Figs. 1-3. H. albicans: puparium in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views.
(F.), and Berisford and Tsao (1975), from larval cases of the bagworm
Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth). Two females were reared in
this study; the pupal stage of one was observed to last 7 days. An adult
female was also collected on a dead horseshoe crab, and a pupa which failed
to develop was found lying on the sand beneath a crab. A phoretic hypopus
of a histiostomatid mite was present on the captured adult. Descriptions of
the puparium and the remains of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton of the third
instar larva are given below.
Third Instar Larva: Cephalopharyngeal skeleton (Fig. 10) about 0.45 mm long;
mandibles separate, strongly sclerotized, narrow and slightly curved anteriorly, with narrow
ventral process arising just behind middle, and with small circular window present at base of
central process; hypostomal sclerite moderately sclerotized; parastomal bar extremely
slender, connected to tentoropharyngeal sclerite posteriorly; tentoropharyngeal sclerite
weakly sclerotized, especially cornua, anteriorly tapering to finger-like process; dorsal and
ventral cornua apparently without windows; pharynx with longitudinal ridges.
Puparium (Fig. 1 1 ): Very light golden brown, translucent: length 2.40 mm, width 0.85
mm. Surface transversed by numerous thin, wrinkle-like ridges. Anterior spiracle (Fig. 12)
small, with about 5 short lobes. Posterior spiracles slightly projecting.
Coproica vagans (Haliday)
C. vagans is a very common, cosmopolitan sphaerocerid frequently
found on dung and compost (Richards 1973). Coffey (1966) reared it from
chicken, horse, cow, and pig excrement and collected adults on mink
droppings. I have also reared it from CMSA media (putrefying mixture of
alfalfa meal and wheat bran). Adults of C. vagans were very common on the
dead horseshore crabs and larvae and pupae were present mainly in the gills
and other moist membranous parts. Over 300 individuals were reared. A
second generation also developed in the same crabs, although fewer in
number than the first generation. Complete development in the crabs and in
the CMSA media required 19-23 days, 14-17 for the egg and larval stages
and 5-6 for the pupal stage. Goddard (1938) previously described the
cephalopharyngeal skeleton of the third instar larva of C. vagans, as well as
the puparium which is nearly transparent.
120
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
8
6
7
12
9
Figs 4-9. //. albicans: third instar larva; 4 - lateral habitus; 5 - antenna; 6 - cephalopharyngeal
skeleton, lateral view; 7 - mandibles, hypopharynge'al sclerite, dorsal view; 8 - anterior
spiracle; 9 - posterior spiracular plate.
Figs. 10-12. C. hinkleyi: 10 -third instar larva, cephalopharyngeal skeleton; 11 -puparium.
dorsal habitus; 12 - puparium, anterior spiracle.
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 121
Coproica hirtula (Rondani)
C. hirtula is also a cosmopolitan sphaerocerid, very similar in habit to
C. vagans, being frequently found in association with dung and refuse of
confined animals (Richards 1973). Coffey (1966) reared it (as Leptocera
exiguella sp. A) from cow, pig, chicken, human, and mink excrement and
collected it on sheep dung. A single male emerged from the dead horseshoe
crabs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My sincere thanks are due to Eric Grissell and Curtis Sabrosky. Systematic Entomology
Laboratory, USDA, for providing identifications of Urolepsis riijlpes and Conioscinella
hinkleyi, respectively, and to Wayne Mathis. Smithsonian Institution, for his advice and for
confirming my determination of Hecamede albicans. I am also indebted to Karl Simpson for
generously sharing his unpublished information on H. albicans, and to Karl Valley for kindly
referring me to the publications on C. hinkleyi. I would also like to thank Mrs. Thelma
Brodzina for typing the manuscript and Peter Adler, K.C. Kim, and C.W. Rutschky for
reading earlier drafts of this paper.
LITERATURE CITED
Berisford, Y.C. and C.H. Tsao. 1975. Parsitism, predation, and disease in the bagworm,
Thvridopen'x ephemeraeformis (Haworth) ( Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Env. Enomol.
4: 549-554.
Bohart, G.E. and J.L. Gressitt. 1 95 1 . Filth-inhabiting flies of Guam. Bull. B.P. Bishop Mus.
204, 152pp.
Burks, B.D. 1979. Family PteromaJidae. In: Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of
Mexico, Vol. 1. K.V. Krombein et al., eds. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington,
D.C. pp. 768-835.
Coffey, M.D. 1966. Studies on the association of flies (Diptera) with dung in southeastern
Washington. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 59: 207-218.
Goddard, W.H. 1938. The description of the puparia of fourteen British species of
Sphaeroceridae (Borboridae, Diptera). Trans. Soc. Brit. Entomol. 5: 235-258.
Kulman, H.M. 1 965. Natural control of the eastern tent caterpillar and notes on its status as a
forest pest. J. Econ. Entomol. 58: 66-70.
Richards, O.W. 1 973. The Sphaeroceridae ( =Borboridae or Cypselidae; Diptera, Cyclorrhapha)
of the Australian Region. Aust. J. Zool., Suppl. Ser. 22: 297-401.
Sabrosky, C.W. 1965. Family Chloropidae. In: A Catalog of the Diptera of America
North of Mexico. A. Stone et al., eds. USDA Agr. Handbook No. 276. pp. 773-793.
Simpson, K.W. 1976. Chapter 17 - Shore flies and brine flies (Diptera: Ephydridae).
//;.- Marine Insects. L Cheng, ed. North-Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam, pp. 465-495.
Tenorio, J.A. 1 980. Family Ephydridae, Shore Hies. In: Insects of Hawaii. E.D. Zimmerman,
ed. Volume 13 - Diptera: Cyclorrhapha III, by D.E. Hardy and M.D. Delfmado. The
Univ. Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 251-351.
Teskey, H.J. 1981. Chapter 3: Morphology and Terminology - Larvae. //;: Manual of
Ncarctic Diptera, Vol. 1 . J.F. McAlpine, et al., eds. Agriculture Canada. Ottawa, pp. 65-
88.
Wirth, W.W. 1965. Family Ephydridae. //;: A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of
Mexico. A. Stone et al., eds. USDA Agr. Handbook No. 276. pp. 734-759.
122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
BIOLOGY Q? EUXESTA QUATERNARIA
LOEW (DIPTERA: OTITIDAE) ! 2
Jong S. Yoon, M.T. Mathew, R.E. Holman^
ABSTRACT: The picture-winged fly, Euxesta quarternaria Loew, was found in southern
Florida, closely associated with coconut palm trees. The life-cycle is completed within 37-42
days at 22°C. This species has 2N=12 chromosomes andean be reared in the laboratory. The
larvae feed in the apical meristem and other soft growing parts of the palm trees, especially
those damaged by lethal yellowing disease.
The life histories of most species of Otitidae are not known. According
to Allen and Foote (1967) approximately 450 species have been described,
but the larval feeding habits are known for only some 40 species
representing 21 genera. The morphology of the immature stages has been
studied even less. Thus far, the larvae and pupae have been described for
about 10 species in 8 genera, and no adequate descriptions of the eggs or
earlier instar larvae have been published.
The genus Euxesta includes more than 70 species, most of which are
distributed in tropical and subtropical areas ( Steyskal, 1 968). The larvae of
several species have been found in fruits such as oranges, pineapples,
melons and apples (see Allen and Foote, 1967). They also attack rotting or
damaged onion bulbs and roots of yams. Larvae have been found under the
loosened bark of pecan, hickory, American elm, and in the husks of walnuts.
The adults of some Euxesta species have been reared from larvae in
sugarcane and ears of corn (see Allen and Foote, 1967). Nearly all of the
reared species of this genus have saprophagous larvae, and very few of the
North American species are phytophagous (Oldroyd, 1964).
Euxesta quaternaria Loew is known to be present in the West Indies
(Bahamas, Cuba, Saint Thomas, Jamaica) and Panama (Steyskal, 1968).
Recently the authors found large numbers of these flies on palm trees in
southern Florida even though the presence of them was known earlier in this
area (Steyskal, 1983, personal communication). These flies were associated
mainly with palm trees affected by diseases including "lethal yellowing/' In
an attempt to discover any possible relationship between E. quaternaria
and palm tree diseases, a study of the biology of this species was
undertaken.
'Received March 24, 1983. Accepted May 23, 1983.
2This work was supported by NSF Grant DEB 80-1 1552.
3 Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio
43403
ENT. NEWS 94(4): 122-126. September & October, 1983
Vol. 94, No. 4. September & October, 1983 123
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Studies were conducted on both field-collected and laboratory-reared
specimens. Eggs and larvae were collected from the soft growing parts
(cambial tissues) of the coconut palm trees (Cocos nucifera and Malayan
dwarf) in southern Florida. These eggs along with the cambial tissue were
brought to the laboratory and placed in vials. The hatched larvae were fed
on modified Drosophila food (Yoon et al., 1972) and/or young coconut
fruits. Larval vials were kept in mason jars with moistened sand in the
bottom. The 3rd instar larvae pupated in the sand. The adults were studied
in both natural and laboratory conditions. The laboratory rearing was done
at room temperature (22 C) with a relative humidity of 70%.
The chromosomes were prepared by removing the brain ganglia of the
iarvae in pnysioiogicai saline and allowing them to swell in a hypotomc
solution of 1% sodium citrate for 10 minutes. The ganglia were then
transferred to aceto-orcein stain for 10-15 minutes, mounted in 45% acetic
acid solution and then squashed with thumb pressure. Slides were examined
and photographed on a Zeiss phase photomicroscope. Kodak panatomic-x
35 mm film and Kodak poly contrast rapid paper F were used in
photography (Yoon et al., 1972).
OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION
The life cycle of the picture-winged fly, E. quaternaria, is shown in
Figure 1 . The eggs are deposited on the soft growing parts of the palm trees.
The elongate, oval-shaped eggs (Fig. I. D), 2-3 mm long, vary in numbers
from approximately 100-300 per female. The eggs are bone white in color
and they hatch within 2-4 days at room temperature (22 C).
The larvae (Fig. I. E) undergo two molts and develop into 3rd instar
larvae. The third instar larvae are about 8-10 mm long and 1.4-1.7 mm in
width. Well-developed mouth hooks are present in the larvae (Fig. II.
B2). It was observed in nature that all larval instars were very active and fed
on the soft parts of the palm tree (Fig. II. B), including apical meristem.
inflorescence and young fruits. Generally larvae require about 21 days to
pupate at 22 C. In laboratory conditions, due to unknown reasons, some
larvae took more than one month to pupate. It was found that in the
laboratory they pupated in moist paper tissues and/or moistened sand. In
nature the larvae pupate in sand at the base of the palm trees. They remain
in the pupal stage (Fig. I. F) for about 14-16 days. The pupae are light
brown in color.
The adults (Fig. I. A. & B) emerged on the 14- 16th day after pupation.
The adults are about 5-6 mm long. The females can be distinguished easily
by their elongated pointed telescoping ovipositor (3-4 mm in length) which
124
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
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Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983
125
Figure II. Damage to the Coconut Tree by E. c/iiuicrnaria. A. Adult laying eggs on soft parts
of the stem. (In the circle). Al. Female fly. (Notice the ovipositor). B. Larvae (magnified view
in B 1 ) feeding on the apical region of palm tree. Enlarged mouth hooks are shown in Fig. B2. C.
A young coconut palm tree severely damaged by lethal yellowing and/or by these insects. D.
Earlier stages (foreground) of infestation of lethal yellowing disease on mature trees and its
final stages (dead trees).
126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
is made up of 3 abdominal segments (Fig. I. B). Females have conspicuous
yellow color on the dorsum of the abdomen. In nature, adults are found
frequently on the trunks of palm trees. The adults were observed throughout
the year, in the early morning or late afternoon, sitting on the sunny side of
the trunks. The adults were peculiar in their wing-waving behavior. They
move slowly, and constantly wave their dark-banded wings in a to-and-fro
motion similar to that of many species of Tephritidae. This wing-waving is
probably related to their courtship behavior. Both sexes are found to behave
in this manner. This wing-waving behavior was noticed also in the
laboratory (Fig. II. Aj).
It was found that E. quaternaria has 12 chromosomes (2=12)
including one pair of microchromosomes (Fig. I. C). Their polytene
chromosomes are ectopically paired as predicted since the metaphase
chromosomes have many heterochromatic segments in their genome.
On the basis of the present data available, it is concluded that the life
cycle of E. quaternaria is associated with palm trees as one of the host
plants. The present study indicates that E. quaternaria can be reared in the
laboratory conditions, therefore it may be possible to establish a direct
cause-relationship between the insects and such diseases as "lethal
yellowing," by obtaining more data on the biology and ecology of these
flies.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to thank Dr. B.A. Foote, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State
University, Kent, Ohio and Mr. George C. Steyskal. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D.C. for their valuable suggestions and assistance in the identification of the flies
in this study. We are grateful to Dr. Robert C. Graves. Bowling Green State University, for his
helpful comments on the study and for critically reading the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Allen, E.J. and B.A. Foote. 1967. Biology and immature stages of three species of Otitidae
(Diptera) which have saprophagous larvae. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 60: 828-836.
Oldroyd, H. 1964. The natural history of Hies. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, pp. 324.
Steyskal, G.C. 1968. Family Otitidae. Catalogue No. 54: 1-31 (Ortalidae: including
Pterocallidae, Ulidiidae). //;: A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the
United States. Departomento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo.
Yoon, J.S., K. Resch and M.R. Wheeler. 1972. Cytogenetic relationships in Hawaiian
species of Drosophila. I. The Drosophila hystricosa subgroup of the "Modified Mouthparts"
species groups. Studies in genetics VII. Univ. of Texas Publ. 7213: 179-199.
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 127
NEW SPECIES OF LORETA AND ICAIA
(HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) FROM
BOLIVIA AND PERU1
Dwight M. DeLong2
ABSTRACT: Three species of Loreta, L.Jiskin.sp. (Peru). L. A Ibopunctatan.sp. (Bolivia),
L. vista n.sp. (Bolivia) and a species of Icaia, I. montana n.sp. (Bolivia), are described.
The genus Loreta was described by Linnavuori (1959). New species
were described by Linnavuori and DeLong(1978, 1979). The genus Icaia
was described by Linnavuori (1973). Linnavuori and DeLong (1976)
described a Peruvian species. Three new species of Loreta and a new
Bolivian species of Icaia are described in this paper. All types are in the
DeLong collection, Ohio State University.
Loreta fiski n.sp.
(Figs. 1-5)
Length of male 3.8 mm. Female unknown. Crown produced, angled, 3/4 as long at middle
as wide between eyes at base. Color: crown mostly orange except a v-shaped white spot at
apex, a slightly larger angled white spot each side between apex and eye, and a white elongate
band extending along eyes and across base, except for a slight interruption at middle; all white
markings margined with black. Pronotum mostly grayish brown, a median narrow white band
between eyes at base and a rather large roundish grayish spot at middle of pronotum behind
each eye. Scutellum orange, 2 median white spots at base, a small white spot in each basal
angle and a small median white spot each side and at apex. Forewings greyish white
subhyaline, veins dark brown, with a few irregular brownish spots on clavus. Claval area with
numerous cross veins.
Male genital plates (fig. 2) 2 times as long as wide at middle, apices narrowed, rounded.
Style (fig. 5) with apophysis curved laterally and pointed. Aedeagus with 2 blade-like
structures arising at base and extending laterocaudally (fig. 1 ). Aedeagal shaft rather small, L-
shaped laterally (fig. 3), apex bluntly pointed. Pygofer narrowed, rounded apically (fig. 4).
Holotype male: Tingo Maria, Peru 1 9-VI- 1982 at light. Frank Fisk coll. Paratypes: 2 cf
Bolivia, Santa Cruz 21 -IX- 1980 Donald Foster coll.
L. fiski differs from all described species of Loreta by having 2 blade-
like structures arising at base of aedeagus and extending beyond the narrow
angled aedeagal shaft.
I take pleasure in naming this leafhopper for the collector, Frank Fisk.
Deceived September 24, 1982. Accepted March 25, 1983.
^Department of Entomology, Ohio State University.
ENT. NEWS 94(4): 127-130. September & October, 1983
128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Loreta albopunctata n.sp.
(Figs. 6-10)
Length of male 3.5 mm, female 4 mm. Crown bluntly angled, more than 2/3 as long at
middle as wide between eyes at base. Color: crown whitish, with 2 large squarish proximal
brown spots between eyes. Pronotum mostly brownish or dark gray with a whitish area behind
each eye and along apical margin. Scutellum white with a brown spot in each basal angle.
Forewings brownish, subhy aline with large white spots at apex of claval veins on commissure
and on middle of costa. Brown spots on costa and veins margined with darker brown.
Female 7th sternum with posterior margin broadly, concavely rounded.
Male genital plates 2 times as long as wide at middle (fig. 9), apex slightly narrowed,
rounded. Style elongate (fig. 8) apical 5th narrowed, rounded. Aedeagus with apical 4th
consisting of a process curved dorsally (fig. 7), a long slender process arises at base and
extends latero-dorsally. Py gofer rounded apically with a curved hook (fig. 10) extending
caudally on ventro-caudal margin. Pygofer bearing macrosetae on dorsocaudal margin.
Holotype male: Bolivia, Santa Cruz 1- VI- 1980, Donald Foster coll. Paratypes: 1 9
same data except 21 -IX- 1980.
L. albopunctata is related to L. obtecta Linnavuori ( 1 959, p. 1 34) and
can be separated from it by the more narrowed, curved portion of the
aedeagus, in lateral view.
Loreta vista n.sp.
(Figs. 11-15)
Length of male 3.5 mm. Female unknown. Crown bluntly angled, as long at middle as
wide between eyes at base. Color: crown white with broad, transverse orange band between
anterior portions of eyes. A slight orange ring around white apex. Pronotum dark brownish
gray with paler area on each lateral margin. Scutellum white, tinted with orange, with black
basal angles. Forewings pale grayish, subhyaline, with a few darker spots on clavus, veins
mostly brown.
Male genital plates 4 times as long as wide at middle (fig. 14), apices rounded. Style
elongate with bluntly rounded apophysis extending caudally (fig. 11). Aedeagus with slender
basal portion, broadened at middle dorsoventrally (fig. 12), apical portion narrowed, curved
ventrally: with 2 slender processes, 3/4 length of shaft (fig. 12), arising at base of shaft and
extending ventrally. Pygofer rounded apically (fig. 15).
Holotype male: Bolivia, Buena Vista 21-V-1980, Donald Foster coll.
L. vista is related to L. ornaticeps Linnavuori (1959, p. 155) from
which it can be separated by the more broadened (dorsoventrally) central
portion of the aedeagus and by the 2 long slender processes arising from its
base.
Icaia montana n.sp.
(Figs. 16-21)
Length of male 3.5 mm. Female unknown. Crown bluntly angled, a little wider between
eyes at base than long at middle, margin bluntly angled with face. Color: crown pale yellowish
with a small black spot at apex, a broad transverse black band, broadened at middle, extending
betweeen eyes. Pronotum variable in color, yellowish with disc black and black vermiculate
spots on basal half, or almost entirely black. Scutellum black. Forewings black, heavily
sclerotized, rugose, extending to 8th tergite.
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983
129
Figs. 1-5. Loreta fiskin.sp. 1. aedeagus ventrally, 2. plate ventrally. 3. aedeagus laterally,
4. pygofer laterally, 5. style ventrally. Figs. 6-10. L. albopunctata n.sp. 6. aedeagus
ventrally, 7. aedeagus laterally, 8. style ventrally, 9. plate ventrally, 10. pygofer laterally.
Figs. 11-15. L. vista n.sp. 11. style ventrally, 12. aedeagus laterally, 13. aedeagus
ventrally, 14. plate ventrally. 15. pygofer laterally, apical portion. Figs. 16-21. Icaia
montana n.sp. 16. aedeagus ventrally. 17. connective ventrally. 18. plate ventrally. 19.
style ventrally, 20. aedeagus laterally. 21. pygofer laterally, apical portion.
130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Male genital plates elongate, 4 times as long as wide at middle (fig. 18). Style narrow,
elongate (fig. 1 9), with finger-like apophysis curving laterally. Aedeagus large at base, curving
dorsally (fig. 20) and tapered to a slender pointed apex. Connective long and narrow with the
basal portion divided and the 2 portions contiguous on basal fourth (fig. 17) Pyrofer rounded
apically (fig. 21).
Holotype male: Bolivia, Cochabamba, 20- V- 1 980. Paratypes 1 c? same data as holotype;
1 c? 12-V-1981. All specimens collected by Donald L. Foster.
/. montana is related to /. appendiculata Linnavuori and DeLong
( 1 967. p. 32) and can be separated from it by the simple curved and tapered
aedeagus without apical processes.
LITERATURE CITED
Linnavuori, Rauno 1959. Revision of the Neotropical Deltocephalinae and some related
subfamilies (Homoptera). Anns. Zool. Soc. Vanamo 20(1): 1-370.
. 1973. Additional Notes on the Cicadellidae fauna of Peru. Revista Peruana De
Entomol. 16: 14-16.
and D.M. DeLong. 1976. New Neotropical leafhoppers from Peru and Bolivia
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Revista Peruana de Entomologia 19(1): 29-38.
1978. Seventeen new species and three new genera of Central and South
American Deltocephalini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Brenesia 14/15: 195-226.
1979. New genera and species of the tribe Deltocephalini from South America
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae). Entomol. Scand. 10: 44-53.
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED (Continued)
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE GENETICS OF INSECT DISEASE VECTORS.
W. Steiner et al, Eds. 1982. Stipes Publ. 665 pp. $26.00.
A collection of 30 papers from a 1981 symposium aimed at methods of stopping insects that
vector parasites.
NEUROHEMAL ORGANS OF ARTHOPODS: THEIR DEVELOPMENT, EVOLU-
TION, STRUCTURES, AND FUNCTIONS. A. Gupta, Ed. 1 983. Chas. C. Thomas, Pub.
629 pp. $74.50.
Twenty contributions, including 13 on Insecta, updating available information on the
development, evolution, structure and functions of the neurohemal organs of arthropods.
ADVANCES IN GENETICS, DEVELOPMENT, AND EVOLUTION OF DROSOPHILA.
S. Lakovaara, Ed. 1982. Plenum Press. 470 pp. $57.50.
This volume offers 37 papers on current research on Drosophila, from the morphological to
the molecular.
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 131
STYGNOCORIS RUSTICUS: NEW RECORDS IN
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, WITH A REVIEW
OF ITS DISTRIBUTION (HEMIPTERA-
HETEROPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)1
A.G. Wheeler, Jr.2
ABSTRACT: New state records for Stygnocoris rusticus ( Fallen ), a Palearctic rhyparochromine
lygaeid, are given for Michigan, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin; Prince Edward
Island is a new provincial record for Canada. Additional records are provided for Connecticut.
Maine, New York, Pennsylvania and Ontario. The known occurrence in the eastern United
States and southern Canada is noted and mapped. S. rusticus may have been introduced with
ballast brought ashore from ships, but it is more likely that it entered much later, perhaps with
soil, seeds, or other such material.
Stygnocoris rusticus (Fallen), a common Palearctic rhyparochromine
lygaeid, was first reported from North America ("New York") by
Heidemann (1908). In eastern North America the known distribution,
primarily northern, includes Nova Scotia, Quebec (Montreal area north to
Quebec and Tadoussac), Ontario (Ottawa and Ventnor), Maine (eastern
coast), Connecticut (Canaan, Storrs), New York (Adirondacks region),
and Illinois (Belvidere in extreme north). S. rusticus also has been recorded
from British Columbia and Washington and thus is one of several Holarctic
heteropterans known from northeastern North America and the Pacific
Northwest. The lygaeid catalogue (Slater 1964) should be consulted for
references to distribution records (except Connecticut — see Sweet 1 964).
A subsequent record likely to be overlooked is North East (Erie Co.),
Pennsylvania, where S. rusticus was listed from vineyards as an "incidental
species'" without collection data (Jubb et al. 1979); a series of specimens
was taken in pitfall traps from 28 July to early Sept. 1972 (deposited in the
Pennsylvania Dept. of Agric. collection).
In detailed investigations on the rhyparochromine fauna of New
England, Sweet (1964) characterized S. rusticus as a late-maturing,
univoltine species that overwinters in the egg stage. He suggested that the
obligate egg diapause may have favored its introduction with man's
commerce, probably in ballast dumped from ships sailing from Europe.
Sweet found that S. rusticus is more common in northern areas (northwestern
Connecticut and northward), preferring mesic open fields dominated by tall
forbs. It is one of the few rhyparochromines that ascends plants; in early fall
it leaves the ground layer, where its diet consists of fallen seeds, to feed on the
ripening seed heads of composites like tansy, Tanacetum vulgare L., and
Deceived March 26. 1983. Accepted April 16, 1983.
^Bureau of Plant Industry. Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA 171 10.
ENT. NEWS 94(4): 131-135. September & October, 1983
132
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
yarrow, Achillea rnillefolium L. (Sweet 1964, Beique and Robert 1964).
Sweet also noted that S. rusticus is atypical among Rhyparochrominae by
exhibiting frequent brachyptery in temporary habitats.
Sweet (1964) suggested that the range of S. rusticus in eastern North
America might remain nearly boreal, with its southward spread "... limited
by the capacity of this insect to survive such a long summer nonreproductive
period and then to oviposit vigorously in autumn." Herein, I provide an
updated distribution in the eastern U.S. and Canada on the basis of personal
collecting and records from museum specimens. S. rusticus is recorded for
the first time from Michigan, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and
Prince Edward Island; additional records are given for Connecticut, Maine,
New York, Pennsylvania, and Ontario. All new and previously published
records are mapped for the U.S. and Ontario, and for most of the localities
in southern Quebec (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. New records (solid circles) and previously published records (open circles) for
Stygnocoris rusticus in eastern North America; records for northern Quebec. Nova Scotia,
and Prince Edward Island are not shown.
The following data extend the known distribution of Stygnocoris
rusticus in eastern North America. Voucher material from personal
collecting in Pennsylvania and West Virginia (and Genesee Co. and
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 133
Ludlowville, NY) is deposited in the collection of the Pennsylvania
Department of Agriculture (PDA). Records from Connecticut were
obtained from J.A. Slater, University of Connecticut, Storrs (UC);
Wisconsin records, from B.J. Harrington, University of Wisconsin-
Madison (UW-M). All Ontario records (except for Huron Co.) are based
on material in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa (CNC). Other
data were obtained from the following collections: American Museum of
Natural History, New York (AMNH); Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
(CU); National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (USNM);
and Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (ROM).
CANADA. ONTARIO: Dalston, 6 Sept. 1 96 1 , Kelton & Brumpton; Eramosa, 5 Sept.
1961, Kelton & Brumpton; Grand Bend, 6 Sept. 1954, C.D.F. Miller; Grimsby, 24 Aug.
1 96 1 , Kelton & Brumpton: Huron Co., nr. Silver Cr., Seaforth Hwy. 8, 28 July 1 976, D. & W.
Maddison (ROM); Kincardine, 7-8 Sept. 1961, Kelton & Brumpton; Oakland, 2 Aug. 1961,
J. Brumpton; Orangeville, 24 July 1962. Kelton & Thorpe; Prince Edward Co., 9 Aug. 1925,
J.F. Brimley; Sioux Narrows, 8 Aug. 1960, Kelton & Whitney; Smithville, 24 Aug. 1961,
Kelton & Brumpton; Thornhill, 1 5 Aug. 1 96 1 , L.A. Kelton; Violet Hill, 5 Sept. 1 96 1 , Kelton
& Brumpton; Woodford, 6 Sept. 1961, L.A. Kelton.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Cavendish, 14 Aug. 1959, J.A. Slater(UC), and 13-19
Aug. 1976, L.A. Kelton (CNC).
UNITED STATES. CONNECTICUT: Fairfield Co., Titicus Hamlet, Ridgefield, 2
Sept. 1970, P.P. Maroney; Windham Co., Eastford, 7 July 1976, J.A. Slater (UC).
MAINE: Penobscot Co., Orono, Aug. 1924, I.H. Blake (USNM).
MICHIGAN. Mason Co., 1 Sept. 1947; Mecosta Co., Mecosta, 17 July 1955, R.
Dreisbach (USNM).
NEW YORK: Clinton Co., Merrill, 24-26 Sept. 1914, W.D. Appel (USNM); Genesee
Co., Bergen Swamp Wildlife Sanctuary, 4 Sept. 1982, AGW; Tompkins Co., Ithaca, 4 Sept.
1968, AGW (CU), and nr. Ludlowville, 4 Aug. 1979, AGW; Warren Co., Warrensburg, 29
Aug. 1959, J.A. Slater (UC).
PENNSYLVANIA. Centre Co., Scotia Barrens, 18 Aug. 1977 and 30 Aug. 1982,
AGW; Clinton Co., Tamarack,22 Aug. 1977, AGW;Luzerne Co., Dallas, 12 Aug. 1977,
AGW: MontourCo., Danville, 23 Aug. 1929 (USNM); Tioga Co., nr. Liberty, 3 Sept. 1982,
AGW; Westmoreland Co., nr. Latrobe, 18 Aug. 1982, AGW.
VERMONT. Orleans Co., East Charleston, 24 Aug. 1967 (AMNH).
WEST VIRGINIA. Tucker Co., nr. Blackwater Falls State Park, 15 Aug. 1982, AGW,
and Dolly Sods, 14 Aug. 1982, AGW.
WISCONSIN. Price Co., Intersection its. 8 & 13, 21 Aug. 1982. B.J. Harrington;
Sawyer Co., Radisson, 23 Aug. 1982, B.J. Harrington, and 4 mi. E. Stone Lake, Rt. 70, 23
Aug. 1982, B.J. Harrington; Taylor Co., 2 mi. S. Price Co. line, co. rd. C, 21 Aug. 1982, B.J.
Harrington, and 2 mi. E. rt. 1 3 on co. rd M, 2 1 Aug. 1 982, B.J. Harrington; Vilas Co., Arbor
Vitae, 21 Aug. 1982, B.J. Harrington; Wood Co., 19 Aug. 1977, K. Thorpe.
All specimens in Pennsylvania and West Virginia were collected by
sweeping the seed heads of yarrow or by tapping the heads over a small tray;
the collection at Bergen Swamp in New York was made from tansy. Mating
pairs were common on these composites. S. rusticus was taken mainly
during August and early September, and most of the museum specimens
examined had been collected from late July to September. The general
collector who relies upon sweeping is not apt to encounter this rhyparochromine
134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
except in late summer when adults leave the ground layer to feed on ripening
seeds.
I often collected S. nisticus on yarrow growing along roadsides. In
Connecticut, Sweet (1964) reported that larger populations were found in
mesic open fields than along roadside edges.
S. nisticus also was abundant in several areas well removed from its
known North American distribution. The "Barrens" region of Centre Co.,
Pennsylvania, lying 100-200 ft. (30-6 1 m) above the rest of Nittany Valley,
is characterized by sandy soil of low fertility. The iron ore industry that
flourished in the 19th century and the associated production of charcoal
with its frequent fires destroyed the original vegetation; thus, the flora
differs strikingly from that of the surrounding area. Scrub oak, Quercus
ilicifolia Wang., dominates the Barrens. Other characteristic species are
aspens, Populus spp.; pitch pine, Pinus rigida Mill.; and blueberries,
Vaccinium spp. (Westerfeld 1959). S. nisticus also was taken near the
tamarack bogs in northern Clinton Co., Pennsylvania; in Bergen Swamp in
Genesee Co., New York; and at nearly 4,000 ft. ( 1 ,2 1 9 m) on Dolly Sods in
the Monongahela National Forest, Tucker Co., West Virginia. Dolly Sods
is a wilderness area consisting largely of unbroken forest on the steep frontal
knobs of the Alleghenies.
The abundance of S. nisticus in these areas probably reflects a
continuing southward spread of populations rather than a natural Holarctic
distribution. As Sweet (1964) noted, the introduced status of S. nisticus is
supported by its early collection on and near the Atlantic Coast and the
rather "immature" pattern of distribution (see Lindroth 1957). S. rusticus
and the introduced S. sabulosus (Schilling) also are the only Western
Hemisphere representatives of the otherwise Old World tribe Stygnocorini
(Slater 1974; see also Slater et al. 1977). The known distribution in
western North America does not point to a trans-Beringian origin; it is not
known from Alaska or across northern Canada. S. rusticus should be
considered an immigrant element in the North American fauna, probably
the result of separate introductions to the Atlantic Coast and Pacific
Northwest. Although a ballast origin is possible, this lygaeid was detected
well after the main ballast period, suggesting an introduction with soil,
seeds, packing material around nursery stock, or other products of man's
commerce.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful to B. J . Harrington ( U W-M ) and J. A. Slater ( UC ) for allowing me to use their
unpublished records of Stygnocoris rusticus; to T.J. Henry (Systematic Entomology
Laboratory, USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, DC) for recording label data
from specimens in the CNC and USNM and L.A. Kelton (Biosystematics Research Institute,
Vol. 94, No. 4. September & October, 1983 135
Agriculture Canada, Ottawa) for allowing access to the CNC: to R.T. Schuh ( AMNH) for
recording data from specimens under his care: and to M.F. O'Brien ( University of Michigan.
Ann Arbor) for checking the Univ. Mich, collection for possible specimens of 5. rusticus. E.R.
Hoebeke (CU) and K. Valley (PDA) kindly reviewed the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Beique, R. and A. Robert. 1964. Les Lygeides de la Province de Quebec, Heteropteres (2 e
partie). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Quebec 9: 72-101.
Heidemann, O. l9Q8.'[Stygnocoris rusticus in North America; specimens exhibited]. Proc.
Entomol. Soc. Wash. 10: 14.
Jubb, G.L., Jr., E.G. Masteller, and A.G. Wheeler, Jr. 1979. Survey of arthropods in
vineyards of Erie County. Pennsylvania: Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Environ. Entomol.
8: 982-986.
Lindroth, C.H. 1957. The faunal connections between Europe and North America. John
Wiley & Sons, New York. 344 pp.
Slater, J.A. 1 964. A catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the world. Univ. of Connecticut. Storrs. 2
vols. 1668 pp.
Slater, J.A. 1974. A preliminary analysis of the derivation of the Heteroptera fauna of the
northeastern United States with special reference to the fauna of Connecticut. Mem.
Conn. Entomol. Soc. 1974: 145-213.
Slater, J.A. M.H. Sweet, and R.M. Baranowski. 1977. The systematics and biology of the
genus Bathvdema Uhler (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70: 343-
358.
Sweet, M.H. 1964. The biology and ecology of the Rhyparochrominae of New England
(Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). Part I. II. Entomol. Am. 43: 1-124:44: 1-201.
Westerfeld, W.F. 1959. Flora of Centre and Huntingdon counties with related historical,
geological, and physiographic features. Pa. State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 647, 35 pp.
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED (Continued)
INSECT NEUROHORMONES. M. Raabe. 1982. Plenum Press. 352 pp. $42.50.
Neurohormones and their source sites, release modes, and physiological roles are examined in
this volume on insect endocrinology.
NEW ZEALAND BUTTERFLIES: IDENTIFICATION AND NATURAL HISTORY.
G. Gibbs, 1980. W. Collins Pub. 207 pp. $45.00. Available from ISBS, Box 1632,
Beaverton, OR 97075.
A conspectus of information on most aspects of butterfly life, aranged systematically, and an
identification guide through use of identification keys, illustrations, and maps. Every species
known to breed in New Zealand is described and illustrated in color.
136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
NEW RECORDS OF NORTH AMERICAN
ODONATA1
Sidney W. Dunkle2
ABSTRACT: New records, including 28 state records, 1 1 range extensions, and 12 flight
date extensions are given for 36 species of Nearctic Odonata. Aeshna multicolor Hagen is
deleted from the Missouri fauna. Behavioral and habitat notes are given for Arigomphus
maxwelli (Ferguson) and Aeshna mutata Hagen.
This paper includes geographical and temporal information on Nearctic
Odonata accumulated by the author since 1975. Data obtained prior to that
year are given in Dunkle ( 1 975 ). The Anisoptera records listed below are in
the same sequence as in Needham and Westfall (1955). One or more
substantiating specimens are placed in the Florida State Collection of
Arthropods (FSCA) at Gainesville, and specimens were collected by the
author (SWD), unless otherwise noted.
Hagenius brevistylus Selys. VERMONT, Essex Co., outlet Dennis Pond, 17 July 1982, 6
cfcf. New VT record. Also listed for VT in Carle (1982).
Octogomphus specularis Hagen. CALIFORNIA, Fresno Co., Fancher Creek, 8 April
1977, 1 9 exuviae. New early date.
Arigomphus maxwelli (Ferguson). MISSISSIPPI, Sharkey Co., Blue Lake and Barge Lake,
20-2 1 May 1 98 1 , and a large pond on MS 1 6, 1 5 km SE Rolling Fork, 22 May 1981. New
MS record. Blue Lake and Barge Lake are inter-connected, swampy, muddy sloughs. Here,
a number of cfcf and 2 teneral 99 were collected. The mature cfcf perched in small sunlit
areas in the swamp on the mud at the edge of the water, on logs near shore, or occasionally
on leaves low over the water. They avoided open shoreline and logs in open water, and I did
not find them in small forest sunspots. They were present at the water beginning about 1 000,
and definitely dwindled in number after 1330. They usually perched with their abdomens
held horizontally, but sometimes raised their abdomens 45 degrees, probably to decrease
body temperature. Two exuviae were found 2-10 cm above the water on logs. At the pond
on Route 1 6, which had open shores, several cfcf were present about 1 000, but seemed to be
driven away by males of the \argerArigomphus submedianus Williamson which arrived in
greater numbers later in the morning. A. submedianus was not present at Blue Lake or
Barge Lake. One A. maxwelli oviposited while hovering 10 cm up, by tapping the tip of the
abdomen to the water along the shoreline while facing the bank. At another locality, in
Arkansas, 2 cfcf perched on a semi-shaded duckweed (Lemna sp.) mat in a slow small
river.
A. villosipes (Selys). MISSOURI, Shannon Co., Lewis Lake 3 km N of Winona, 8 June
1981, 1 cf. New for MO and western range extension.
Gomphus consanguis Selys. GEORGIA, Walker Co., E fork of East Armuchee Creek, SE
of Villanow, 14 June 1979, 1 cf 1 9, SWD Collection. New for GA and southern range
extension.
G. rogersi Gloyd. GEORGIA, Lumpkin Co., Hidden Lake 15 km NW of Dahlonega, 18
June 1979, 1 cf 1 9, SWD Collection. Gilmer Co., Big Turniptown Creek at GA 5, 13
April 1980, 3 larvae (Louton, 1982). New GA records and southern range extension.
G. graslinellus Walsh. TEXAS, Real Co., Nueces River at Barksdale, 15 March 1 978, 1 cf
1 9 reared, SWD Collection. Southwestern range extension.
1 Received March 12, 1982. Accepted May 12, 1983.
2Rureau of Entomology, Division of Plant Industry, Box 1269, Gainesville, Florida 32602.
ENT. NEWS 94(4): 136-138. September & October, 1983
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 137
G. apomyius Donnelly. MISSISSIPPI, Lauderdale Co., Chickasawhay River at U.S. 80,
1.7 km E of Chunky, 17 May 1981, 1 9, SWD Collection. New late date.
G. parvidens Currie. GEORGIA, Richmond Co. , Sandy Run at U. S. 1 , 1 6 May 1 982, 2 cf cf
19. New GA record.
Stylogomphus albistylus (Hagen). ALABAMA, Tuscaloosa Co., Cooley Creek, 14 May
1 93 9, collector unknown, 1 9. VERMONT, Essex Co., outlet McConnell Pond at VT 105.
14-15 July 1982, 5 cfcf 2 99. New early date and VT record.
Stylurus amnicola (Walsh). GEORGIA, Houston Co., Ocmulgee River at GA 96, 21 June
1982, 5 cfcf 1 9. New GA record and southeastern range extension.
Boyeria gruftana Williamson. GEORGIA, Lumpkin Co., Dick's Creek 5.7 km N of U.S.
19,31 Augl975, 1 cf.WhiteCo.,HiwasseeRiveratGA75,2Aug. 1981, 4 cfcf, collected
by J. Daigle and in his collection. VERMONT, Essex Co., outlet Wheeler Pond at VT 102,
16 July 1982, 2 cfcf. New VT and GA records, the latter a southern range extension. Also
listed for VT in Carle (1982).
Anax longipes Hagen. MISSOURI, Oregon Co., pond 0.3 km W of MO 1 9 on Mark Twain
National Forest Road 3 1 74, 7 June 1981, 1 cf exuviae. One mature cf also seen. New MO
record.
Aeshna mutata Hagen. MISSOURI, same data as Anax longipes, 1 cf cf. New MO record and
western range extension. According to Needham and Westfall (1955), the very similar
species A. multicolor Hagen ranges E to Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas, but their record for
MO was apparently based on the "Upper Missouri" in Hagen ( 1 86 1 ). Thus A. multicolor
should be deleted from the MO fauna.
The MO habitat for Anax longipes and Aeshna mutata as well as Lestes eurinus Say was
a small man-made pond, about 20 X 70 m. The abundance of these uncommon odonates at
this pond was no doubt due to its lack offish, although larval newts were common. Up to 3
cf cf A. mutata at a time patrolled the pond, especially in the shade, until 20 1 6 at a height of
1 5-25 cm. They rested in the trees after patrolling for periods of about 1 5 min. The patrol
flights were leisurely, erratic, and mostly well out from shore, with the abdomen slightly
raised and the wings beating only a little below the horizontal plane. From 1937-2030,
females were ovipositing in the underwater parts of the flower stems of water-shield
(Brasenia sp.), almost entirely in the middle of the pond.
A. persephone Donnelly. ARIZONA, Cochise Co., Cave Creek at John Hand Dam W of
Portal, 23 Oct 1976, 4 cfcf 1 9, SWD Collection. New late date. These specimens were
taken in cool weather as they flew closely along the shoreline at times when the sun had been
shining for periods of at least 5 min.
A. umbrosa umbrosa Walker. GEORGIA, Fannin Co., Edmunson Fish Rearing Pond N of
Hawk Mountain, 27 Oct. 1951, 2 cfcf, collected by W.H. Cross. Hall Co., Owens Farm
near Gainesville, 2 April 1979, 15 larvae, collected by M.J. Westfall. Towns Co., Bald
Mountain Park, 1 Sept. 1975, 1 cf. These new GA records are at the southern edge of the
species range.
A. walkeri Kennedy. CALIFORNIA, Madera Co., small tributary to Kerckhoff Reservoir,
13 June 1977, 2 exuviae, SWD Collection. Fresno Co., Sycamore Creek at Pine Flat
Reservoir, 9 Nov. 1976, 5 cfcf, SWD Collection. New range of dates.
Macromia margarita Westfall. NORTH CAROLINA, Macon Co., Cullasaja River 6.7 km
W of Highlands on U.S. 64, 5 Aug. 1981, 1 cf 19, SWD Collection, J. Daigle Collection.
New late date.
Neurocordulia virginiensis Davis. ARKANSAS, Montgomery Co., Ouachita River at U.S.
270, 28 May 1 98 1 , 1 9. New for AR.
N. yamaskanensis (Provancher). NORTH CAROLINA, Macon Co., Little Tennessee
River at lotla, 24 June 1982, 1 cf. New NC record.
Epitheca costalis (Selys). ILLINOIS, Gallatin Co., Pounds Hollow Lake, 1 1 June 1981 . 2
cfcf, 1 ovipositing 9, SWD Collection. MISSOURI. Wayne Co., Markham
Springs, June 1981, 5 cfcf. New IL and MO records, the former a northern range
extension. These specimens were tentatively determined as E. costalis by K.J. Tennessen
and the author. However, E. costalis is nearly identical morphologically with E. spinigera
(Selys) of IL and northward, and E. petechialis (Muttkowski) of Kansas and westward.
These 3 species and the enigmatic E. williamsoni (Muttkowski) urgently need critical
study. At the IL locality, E. cynosura (Say) was flying mixed in with E. costalis on sex
patrols.
138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
E. petechialis (Muttkowski). TEXAS, Val Verde Co., Sycamore Creek at U.S. 90, 14
March 1978, 1 teneral 9. New early date.
Somatochlora elongata (Scudder) GEORGIA, White Co., Chattahoochee River at
Robertstown, 25 May 1979, 1 reared 9, SWD Collection. VERMONT, Essex Co., outlet
McConnell Pond at VT 105, 1 5 July 1 982, 3 cf cf . Also listed for VT in Carle (1982). New
VT and GA records, the latter a slight southern range extension.
S. georgiana Walker. MISSISSIPPI, Jackson Co., Big Cedar Creek at S-63, 29 June 1 968, 1
9, collected by W.F. Mauffray and W. Walters. Wayne Co., stream 5 km E of Buccatunna,
11 Aug. 1977, 1 cf, SWD Collection. New MS records.
S. minor Calvert. VERMONT, same data as S. elongata, 1 cf . New VT record.
S. walshii (Scudder). VERMONT, same data as S. elongata, 1 cf 19. Also listed for VT in
Carle (1982). New VT records.
5. williamsoni Walker. VERMONT, Essex Co.. outlet Spectacle Pond, 1 4 July 1 982, 3 cf cf.
Also listed for VT in Carle (1982). New VT records.
Ladona deplanata Rambur. MISSOURI, Oregon Co., McCormack Lake, 7 June 1981, 1 cf
1 9, SWD Collection. Wayne Co., Upalika Pond 1 1 .7 km E of Ellsinore, 9 June 1981,1 cf .
New MO records.
Libellula forensis Hagen. CALIFORNIA, Fresno Co., Lost Lake, 25 April 1977, 1 cf,
SWD Collection. New early date.
Sympetrum rubicundulum (Say). GEORGIA, Rabun Co., pond W of Moccasin Creek
State Park, 29 Aug. 1978, 15 cfcf. White Co., Dukes Creek at GA 75, 18 June 1979, 1 cf.
New GA records and southern range extension.
Erythemis collocata (Hagen). CALIFORNIA, Fresno Co., Lost Lake, 25 April 1977, 1
mature cf . New early date.
Archilestes californica MacLachlan. CALIFORNIA, Fresno Co., Sycamore Creek at Pine
Flat Reservoir, 9 Nov. 1976, 7 cfcf 1 9. New late date.
Lestes eurinus Say. VIRGINIA, Highland Co., Locust Spring beaver pond, 4 July 1981, 1
cf, SWD Collection. Giles Co., Mt. Lake Biological Station, 17-22 July 1978, 14 cfcf 5 99,
collected by F.C. Johnson. New VA records.
L. rectangularis Say. GEORGIA, White Co., Helen, 26 March 1 979, 4 cfcf. New early date.
Enallagma hageni( Walsh). VIRGINIA, Highland Co., Locust Spring Beaver Ponds, 4 July
1 98 1 , 9 cfcf 3 99. Giles Co., Mt. Lake Biological Station, 1 7-22 July 1 978, 2 cfcf, collected
by F.C. Johnson. New VA records.
Nehalennia gracilis Morse. GEORGIA, White Co., spring ponds at Dukes Creek and GA
75, 25 May 1979, 1 cf. New GA record.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Minter Westfall and Jerrell Daigle for permission to include some of their records,
and Minter Westfall, George Bick, Juanda Bick, and Leonora Gloyd for reading the
manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Carle, F.L. 1982. A contribution to the knowledge of the Odonata. PhD Dissertation.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg. 1095 p.
Dunkle, S.W. 1975. New records of North American anisopterous dragonflies. Fla.
Entomol. 58: 117-119.
Hagen, H. 1861. Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America. Smithsonian Misc.
Collections, Washington D.C. 347 p.
Louton, J.A. 1982. Lotic dragonfly (Anisoptera: Odonata) nymphs of the southeastern
United States: Identification, distribution, and historical biogeography. PhD Dissertation.
Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville. 357 p.
Needham, J.G., and M.J. Westfall, Jr., 1 955. A manual of the dragonflies of North America
(Anisoptera). Univ. California Press, Berkeley. 615 p.
Vol. 94, No. 4. September & October. 1983 139
NEW RECORD FOR IXODES TEXANUS
fACARINA: IXODIDAE) BANKS IN MISSISSIPPI,
WITH A NEW HOST RECORD1 2
Jerome Goddard^, B.R. Norment^
ABSTRACT: Nymphs of Ixodes texanus were collected in Marshall County. Mississippi
from raccoon, rabbit and mice. This collection represents a new state record and the white-
footed mouse is a new host record for the nymph.
Ixodes texanus Banks, the raccoon tick, is an important parasite of
raccoons in the eastern United States and is known from at least 30 states
(Clifford et al. 1960; Darsie and Anastos, 1957; Keirans and Clifford,
1978). Hosts include raccoon, ground squirrel, gray squirrel, pine squirrel,
weasel, marten, chipmunk, mink, opossum, rabbit, gray fox, woodchuck,
and domestic dog (Clifford et al, 1960; Cooley and Kohls. 1945; Cooney
and Hays, 1972; Cooney and Burgdorfer. 1974).
In a study of tick and rickettsial infections of mammals in northern
Mississippi. 21 nymphs of /. texanus were collected: 14 from two
raccoons, Procyon lotor; 4 from two cottontail rabbits, Silvilagusfloridanus;
and 3 from a white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus (Stricklin, 1975).
The presence of this tick in Mississippi has never been reported but was
predicted in light of the results of surveys conducted in other Southern states
(Cooney and Hays, 1972; Lancaster, 1973).
Raccoon and rabbits have been previously reported as hosts for /.
texanus, but the white-footed mouse represents a new host record for the
nymph of this species. With the exception of 2 specimens which are in the
MSU collection, all specimens are deposited in the Rocky Mountain
Laboratories Collection.
New Records
Marshall Co., Wall Doxey State Park. 7-III-1975. L.S. Stricklin. raccoon. 1 1 nymphs.
23-III-1 975, L.S. Stricklin. raccoon. 3 nymphs: 20-V- 1 975. L.S. Stricklin. cottontail rabbit. 2
nymphs: 13-VIII-1975. L.S. Stricklin. cottontail rabbit. 2 nymphs: 12-IV-1975. L.S.
Stricklin. white-footed mouse. 3 nymphs.
'Received February 5, 1983. Accepted March 19. 1983.
-Publication No. 5405 of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station.
-'Present address: Entomology Department. Drawer EM. Mississippi State. MS 39762.
ENT. NEWS 94(4): 139-140. September & October. 1983
140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Dr. C.M. Clifford (Rocky Mountain Laboratories) for confirming the
identification of these specimens and Dr. P.K. Lago (University of Mississippi) for helpful
comments in the preparation of this manuscript. We also would like to acknowledge the
collecting efforts of L.S. Stricklin.
LITERATURE CITED
Clifford, C.M., G. Anastos and A. Elbl. 1960. The larval ixodid ticks of the eastern United
States. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 2: 215-237.
Cooney,J.C.and K.L. Hays. 1972. The ticks of Alabama. Auburn Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.
426. 40 pp.
Cooney, J.C and W. Burgdorfer. 1974. Zoonotic potential (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
and Tularemia) in the Tennessee Valley Region I. Ecologic studies of ticks infesting
mammals in the Land Between the Lakes. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23(1): 99-108.
Cooley, R.A. and G.M. Kohls. 1 945. The genus Ixodes in North America. Nat. Inst. Health
Bull. 184. 246 pp.
Darsie, R.F. and G. Anatos. 1957. Geographical distribution and hosts of Ixodes texanus
Banks. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 50: 295-301.
Keirans, J.E. and C.M. Clifford. 1 978. The genus Ixodes in the United States: a scanning
electron microscope study and key to the adults. J. Med. Entomol. Suppl. 2: "1-149.
Lancaster, J.L., Jr. 1973. A guide to the ticks of Arkansas. Univ. of Arkansas Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bull. 779. 39 pp.
Stricklin, L.S. 1975. Tick and rickettsial infections of mammals in Marshall County.
Mississippi. Master's Thesis, Mississippi State University. 31 pp.
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED (Continued)
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING OF INSECT CELLS. H. Akai. R.
King, & S. Morohoski, Eds. 1982. The Society for Insect Cells Japan. 195 pp. $28.00.
Available from ISBS, Box 1632, Beaverton, OR 97075.
This book records the proceedings of the International Conference on Insect Cells, Sapporo,
Japan, August. 1982. Subject matter is same as in INSECT ULTRASTRUCTURE.
INSECT ULTRASTRUCTURE, Vol. 1. R.C. King& H. Akai, Eds. 1982. Plenum Press.
485 pp. $55.00.
Up to date reviews on selected aspects of the ultrastructure of gametes, of developing cells, and
of the development, differentiation, and functioning of specialized tissues and organs. From
the proceedings. International Conference on Insect Cells.
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 141
NEW RECORD OF MAYFLY BAETISCA
RUBESCENS (PROVANCHER) FOR WEST
VIRGINIA (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETISCIDAE)1
Donald C. Tarter, Daniel K. Peltry2
ABSTRACT: A new distribution record for Baetisca rubescens ( Provancher) is reported for
West Virginia. Seven mature nymphs were collected from Red Creek, Tucker County, West
Virginia. Prior to this collection, B. rubescens has been reported only in the northeastern
region of North America from New Hampshire to Quebec.
Baetisca rubescens (Provancher) is reported for the first time in West
Virginia. Seven mature nymphs were collected on 1 October 1976 from
Red Creek, Tucker County, West Virginia. Pescador and Berner (1981)
provided excellent characters to separate the nymphs from the closely
related B. berneri Tarter and Kirchner and B. Carolina Traver.
Prior to this state record, four species of Baetisca have been reported
from West Virginia: ( 1 ) B. Carolina (Monongalia County) (Needham et
ul., 1935): (2) B. callosa Traver (Greenbrier. Mineral and Preston counties)
(Needham etal., 1935; Faulkner and Tarter, 1977): (3) B. bajkoviNeave
(='- B. lacustn's McDunnough) (Lewis, Lincoln, Pleasants and Wayne
counties) (Faulkner and Tarter, 1977); and (4) B. berneri (Mingo County)
Tarter and Kirchner. 1978). However, Pescador and Berner ( 1981 ). after
making a careful study of paratypes of B. callosa from West Virginia,
concluded that the species is not recognizable. Their examination of young
nymphs of several species has shown that specimens which could be
identified as B. callosa were collected along with more mature, easily
recognizable older nymphs. Efforts are being made to collect and rear
specimens from the type locality to help solve the taxonomic problem.
The closely related B. berneri, B. Carolina, and B. rubescens occur in
the cool mountain streams of the Appalachians. Baetisca Carolina is found
in Georgia, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West
Virginia, while B. berneri is known from Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia
and West Virginia (Needham et al., 1935; Pescador and Berner. 1981).
Baetisca rubescens has been collected only in the northeastern region of
North America from New Hampshire to Quebec. Pescador and Berner
(1981) suggested these species represent a group that was either pushed or
trapped in the streams of the Appalachians during Pleistocene glaciation.
The collection of nymphs from Red Creek, a cool mountain stream in West
Deceived March 22, 1983. Accepted April 26. 1983.
2 Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University. Huntington. West Virginia 2570 1 .
ENT. NEWS 94(4): 141-142. September & October. 1983
142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Virginia, helps to bridge the gap from the disjunctive species B. rubescensto
the sister species B. berneri and B. Carolina.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Dr. Lewis Berner, Department of Zoology, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida, for helping with the identification of the mayfly. Also, we thank
Ms. Vickie Crager for typing the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Faulkner, C.M.,and D.C. Tarter. 1977. Mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of West Virginia with
emphasis on the nymphal stage. Ent. News 88: 202-206.
Needham, J.B., J.R. Traver and Y. Hsu. 1935. The Biology of Mayflies. Comstock
Publishing Company, Inc. Ithaca, New York. 759. p.
Pescador, M.L. and L. Berner. 1 981. The mayfly family Baetiscidae(Ephermeroptera). Part
II. Biosystemaitcs of the genus Baetisca. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 107: 163-228.
Tarter, D.C., and F.R. Kirchner. 1978. A new species of Baetisca from West Virginia
(Ephemeroptera: Baetiscidae). Ent. News 89: 209-213.
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED (Continued)
INSECTS ON GRAIN LEGUMES IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA. M. Shepard et al.
1983. Univ. Queensland Press. 89 pp. $8.50 pbk.
Over 260 arthropod species were recorded in a survey of potential pests and their enemies. 1 1 5
fine color photographs provide a ready field guide to identification.
VARIABLE PLANTS AND HERBIVORES IN NATURAL AND MANAGED SYSTEMS.
R. Denno & M. McClure, Eds. 1983. Academic Press, 717 pp.
Understanding the dynamics of plant-herbivore relationships and applying this knowledge in
agriculture and silviculture are the themes of this volume.
WINDBORNE PESTS AND DISEASES: METEROLOGY OF AIRBORNE ORGAN-
ISMS. D.E. Pedgley. 1982. Halsted Press: John Wiley & Sons. 250 pp. $59.95
This book describes and explains the influence of the atmosphere on the wind-borne
movement of small organisms, and how they get into and out of the atmosphere. It is a book for
biologists, entomologists and ecologists, by a meteorologist.
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 143
A MUTILLID MIMIC OF AN ANT
(HYMENOPTERA: MUTILLIDAE AND
FORMICIDAE)1
George C. Wheeler2
ABSTRACT: The female of the Central American mutillid Pappognatha myrmiciformis
mimics the major worker of the common Neotropical ant Carnponotus sericeiventris. It is
hypothesized that the mimicry is aggressive and may enable the mimic to oviposit on the brood
of the model.
"Camponotus (Myrmepomis) sericeiventris, owing to its size, wide
distribution and dense covering of silver or golden pubescence, is one of the
handsomest and most conspicuous ants of the American tropics" (W.M
Wheeler 1931: 86), and one might add, considering the defensive
capabilities of a populous colony of large Camponotus species, a likely
model for mimics. Dr. Wheeler continued (p. 87): "Some years ago Dr. J.
Bequaert gave me several peculiar Cerambycid beetles which he had taken
June 4, 1 924, on tree trunks at Prieta, Honduras, in company with workers
of C. sericeiventris rex var. semirex. The beetles so closely resemble the
ants that they may be regarded as highly mimetic."
In 1897 Cameron described (p. 378) a new species of mutillid
Sphaerophthalma myrmiciformis from a female collected at Bugaba,
Panama, and commented that "this species bears a great resemblance to the
not uncommon Central- American ant Camponotus sericeiventris, amongst
specimens of which it was placed in the box when received by me; but I
know not if they are found together in nature."
In 1939 Mickel transferred the mutillid species (p. 336) to his new
genus (p. 330) Pappognatha and adds the following records (all females)
from Costa Rica: Zent; "Las Mercedes, bei San Jose. . . on blossoms of
Tuga;" Irazu.
Dr. Karl V. Krombein has kindly supplied me with copies of all
significant literature of P. myrmiciformis, i.e., the two papers mentioned
above. In his covering letter (19 January 1983) he stated: "Pappognatha
has a long, and presumably potent, sting so probably the mimicry should not
be ascribed to a requirement for protection by the wasp. We have in the
USNM a specimen of P. speciosa Mickel reared from the euglossine bee,
Euglossa brullei Lepeletier, and that is the only host record known to me."
While collecting a sample of Camponotus sericeiventris (Gue'rin) on
Barro Colorado Island in Panama, I noticed a specimen running with a
1 Received April 6, 1983. Accepted May 12. 1983.
^Adjunct Research Associate, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada. Present address:
326 Laurel Ridge Road, San Antonio, Texas 78253.
ENT. NEWS 94(4): 143-144 September & October, 1983
144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
peculiar gait. Fortunately I realized just in time that it was a mutillid. Had it
been motionless I might have been severely stung as a result of its close
resemblance in life to major workers of the ant. This close resemblance is
somewhat less evident in Fig. 1 , because the color of the golden pubescence
of both species does not show in a black-and-white photograph, while the
spots on the gaster of the mutillid do show. Mickel stated that P.
myrmiciformis "differs from other species in the genus in being | almost]
entirely pale golden tomentose. . . The yellow, integumental spots on the
[gaster] are. . . almost obscured by the pale, golden, tomentose pubescence."
Mimicry is obvious but what purpose does it serve? Certainly not
defense, for mutillid females are armed with long powerful stings. But the ant
is not defenseless: the major worker of large species of Camponotus can
easily cut the tough skin of human fingertips. Mutillids are known to be
external parasitoids on the larvae and pupae of bees and wasps. Why not
ants? Certainly the mature larvae and pupae of the females of this ant are
larger than P. myrmiciformis.
I would therefore hypothesize that this is an example of aggressive
mimicry; the close resemblance may enable the female of Pappognatha
myrmiciformis to enter the nest of Camponotus sericeiventris and deposit
her eggs on the brood of the latter; if detected she is quite capable of
defending herself.
\
Fig. 1. Photograph by Jeanette Wheeler comparing the dried specimens of the mutillid (left)
Pappognatha myrmiciformis (Barro Colorado Is., Panama; coll. G.C. Wheeler; 22-VII-
1924; det. C.E. Mickel) and a major worker of the ant (right) Camponotus sericeiventris
(Changuinola District, Bocas del Toro, Panama; coll. G.C. Wheeler: 2-VIII-1924).
LITERATURE CITED
Cameron, P. 1897. New species of Hymenoptera from Central America. Ann. Mag. Natur.
Hist. (6) 19: 376-379.
Mickel, C.E. 1939. Monograph of a new Neotropical mutillid genus, Pappognatha. Ann.
Entomol. Soc. Amer. 32: 329-343.
Wheeler, W.M. 1931. The ant Camponotus (Mvrmepomis) sericeiventris Gue'rin and its
mimic. Psyche 38: 86-98.
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 145
AN AGGREGATION OF CHALYBION
CALIFORNICUM (HYMENOPTERA:
SPHECIDAE) IN A BELL1
Kenneth Schoenly^, Diane M. Calabrese^
ABSTRACT: Wasps of the species Chalybion californicum aggregated in a bell. Initial
contact with the bell was probably fortuitous, but later contact may have been mediated by a
pheromone.
During the summers of 1980 and 1981 (from about June through
August) a population of Chalybion californicum (Sphecidae) aggregated in
a bell ( 1 5 cm. diameter, 25 cm. high) on the porch of a house in the upper
Rio Grande valley in El Paso, Texas The bell hung on the west-facing
exposure of the building 6 feet off the ground. Aggregations of 50-100
individuals were noted. We also observed the wasps aggregating in knot
holes in the rafters and support posts under the porch.
Aggregations of C. californicum are common (Bohart and Menke
1963). Large groups have been found on the undersurface of overhanging
rocks (Rau 1928) and on rafters (Rau 1938). This is the first report of an
aggregation on a metal structure.
The gregarious behavior of the wasps within and around the bell closely
approximates that described by Ward ( 1 972) for the species in Indiana. C.
californicum she studied roosted among shingles, under an overhanging rock
and on rafters. She found that most of the wasps roosted before sunset -
beginning about 2 hours before sunset. After dark the wasps were not
disturbed if a light was focused on them. Similarly, the wasps we observed
roosted before dusk and were undisturbed by beams of light. Ward (1972)
proposed that the initial choice of a roost by C. californicum may be "based
on temperature" (higher temperatures selected), and that return to the roost
on successive nights may be mediated by a pheromone.
The presence of wasps in the rafters and support posts of the porch from
which the bell hung, as well as in the bell, indicates that initial contact with
the bell may have been fortuitious. However, once the bell was located,
perhaps its warmer temperature (or a pheromore) caused the wasps to
return on successive nights.
1 Received February 6, 1983. Accepted April 1 1, 1983.
^Department of Biology, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX
•'Department of Biology and The Wildlife Sanctuary, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 1 70 1 3
ENT. NEWS 94(4): 145-146. September & October, 1983
146
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figure 1. An aggregation of Chalybion californicum in a bell.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are grateful to A.S. Menke, of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, who
identified the wasp specimens for us.
LITERATURE CITED
Bohart, R.M. and A.S. Menke. 1963. A Reclassification of the Sphecinae. With a Revision
of the Nearctic Species of the Tribes Sceliphronini and Sphecini (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae).
Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 30: 91-182.
Rau, P. 1 938. Additional observations on the sleep of insects. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 3 1 : 540-
556.
1928. The nesting habits of the wasp, Chalvbion caeruleum. Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer. 21: 25-35.
Ward, G.L. 1972. Aggregations of Chalybion californicum (Saussure) (Hymenoptera:
Sphecidae) near Centerville, Wayne County, Indiana. Ind. J. Sci., Proc. 81: 177-181.
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 147
INSECTS VISITING FLOWERS OF WILD RED
RASPBERRY IN SPRUCE-FIR FORESTED
AREAS OF EASTERN MAINE1
Richard W. Hansen, Eben A. Osgood^
ABSTRACT: Flower-visiting insects were collected from wild red raspberry ( Rubus idaeus
L. ) flowers in spruce-fir forested areas of eastern Maine in 1981. Collections included 5 insect
orders and 49 families. At least 38 species of Syrphidae, including 2 new species, and 47
species of Apoidea were represented. The most commonly collected visitors were Dialictus
spp. bees and Syrphidae. Native Apoidea are probably the primary pollinators of R. idaeus in
Maine, though some of the more pubescent Coleoptera and Diptera, particularly the syrphids
probably have a pollinating function.
Red raspberry, Rubus idaeus L.3, is a common shrub in Maine,
growing in a variety of well-exposed situations. It is especially common in
cuttings or natural openings in forested areas. It produces biennial canes
that reach 2 m in height, from a perennial rootstock (Fernald 1950); only
the second year canes produce flowers. Raspberry flowers are borne singly
or in small clusters on the terminal portions of the floricane. The flowers
are about 1 cm in diameter, with numerous stamens and pistils, creamy-
white petals, and conspicuous bristly sepals. The fleshy fruit is typically red
in color.
Although the reproductive methods of the genus Rubus are not fully
understood, it appears that raspberry flowers are largely self-sterile, and
insect pollination is necessary for normal fruit development (Jensen and
Hall 1979, McGregor 1976). Honeybees are the dominant pollinators of
raspberries in agricultural situations (McGregor 1976) and because of the
copious production of nectar and pollen, raspberry bloom is considered to
be prime bee forage (Howes 1946). Besides the economic value of
commercial raspberries in fruit and honey production, wild raspberries,
such as R. idaeus, provide important wildlife food (Gill and Healy 1974).
Honeybees, Apis mellifera L., are rare or absent throughout Maine's
spruce-fir forest, so other insects are necessary for pollination and fruit set
of wild raspberry. Raspberry flowers are accessible to many types of insect
visitors (Faegri and van der Fiji 1971), and this factor, coupled with the high
level of nectar and pollen production and wide distribution of R. idaeus,
should ensure that a varied insect fauna visits the bloom.
1 Received March 17, 1983. Accepted May 20, 1983.
^Research Associate and Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Maine,
Orono, ME 04469
^Several varieties of R. idaeus L. can be found in Miane; var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim, is
probably the variety encountered in this study (Fay Hyland, pers. comm., Femald 1950).
ENT. NEWS 94(4):' 147-151. September & October. 1983
148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
This work is part of a larger study to determine the effects of spraying
with Sevin-4-oil® on insect pollinators and fruit set in a spruce-fir forest
(Hansen et al. 1982). The objectives of this portion of the study were to
document the insect fauna that visits wild red raspberry flowers and to
identify the most important species of pollinators. The species of important
pollinators could then be compared with those collected in sprayed and
unsprayed areas, by use of Malaise traps or by some other method, prior to
and following spraying. Assuming that the effect of the spray on insect
pollinators was sufficiently great, this type of information may provide
evidence that would directly associate lower fruit set with mortality of
specific insect pollinator species or groups. Information on other insect
visitors would also suggest additional insect species or groups that could be
studied in future work on the relationship between insecticide use and fruit
set of R. idaeus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Large stands of flowering Rubus idaeus were selected for study
throughout Township 36 M.D., Washington Co., Maine. Insects observed
visiting flowers were collected with a sweep net or aspirator. Small insects
were collected by placing flowers in a killing jar. Collections were made on
sunny days from June 4 to June 26, the peak 1981 bloom period. Insects
were collected for 1 to 2 hours in the morning and again in the afternoon.
R. idaeus stands were situated along roadsides and in forest openings.
The forest overstory was predominantly red spruce, Picea rubens Sarg. and
balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.; other softwood and various
hardwood species occurred infrequently. Understory vegetation was sparse
under the dense coniferous overstory and consisted primarily of blueberry,
Vaccinium spp., bunchberry, Cornus canadensis L., wild lily-of-the-
valley, Maianthemum canadense Desf., and several ferns and mosses.
Collected insects, except the Macrolepidoptera, were pinned for
identification. Some specimens of Syrphiae are at the U.S. National
Museum. All other specimens have been deposited in the collection of the
Department of Entomology, University of Maine at Orono.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Five orders and 49 families were represented in the collections. At least
38 species of Syrphidae, including two new species, and 47 species of
Apoidea were collected.
Though the study was not designed to give quantitative results, the most
numerous R. idaeus flower visitors were Dialictus spp. (Halictidae) and the
various species of Syrphidae. Other common groups were the Cerambycidae,
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983
149
INSECTS COLLECTED ON FLOWERS OF RUEUS 1DAEUS L.
IN A SPRUCE-FIR FOREST, WASHINGTON CO., MAINE
Hemiptera (nymphs)
Miridae
Pentatomidae
Coleoptera
Scarabaeidae
Trichiotinus a/finis (Gory
and Percheron)
Byrrhidae
Ptilodactylidae
Elateridae
Lampyridae
Photuris pennsylvanica (De Geer)
Cantharidae
Anobiidae
Byturidae
Byturus rubi Barber
Lagriidae
Mordellidae
Cerambycidae
Anastranglia sanguinea
(Le Conte)
Clytus ruricola (Olivier)
Cosmosalia chrysocoma (Kirby)
Evodinus monticola monticola
(Randall)
Jitdolia montivagans montivagans
(Couper)
Neoalosterna capitata (Newman)
Pidonia ruficollis (Say)
Strangalepta abbreviata (Swederus)
Curculionidae
Lepidoptera
Microlepidoptera
Macrolepidoptera
Lycaenidae
Papilionidae
Papilio glaucus L.
Nymphalidae
Nyphalis antiopa (L.)
Vanessa atalanta (L.)
Diptera
Tipulidae
Chironomidae
Simuliidae
Asilidae
Bombyliidae
Hemipenthes sp.
Lepidophora sp.
Empididae
Dolichopodidae
Syrphidae
Blera confusa Johnson
Carposcalis obscurum (Say)
Cartosyrphus pallipes Leow
Cartosyrphus n. sp.
Chalcosyrphus libo (Walker)
Chrysotoxum Jasciolatum
(De Geer)
Eristalis obscurns Leow
Epistrophe emarginata (Say)
E. xanthostoma (Williston)
Heringia (Neocnemdon) coxalis
(Curran)
Heringia sp.
Leucozna lucorum (L.)
Ma/lota posticata (Fabricius)
Melangyna lasiophthalma
(Zetterstedt)
Metasyrphus perplexus Osborn
Microdon tristis (Leow)
Orthonevra pulchella
(Williston)
Parasyrphus genualis
(Williston)
P. semiinterruptus (Fluke)
Parasyrphus n.sp.
Sericomyia chrysotoxoides
Macquart
S. lata fCoquillett)
S. militaris (Walker)
Sphaerophoria contingua ( Macquart)
5. longipilosa Knutson
S. novaengliae Johnson
Sphegina rufiventris Leow
Syritta pipiens (L.)
Syrphus rectus Osten Sacken
S. ribesii (L.)
S. ton-iis Osten Sacken
Temnostoma alternans Leow
T. barberi Curran
T. vespiforme ( L. )
Taxomerus geminatus (Say)
T. marginatus (Say)
Volucella hombylans (L.)
Xylota annulifera Bigot
X. quadrimaculata Leow
150
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Conopidae
Lauxaniidae
Anthomyiidae
Muscidae
Calliphoridae
Sarcophagidae
Tachinidae
Hymenoptera
Tenthredinidae
Braconidae
Ichneumonidae
Pteromalidae
Chalcididae
Gasteruptiidae
Gasteruption kirbii kirbii
(Westbrook)
Chrysididae
Formicidae (workers)
Vespidae
Dolichovespula arenaria
(Fabricius)
Eumenidae
Ancistrocerus sp.
Eumenes crucifer Provancher
Euodynerus sp.
Stenodynerus sp.
Symmorphus sp.
Pompilidae
Sphecidae
Ammophila azteca Cameron
A. evansi Menke
A. mediata Cresson
Crossocerus sp.
Ectemnius arcuatus (Say)
Ectemnius atriceps (Cresson)
E. borealis (Zetterstedt)
E. continuus (Fabricius)
E. dives (Lepeletier & Brulle)
E. lapidarius (Panzer)
E. ruficornis (Zetterstedt)
E. stirpicola (Packard)
Lestica sp.
Apoidea
Colletidae
Hylaeus basa/is (Smith)
H. ellipticus (Kirby)
H. modestus modestus Say
H. vertical/is (Cresson)
Halictidae
Augochlora pura pura (Say)
Augochlorella striata (Provancher)
Dialictus cressonii (Robertson)
D. disabanci Knerer & Atwood
D. laevissimus (Smith)
D. versans (Lovell)
D. viridatus (Lovell)
Dialictus spp.
Evylaeus divergens (Lovell)
E. foxii (Robertson)
E. quebecensis (Crawford)
E. rufitarsis (Zetterstedt)
Halictus confusus confusus Smith
Lasioglossum athabascense
(Sandhouse)
L. coriaceum (Smith)
L. forbesii (Robertson)
Andrenidae
Andrena cressonii Robertson
A. dunningi Cockerell
A. lata Viereck
A. miranda Smith
A. nasonii Robertson
A. nigrihirta (Ashmead)
A. regular is Mai loch
A. thaspii Graenicher
A. vicina Smith
A. wheeleri Graenicher
Megachilidae
Hoplitis albifrons (Kirby)
H. cylindrica (Cresson)
H. product a producta (Cresson)
Megachie frigida frigida Smith
M. melanophoea melanophoea Smith
M. mendica mendica Cresson
M. mucida Cresson
M. relativa Cresson
Osmia albiventris Cresson
Osmia atriventris Cresson
O. bucephala bucephala Cresson
O. proximo Cresson
O. tersula Cockerell
Anthophoridae
Ceratina calcarata Robertson
Ceratina spp.
Nomada cressonii cressonii
Robertson
N. depressa Cresson
;V. pygmaea Cresson
N. sayi Robertson
Apidae
Apis mellifera L.
Bombus ternarius Say
B. terricola terricola Kirby
B. vagans vagans Smith
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 151
Scarabaeidae, represented by one species, Trichiotinus affinis (Gory and
Percheron), Empididae, Sphecidae, Colletidae, and Andrenidae. The
frequently collected adults of Byturus nibi Barber (Byturidae) fed on R.
idaeus flowers and flower buds; these insects can cause enough floral
damage to affect raspberry yield (Slate et al. 1947).
Many insect groups collected on R. idaeus flowers are potential
pollinators. The various species of native Apoidea are probably responsible
for much of the R. idaeus pollination in Maine because of their behavioral
and morphological adaptations for pollen transport. The stigmas and
anthers of a raspberry flower mature over several days, and repeated
pollinator visits are required for maximum fruit set (McGregor 1 976). The
foraging behavior of bees is, therefore, important to ensure pollination.
The floral morphology of R. idaeus ensures that insect visitors with
pubescent ventral surfaces can also bring about significant pollen transfer
(Faegri and van der Fiji 1971 ). Thus, other common floral visitors such as
T. affinis, several cerambycids, and number of syrphid species may also be
responsible for R. idaeus pollination.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following for identification or verification of several
groups: Dr. J. Huether, Geneva, NY (Cerambycidae); Dr. F.C. Thompson. USDA
Systematic Entomology Laboratory (Syrphidae); Dr. A.J. Menke, USDA Systematic
Entomology Laboratory (Vespidae, Eumenidae, and Sphecidae); Dr. G.C. Eickwort. Cornell
University (Dialictus spp., Evylaeus spp.); and Dr. R.J. McGinley, Harvard University
(Lasioglossum spp.). We also wish to thank Dr. H.Y. Forsythe, Dr. H.M. Kulman, and Mr.
T.M. Mingo for reviewing an earlier draft of the manuscript and Kathryn May for providing
valuable assistance in the field. Funds for this study were provided by the Maine Forest
Service. Department of Conservation and the Mclntire-Stennis Act.
LITERATURE CITED
Faegiri, K. and L. van der Fiji. 1971. The principles of pollination ecology. Pergamon Press.
Oxford. 291 pp.
Fernald, M.L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany, 8th ed. American Book Co.. New York. 1632
PP-
Gill, J.D. and W.M. Healy. 1974. Shrubs and vines for northeastern wildlife. USDA For.
Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-9. 180 pp.
Hansen, R.W., E.A. Osgood and M.L. Hunter, Jr. 1982. Effects of spraying with Sevin-4-
Oir on the fruit set and it potential consequences for wildlife in a spruce-fir forest. In
Environmental Monitoring Reports, Maine Forest Service, p. 91-122.
Howes, F.N. 1946. Plants and beekeeping. Faber and Faber Ltd., London. 224 pp.
Jensen, K.I. N. and I.V. Hall. 1979. The biology of Canadian weeds. 36. Rubus hispidusL.
Can. J. Plant Sci. 59: 769-776.
McGregor, S.E. 1976. Insect pollination of cultivated plants. USDA Agric. Hndbk. 496.
411 pp.
Slate, G.L., A.J. Braun and F.G. Mundinger. 1947. Raspberry growing: culture, diseases,
and insects. Cornell Univ. Ext. Bull. 719. 67 pp.
152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
THE BIOLOGY OF TRICHADENOTECNUM
ALEXANDERAE SOMMERMAN (PSOCOPTERA:
PSOCIDAE): I. HABITAT, LIFE STAGES
AND EVENTS1
B.W. Betz2
ABSTRACT: Populations of Trichadenotecnum alexanderae Sommerman are localized
within apparently suitable habitat. Only 1 egg is laid during an ovipositional event. Eggs are
encrusted with the contents of the gut mixed with debris collected by tapping the terminalia on
the substrate. This mixture camouflages an egg once it is laid. Only a few silk strands are
deposited on each egg. Eclosion and ecdysis are similar to other psocomorph Psocoptera.
There are 6 nymphal stages.
Sommerman (1948) described both sexes of Trichadenotecnum
alexanderae from North Plainfield, New Jersey, where 302 males and 425
females were collected on 27 and 29 July, 1 August, and 28 September
1 947. Of all the collections she examined from other localities (Connecticut,
District of Columbia, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New
Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania), only one from
Union, New Jersey, collected on 4 June 1937, contained males, and in fact
consisted of males only.
Field and laboratory investigations over a 3 year period convinced me
that a complex of 4 sibling species is involved: T. alexanderae which is
biparental (=euphrasic), but in the laboratory was found to be capable of
facultative parthenogensis (thelytoky) for only 1 generation, and 3
obligatorily parthenogenetic species, T. castum, T. merum, and T,
innuptum, which I have described (Betz 1983a). These species occur
sympatrically.
The habitat of T. alexanderae and also aspects of its life history
observed in laboratory cultures are discussed in this paper, which is part of a
series (cf. Betz 1983b, c, d) reporting these investigations.
PROCEDURE
Field and laboratory observations (and cultures) were made in 1977-9
from Illinois populations located at Moraine View State Park, McLean
County (hereafter called Lake Dawson); along the Sangamon River at Lake
of the Woods, Champaign County; and along the Salt Fork River at
Champaign County Forest Preserve District — Homer Lake (hereafter
Deceived December 28. 1982. Accepted May 8. 1983.
2 1000 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 6061 1
ENT. NEWS 94(4): 152-158. September & October. 1983
Vol. 94. No. 4, September & October, 1983
153
called Salt Fork).
Several breeding pairs were used to start each culture and their identity
was verified morphologically. The parent females were mated in the
laboratory to assure the identity of the offspring. The bark used in the
cultures came from the vicinity of the parent population and the bark was
examined for eggs prior to use.
The cultures were kept in cotton-stoppered test tubes, supplied ad
libitum with food (pleurococcine algae on bark), and were kept over a
saturated potassium chloride (KC 1 ) solution in closed, glass desiccator jars
to maintain a relative humidity of 80 ± 5%. The temperature regimen for
rearing was 23.3C:18.0C light: dark, the photoperiod was 15h: 9h
light: dark, and illumination was 4300 Iumens/m2.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Habitat. Most populations are found in rather open forest where the
relative humidity is high and pleuorococcine algae occur on the substrate
(usually tree trunks). But for some unknown reason the populations at the
study areas, and at the other 1 1 localities where I have collected this species
(Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, Ohio, and West Virginia), occur in limited patches in larger areas of
what appears to be equally suitable substrate. This may be related to
differences in food distribution (Broadhead and Wapshere 1966, New
1970), in microhabitat, or the comparative stability of bark over a foliage
habitat, making dispersal relatively unimportant (New 1969). Because
pleurococcine algae are plants and are consumed by this species, it is
probably safe to say that there is a host plant association involved.
Statements to the contrary made about other bark-dwelling species (New
1970) were at least partly in reference to "macro" substrate, i.e., conifers,
broadleaved trees, etc.
Migration to nearby tree trunks offering favorable habitat apparently
occurs infrequently, even though this is a macropterous species. Similar
behavior has been reported in Cuneopalpus cyanops (Rostock) by New
( 1 968). Most species of bark-dwelling psocids do not fly readily (New 1 969,
1971, personal observation) and generally are lacking in collections of
airborne Psocoptera (Thornton 1964, Thornton and Harrell 1965, New
1 969, 1 975). Individuals of T. alexanderae in cultures becoming overcrowded
or depleted of their food supply show neither a noticable increase in activity
nor a greater tendency toward flight, quite unlike some species in other
families (cf. Sommerman 1943b, Mockford 1962, Turner 1974). Even
movement on a tree trunk may be limited. On two occasions (at Lake
Dawson and Salt Fork on 18 June and 27 July 1978, respectively) when I
collected about 15 adults, their proximity in the aspirator led to a mating.
154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Hence, the patchy population distribution pattern probably is not due to an
aggregating response by the individuals (cf. Mockford 1957, Heilbronn
1975).
Oviposition. Oviposition by 7 females from the study areas (6 mated,
1 not) was observed to be about the same. About 30-45 minutes before an
egg was deposited, a female repeatedly pressed the tip of her abdomen to the
substrate or probed at random for about 30 seconds, with an interval of a
few seconds to 5 minutes between probes. One female dragged the tip of her
abdomen along the substrate about 3 mm several times. While probing,
algae and debris adhered to the ventral surfaces of a female's terminalia.
When probing ceased, her abdomen returned to the normal resting position.
An egg usually would be laid where her terminalia had last touched the
substrate.
A female normally remained motionless about 2-3 minutes before
oviposition, except for pulsing and spasmodic abdominal contractions of a
few seconds duration, at about half-minute intervals. One female rubbed
her hind femora along the sides of her abdomen after an abdomen spasm,
possibly moving an egg into position for extrusion.
Next, an opaque, dark fluid was discharged on her terminalia and was
manipulated rapidly between the epiproct, paraprocts, and valvulae for
about 3-5 seconds. Then with one spasm, about one-third of an egg
appeared, coated by dark fluid. About 5 seconds later another spasm
exposed another third of the egg. Both egg and dark fluid were supported by
the dorsal surface of the egg guide of her subgenital plate, an immobile,
bracket-like structure.
Once an egg was about two-thirds exposed, it also was manipulated
rapidly for about 3-5 seconds. Then she quickly pressed the tip of her
abdomen down on the substrate, thereby elevating the anterior part of her
body and causing here forewings to part slightly. A female paused for less
than 1 second in this position, then vibrated her body from side to side.
Before a female withdrew her abdomen, she slightly flexed her terminalia
and dragged the tip of her abdomen about 1 mm, thus not disturbing
the placement of an egg on the substrate. Depositing an egg on the substrate
required about 3-5 seconds. Absorption of the dark fluid by the bark
appeared to solidify an encrustation. This ovipositional behavior resembles
\hatofPeripsocusquadrifasciatus (Harris) (cf. Eertmoed 1966) because
an egg emerges before a female's abdomen is applied to the substrate, rather
than vice versa as with Caecilius manteri (cf. Sommerman 1943a).
The dark fluid of an encrustation originates in the gut, as proposed by
Pearman (1928a). The composition of fluid and feces are similar in 71
alexanderae, both containing algae and debris, and thus appear to differ
only in their degree of hydration. Females of T. alexanderae in the stage of
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 155
oviposition produce fewer feces than males of the same age , so their use in
encrustations may explain this.
After a female withdrew her abdomen, she fastened several strands of
silk from her labium to the egg and the surrounding substrate. She normally
circumscribed the egg with silk in a roughly stellate pattern and then walked
partially around it. Depositing silk took about 5-10 seconds. Each egg had
about the same amount of silk whether or not eggs were present nearby.
Once silk was laid down, oviposition was complete and a female walked
about 5-10 mm and usually began feeding. Silk strands can keep an egg on
the bark should its encrustation become dislodged.
Silk strands are produced by females that have just oviposited, by those
which have yet to oviposit, and by nymphs (presumably female). Adult
males do not produce silk. Females in the stage of oviposition, but not
actually ovipositing, were not seen to produce silk.
Only one egg is laid during an ovipositional event. For another to be
laid, the entire procedure must be repeated. Eggs are sometimes laid next to
others previously laid, and cultures with a great number of eggs sometimes
have clusters of two or three eggs produced in this way, giving the false
impression that the eggs were deposited in succession.
Appearance of Eggs. Eggs of T. alexanderae are ovoid in shape and
are laid with their longitudinal axes parallel to the substrate. For the
first few days after oviposition, the chorion is iridescent with a grayish-
white background, but later the eggs become a lusterless yellow.
Most eggs are covered completely by a hardened secretion, encrusted
with algae and debris, which camouflages them on the bark. The encrustation
is shaped during oviposition by the ventral surface of the epiproct and the
medial surfaces of the paraprocts. Figure 1 depicts the appearance and size
of a normally-shaped egg encrustation. If less dark fluid is produced during
an oviposition, the egg is encrusted but the encrustation is not shaped. Some
eggs are naked because they are laid without any fluid. The amount of
encrusted material around an egg does not seem to affect the amount of silk
subsequently attached to it.
In two separate ovipositions, the female probed with her abdomen in an
area on the bark, then moved or was chased away to a differently-colored
substrate on which an egg was laid. The color of these encrustations did not
match their substrates. The bark debris that had been collected on the
terminalia at the intended ovipositional site must have become mixed with
the encrusting fluid when this was discharged, thereby causing a mismatch
between the encrustation and the substrate of the actual site.
The site for oviposition apparently is selected before a female stops
moving, probably because any further movement may cause a mismatch
between the debris on her terminalia and the substrate, minimizing the
156
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
0.5 mm
Figure 1. Encrusted eggs of Trichadenotecnum alexanderae with silk strands (Salt Fork
culture).
effectiveness of the camouflaging encrustation. Also, further movement
may result in the selection of a site ill-suited in some other way for
ovipcsition.
Eclosion. Eclosion is similar to that of other species of psoco-
morph Psocoptera (cf. Pearman 1928b, Sommerman 1943a, b, c, 1944,
Mockford 1957, Eertomoed 1966, Dunham 1972, Garcis Aldrete 1973).
The hatching described is that of an egg from Lake of the Woods
culture.
Hatching began as the top of the egg opened flapwise at its anterior end
and was forced up by the head of the upright pronymph. The head emerged
first, and while the pronymph had its ventral surface facing the substrate it
underwent ecdysis. As molting proceeded, the nymph remained almost
perpendicular to the substrate, its legs being freed before its antennae. The
nymph then arched posteriorly, slowly freeing its antennae. The legs moved
slightly when freed, but more actively once the antennae were freed. The
nymph then fell forward, and when its legs contacted the egg it slowly
crawled ahead. Emergence was completed in about 20 minutes. The nymph
was cream-colored with dark purple ommatidia.
All pronymphal exuviae are grayish-white and are left about halfway
out of an egg. Hatched but undisturbed eggs (N = 136) retain the hatching
flap and pronymphal exuviae.
Nymphal stages. Exuviae from 10 isolated individuals from Lake of
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 157
the Woods culture indicated there are 6 nymphal stages, and all except the
first resemble adults in overall coloration. Fecal material and debris
passively accumulate on nymphs of all ages, presumably because of a
secretion by glandular hairs, causing most older nymphs to become
camouflaged on the bark.
Ecdysis. Ecdysis is the same as that described for other species of
psocomorphPsocoptera(Pearman 1928b, Sommerman 1943a, b, c, 1944,
Eertmoed 1966, Dunham 1972). The following is a description of a molt
from last stage nymph to adult female from Salt Fork culture.
The first sign that the nymph was about to molt was its walking with stiff
appendages. It then stopped moving, about 1 minute later its antennae
began to pulse at about 2 beats per second. About 20 seconds after its
antennae began to beat, a pulse began in synchrony, extending from the top
of the frons to the bottom of the clypeus. Then the posterior portion of its
abdomen began to pulse about once every 5 seconds and the size of the
nymph increased.
The dorsum of the nymph's thorax gradually split open medially and the
adult emerged through this lengthening split. Excluding appendages, the
thorax, head, and then abdomen emerged. The anterior end of the adult's
abdomen began to withdraw from the nymphal cuticle once its head began
to emerge.
Once the thorax of the adult emerged from the old cuticle, the
appendages were freed in the following order: mouthparts, wings, forelegs,
midlegs, hindlegs, antennae. A foreleg pulled an antenna out of the old
cuticle. When an appendage was freed it quivered for about 15 seconds.
Once the appendages were out the adult was held to the old cuticle only
at the posterior end of its abdomen, and was almost perpendicular to the
substrate. The abdomen was freed when the adult dropped forward and
crawled ahead. Once emerged, the epiproct was flexed ventrally and the
paraprocts and valvulae were flexed medially in spasms for about 15
seconds.
The molt was completed in about 7.5 minutes, from the moment the
nymph stopped moving to the time the abdomen of the adult became
detached from the nymphal exuviae.
Directly after molting the adult was unable to stand, but could move on
its coxae. The wings were curled away from the body and the fore wings
were pale yellow, and it took about 1 2 hours for the shape and color pattern
to mature.
Neither nymphs nor adults of T. alexanderae eat their exuviae, as
some psocid species do that are mycophagous or lichenophagous (cf.
Sommerman 1943b, c, 1944, Mockford 1957).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
E.L. Mockford was helpful in his discussions about Psocoptera. The manuscript
was reviewed by E.L. Mockford, P.R. Vilaro, D.M. Sullivan, G.E. Eertmoed, and an
anonymous reviewer. The author thanks I.N. Holod for production assistance.
158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
LITERATURE CITED
Betz, B.W. 1983a. Systematics of the Trichadenotecnum alexanderae species complex
(Psocoptera: Psocidae) based on an investigation of reproductive modes and
morphology. Can. Entomol. (in press).
. 1983b. The biology of Trichadenotecnum alexanderae Sommerman
(Psocoptera: Psociade). II. Duration of biparental and thelytokous reproductive abilities.
J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. (in press).
. 1983c. The biology of Trichadenotecnum alexanderae Sommerman
(Psocoptera: Psocidae). III. Analysis of mating behavior. Psyche (in press).
1983d. The biology of Trichadenotecnum alexanderae Sommerman
(Psocoptera: Psocidae). IV. Mechanism of genitalic coupling. J. Kansas Entomol.
Soc. (in press).
Broadhead, E., and A.J. Wapshere. 1966. Mesopsocus populations on larch in England
the distribution and dynamics of two closely-related co-existing species of
Psocoptera sharing the same food resource. Ecol. Monogr. 36: 327-388.
Dunham, R.S. 1972. A life history of Caecilius aiirantiacus (Hagen) (Psocoptera:
Caeciliidae). Great Lakes Entomol. 5: 17-27.
Eertmoed, G.E. 1966. The life history of Peripsocus qiiadrifasciatus (Psocoptera:
Peripsocidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 39: 54-65.
Garcia Aldrete, A.N. 1973. The life history and developmental rates of Lachesilla pacifica
Chapman (parthenogenetic form) at four levels of temperature (Psocopt., Lachesillidae).
Ciencia. Mex. 28: 73-77.
Heilbronn, T.D. 1975. Some aspects of the biology of the bark louse Graphopsocus
cruciatus (L.) (Psocoptera: Stenopsocidae). Entomol. Record 87: 132-136.
Mockford, E.L. 1957. Life history studies on some Florida insects of the genus Archipsocus
(Psocoptera). Bull. Fla. State Mus.. Biol. Sci. 1: 253-274.
1962. Notes on the distribution and life history of Archipsocus frater
Mockford (Psocoptera: Archipsocidae). Florida Entomol. 45: 149-151.
New, T.R. 1968. The life history of Cuneopalpus cvanops (Rost. ), (Psocoptera).
Entomologist's Gaz. 19: 189-197.
1969. Aerial dispersal of some British Psocoptera, as indicated by suction
trap catches. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 44: 49-61.
_. 1970. The relative abundance of some British Psocoptera on different species
of trees. J. Anim. Ecol. 39: 521-540.
.. 1971. An introduction to the natural history of the British Psocoptera. The
Entomologist. 1971: 59-97.
.. 1975. Aerial dispersal of some Victorian Psocoptera as indicated by suction
trap catches. J. Aust. Ent. Soc. 14: 179-184.
Pearman, J.V. 1 928 a. Biological observations on British Psocoptera. I. Eggs and oviposition.
Ent. Mon. Mag. 64: 209-218.
1928b. Biological observations on British Psocoptera. II. Hatching and ecdysis.
Ent. Mon. Mag. 64: 239-243.
Sommerman, K.M. 1943a. Description and bionomics of Caecilius manteri n.sp.
(Corrodentia). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 45: 29-39.
1943b. Bionomics of Ectopsocus pumilis (Banks) (Corrodentia, Caeciliidae).
Psyche 50: 53-64.
1943c. Bionomics of Lachesilla nubilis (Aaron) (Corrodentia, Caeciliidae).
Can. Entomol. 75: 99-105.
_. 1944. Bionomics of Amapsocus amabilis (Walsh) (Corrodentia, Psocidae).
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 37: 359-364.
_. 1948. Two new Nearctic psocids of the genus Trichadenotecnum with a
nomenclatural note on a third species. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 50: 165-173.
Thornton, I.W.B. 1964. Air-borne Psocoptera trapped on ships and aircraft. Pacific Insects
6: 285-291.
, and J.C. Harrell. 1965. Air-borne Psocoptera trapped on ships and aircraft,
2-Pacific ship trappings, 1963-64. Pacific Insects 7: 700-702.
Turner, B.D. 1974. The population dynamics of tropical arboreal Psocoptera (Insecta) on
two species of conifers in the Blue Mountains, Jamaica. J. Anim. Ecol. 43: 323-337.
Vol. 94, No. 4, September & October, 1983 159
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Vol. 94
NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 1983
No. 5
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
tnmature stages & biology of Tetraglossa palpalis
(Coleoptera: Ptilodactylidae) PaulJ. Spongier 161
Second record of So. American burrowing bug, Scaptocoris
castaneus Petty (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) in the U.S.
R. C. Froeschner, W.E. Steiner, Jr. 176
Notes on Brachydeutera from No. America (Diptera:
Ephydridae) Wayne N. Mathis 111
New Hydroptilidae from Alabama & So. Carolina
(Trichoptera) R. W. Kelley, S.C. Harris 181
A new species of Unerus from Honduras (Homoptera:
Cicadellidae) Paul H. Freytag 187
Ticks of So. Dakota: an annotated checklist (Acari:
Ixodoidea) Emmett R. Easton 1 9 1
Horse flies & deer flies of So. Dakota: new state records
& an annotated checklist (Diptera: Tabanidae)
Emmett R. Easton 1 96
Prey-stalking behavior of a thomasid spider, Xysticus
californicus (Araneae: Thomisidae) Roy R. Snelling 201
Perissophlebiodes, a replacement name for Perissophlebia
(Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) Harry M. Savage 204
Mounting & preserving Neuroptera for scientific study
Charles W. Agnew 205
Paraphrosylus praedator & P. nigripennis, new to
Washington, with notes on the genus (Diptera:
Dolichopodidae) Larry D. Corpus 2 1 3
ANNOUNCEMENTS
SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 1983
MAILING DATES & PUBLISHER'S STATEMENT
INDEX: VOL. 94
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Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 161
IMMATURE STAGES AND BIOLOGY OF
TETRAGLOSSA PALPALIS CHAMPION
(COLEOPTERA: PTILODACTYLIDAE)1
Paul J. Spangler^
ABSTRACT: The adult of the monotypic ptilodactylid Tetraglossa palpalis Champion, its
distinctive labial palpus, and the male genitalia are illustrated. The larva, pupa, and habitat
niches are described and illustrated; surface sculpture of the larva is illustrated by scanning
electron micrographs. Notes on larval food and pupation are included.
Many inhabitants of lotic habitats do not fly often, if at all, and are
restricted to their respective habitat niches; also, those that do fly (with
some exceptions) seem not to be commonly attracted to blacklights.
Although the number of specimens collected in lotic habitats is lower than
the number of specimens obtained from lentic habitats in the equivalent
expended time, the extra effort to obtain material from lotic habitats usually
is well worth the effort. During the month of May 1981 I conducted
fieldwork in the states of Chiapas, Mexico, Oaxaca, and Veracruz in
Mexico. Because my companions, Dr. Joaquin Bueno and Dr. Oliver S.
Flint, Jr., were trichoperists, most of my collecting efforts were directed
toward obtaining dryopoid and other stream inhabiting Coleoptera. My
collecting efforts in the lotic habitats were divided among examining "leaf
packs"; water-logged and rotting twigs, limbs, and logs; rocks in riffles; and
examination of roots and other vegetation caught under overhanging banks
of streams. My efforts to collect Coleoptera occurring in streams resulted in
the collection of adults and immature stages of some interesting taxa.
Among the interesting insects found was a common ptilodactylid larva
which resembles larvae of members of the genera Anchytarsus and
Anchycteis. However, by rearing a last-instar larva through to the adult
stage I was able to establish that the larva was an immature stage of
Tetraglossa palpalis Champion ( 1 897) which occurs widely through much
of Mexico and Central America and represents the monotypic genus
Tetraglossa. A review of the literature revealed that Bertrand (1972)
included a dorsal view of the ninth abdominal segment of a larva of T.
palpalis and included the genus in a key to larvae of the genera of
Ptilodactylidae. Because the immature stages of T. palpalis have not been
fully described previously and the pupa was unknown, descriptions of the
larva and pupa follow.
Deceived March 24, 1983. Accepted May 27, 1983.
^Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.
Washington, D.C. 20560
ENT. NEWS, 94(5) 161-175 November & /ecember 1983
JAN '.
162
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Tetraglossa palpalis
The adult of this species was adequately described by Champion
(1897); illustrations of the adult, labium, labial palpus, maxilla, and
maxillary palpus were included in that publication. Because Champion's
illustrations are very small and somewhat schematic, illustrations in greater
detail of the adult male, including habitus (Fig. 1), labial palpus (Fig. 2),
and genitalia (Figs. 3 & 4), are included in this paper.
:>!;':
1
2.0mm
Figs. 1-2. Tetraglossa palpalis Champion, male adult: 1, Habitus; 2, Labial palpus.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
163
Figs. 3-4. Tetraglossa palpalis Champion, male genitalia: 3, Dorsal view; 4, Lateral view.
164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Larva
Figures 5-15
Description: Length 17.8 mm; width of prothorax 2.1 mm. Body (Figs. 5, 6, 7)
semicylindrical, moderately flattened ventrally. Color testaceous to castaneous dorsally;
lighter testaceous ventrally except legs creamy yellow.
Head: Slightly wider than long (1.4: 1.6mm) (Fig. 8). Ecdysial cleavage line forked near
base; frontal arms diverge and extend in sinuous lines to bases of antennae. Frons sagittate.
Cuticle appearing smooth except for numerous, moderately coarse punctures and 1 long seta
behind each frontal arm at about basal third; 6 long setae adjacent to stemmata; 3 long setae on
each anterolateral angle of clypeus near bases of antennae. Labrum with 6 long setae across
anterior surface and small tufts of setae on anterolateral angles. Stemmata single; large,
strongly convex; on each side of head directly behind bases of antennae; with distinct black
pigment beneath lens. Antenna long, cylindrical; of 3 antennal segments; first segment longest;
second segment about four-fifths as long as first; third segment minute. Clypeus broad, feebly
arcuate. Labrum narrower than clypeus; finely, densely punctate; and feebly emarginate
anteriorly. Mandible tridentate apically; mesal surface sulcate; anterior and posterior margins
each with a tuft of long golden setae at about midlength. Maxilla and labium as illustrated (Fig.
9). Submentum divided longitudinally into 3 sclerites.
Thorax: Prothorax almost twice as long as mesothorax; bearing 3 long setae in a
longitudinal row between midline and lateral margins and several more long setae along lateral
margins. Mesothorax with 1 large spiracle anterolaterally; with 2 long setae in a longitudinal
row between midline and lateral margins plus several more (6 or 7) on each lateral margin and
a second longitudinal row of 3 long setae laterally in line with spiracle; 2 setae on mesal side of
spiracle and 1 seta at about posterior third; cuticular punctures coarser and denser across
apical margin. Metathorax similar to mesothorax but without spiracles. Hind margins of
thoracic and abdominal segments strigate. Legs four-segmented, short and stout; second and
third segments ventrally with row of dense, robust, spines along anterior and posterior (inner
and outer) margins (Fig. 10). Last segment (tibiotarsus) terminates in a single robust claw.
Abdomen: Of 9 segments; segments 1-8 similar to metathorax in punctation but long
setae are in 2 rows between biforous spiracle (Fig. 1 1 ) and midline; 2 long setae posterior to
spiracle and 2 long setae arising together from posterolateral angle of each segment. Tergum of
last abdominal segment compressed dorsoventrally (Fig. 6); discal area moderately convex;
lateral margins strongly keeled; side beneath keel on each side with longitudinal rows of long
hairlike setae; posterolateral angles obtuse, subspinose; apex broadly and moderately deeply
emarginate. Ventral surface of last abdominal segment bearing a pair of large, robust,
prehensile appendages each of which bears a pair of large, stout, curved, lateral hooks and 8-
22 similar hooks on posteroventral surface (Fig. 7). Gills, 6; 1 large conical dorsal gill above
and between appendages; a single small lateroventral gill below lateral pair of hooks; and a pair
of moderately large ventral gills between appendages. Two pairs of long setae between and
slightly posterior to ventral gills and a single long seta posterior to lateroventral _gill.
Surface sculpture of larva: Examination of the larval head capsule (Fig. 12) with the
SEM revealed that most of, if not all, the punctures bear a cluster of minute slender setae
arising from a common base (Figs. 13, 14). It is unknown whether those setae perform a
sensory function; however, the apex of the last antennal segment is surrounded by sensilla
(Fig. 15).
Variations: The number of curved hooks on the prehensile appendages on the last
abdominal segment vary considerably. The hooks on the smaller, earlier instars varied from 8
to 1 3 hooks on each appendage; the hooks on the large, last-instar larvae varied from 1 5 to 22
on each appendage.
Food: Examination of the gut contents showed that the larvae were feeding on the plant
material on which they were found.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
165
:
1 Omm
Figs. 5-7. Tetraglossapalpalis Champion, larva: 5, Habitus, lateral view; 6, Last abdominal
segment, dorsal view; 7, Last abdominal segment, lateral view.
166
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figs. 8-9. Tetraglossa palpalis Champion, larva: 8, Head, ventral view, 125X; 9, Labium
and maxillae, 170X.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
167
Figs. 10-11. Tetraglossa palpalis Champion, larva: 10, Front leg, 225X; 11, Spiracle,
2650X.
168
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figs. 12-13. Tetraglossa palpalis Champion, larva: 12, Head, dorsal view, 125X; 13,
Sculpture on head, 360X.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
169
Figs. 14-15. Tetraglossa palpalis Champion, larva: 14, Setae in punctures on head, 1000X;
15, Sensilla on antennal apex, 3000X.
170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Pupa
Figures 16-19
Description: Length (including cerci) 1 2 .0 mm. Color white with pronotal styli, cuticular
setae, spiracles, gin-traps, sclerite on first abdominal tergum, and cerci testaceous. Short
cuticular setae on areas as described.
Head: With moderately dense cuticular setae on dorsum, denser at inner apical corner of
each eye. Antennae directed posteriorly, lying along side of pronotum (Fig. 16). Maxillary and
labial palpi extended posteroventrally. Ultimate labial palpal segment trifurcate in male,
unbranched in female.
Thorax: Pronotum with moderately dense cuticular setae and 4 robust styli; 1 strongly
angular stylus on each anterolateral angle and 1 arcuate stylus on each posterolateral angle.
Mesonotum and metanotum and their respective wing pids with sparse cuticular setae only.
Front, middle, and hind femora extend outward at right angles from body-axis and lie beneath
elytral wing pads. All legs with tibiae folded against femora; all tarsi turned backward parallel
with body axis.
Abdomen: Tergum of abdominal segment 1 with small subrectangular sclerite at
apicomedial margin; terga of remaining abdominal segments with sparse cuticular setae. First
through seventh abdominal segments each with a pair of spiracles; 1 spiracle on each
anterolateral corner of each segment; those spiracles on segment 1 small, poorly developed.
Gin-traps, 4; present between first through fifth abdominal segments (Figs. 17, 18). Cerci
elongate, blunt apically (Fig. 19).
Pupation: On May 15, 1981, while collecting about 25 km northeast
of Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico, I found a sapling which had fallen into the
Rio Palma; many leaves and twigs had drifted against the sapling and
formed a dense leaf pack. The leaf pack was about one-third of a meter
thick, two meters long and one-half meter wide (Fig. 20). By carefully
pulling this leaf pack apart I uncovered 60 larvae, 1 pupa, and 3 adults of T.
palpalis. Numerous large, apparently last-instar larvae were found in
poorly defined pupal cells. The pupal cells were simply oval depressions
about 25 X 18 mm, were usually in moist leaves 3 to 4 cm above the
waterline, and appeared to have been formed by the respective larvae
chewing the leaves and compacting them by wriggling movements. Some
earlier instar larvae were found randomly throughout the leaf pack; several
larvae in cavities under loose bark of rotting branches in the leaf pack, and
numerous larvae inside hollow twigs in the leaf pack. One pupa eclosed a
half hour after it was collected. Three last-instar larvae found in pupal cells
were kept alive for rearing to obtain pupae for preservation and illustration,
to establish the length of the pupal stage, and to verify the presumed
identity. The three larvae pupated and one of the pupae eclosed 4 days after
pupation; that adult and the two remaining pupae were then preserved.
Habitat Larvae, pupae, and freshly eclosed adults were present in
almost all lotic habitats examined — large rivers, small streams, small
cascades, and seeps. In all of the habitats where specimens of Tetraglossa
palpalis were found, two factors were always present — clean running water
and accumulations of vegetation in various stages of decomposition.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
171
Fig. 16 Tetraglossa palpalis Champion, pupa, ventral view.
172
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figs. 17-19. Tetraglossa palpalis Champion, pupa: 17, Dorsal view; 18, Gin-traps,
enlarged; 19, Cerci.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
173
Figs. 20-21. Tetraglossa palpalis Champion, habitats: 20, Leaf pack, Rio Palma; 21, Leaf
pack, Rio Tulija.
174
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figs. 22-23. Tetraglossa palpalis Champion, habitats: 22, Mat of roots from seep; 23,
Picking specimens from roots.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 175
Specimens were especially abundant in leaf packs (Figs. 20, 2 1 ) and among
rootlets. On seeps, specimens were found by pulling the mats of roots loose
from the substrate, placing the roots on a cloth and then carefully sorting
through the plant material (Figs. 22, 23).
In leaf packs lodged against the partly submerged tree in the Rio Tulija,
taxa associated with specimens of T. palpalis were: Limnichidae
(Eulimnichus sp.),Lutrochidae (Lutrochus sp.), and Elmidae (Austrolimnius
sp., Heterelmis sp., Microcylloepus sp., and Phanocerus sp.). Other
beetles associated with T. palpalis in the matted roots (Figs. 22, 23) on the
seeps were: Dryopidae (Elmoparnus sp.), Elmidae (Elsianus sp. and
Heterelmis sp.), Hydraenidae (Spanglerina sp.), and Hydrophilidae
(Oocyclus sp.).
Specimens examined (all in National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution). — BELIZE: TOLEDO DISTRICT: Blue Creek Village, 30 June 1981, W.
Steiner, 25 larvae; San Antonio (5 km N), Columbia Forest, 26 June 1981, W. Steiner, 1
larva. GUATEMALA: ALTA VERAPAZ: Trece Aguas, April 1906, 1 larva; Trece
Aguas, 25, 27, 30 Mar., Schwarz& Barber, 6 adults; Trece Aguas, 7, 16, 22 Apr., Schwarz&
Barber, 5 adults. — MEXICO: CHIAPAS: Ocosingo (22 km N), Rio Lacanja, 19 May
1981, P.J. Spangler, 1 larva; Ocosingo, Rio Contento, 20 May 1981, P.J. Spangler, 1 larva;
Pacific Coast Cordilleras, L. Hotzon, 800- 1000m, 1 adult. O AX AC A: Valle Nacional (8
km S), 25 May 1981, P.J. Spangler, 14 larvae; Valle Nacional (8 km S), 25 May 1981, C.M.
and O.S. Flint, Jr., 1 larva. SAN LUIS POTOSI: 2 km W. Tlamaya, 8 km N. Xilitla, Sotano
de Huitzmolotitla, 29 Jan. 1 964, T. Raines and T. Phillips, 1 adult. VERACRUZ: La Palma
(above town), Los Tuxtlas area, Rio Palma. 7 May 1981, P.J. Spangler and S. Santiago, 1
larva; La Palma (above town), 15 May 1981, P.J. Spangler, 1 adult, 60 larvae, 1 pupa; Los
Tuxtlas area, Rio Maquinas, 13 May 1981, P.J. Spangler, 4 larvae; Palenque (48 km S), Rio
Tulija, 17 May 1981, P.J. Spangler, 1 larva; Palenque Ruinas, 10 July 1981, W. Steiner, 1
larva. — PANAMA: CHIRIQUI: Rio Chrirqui Viejo (Volcan), Foster, 1 larva. PANAMA:
La Chorrera, 10 May 1912, Aug. Busck, 1 adult.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank the following friends who contributed to this article: Joaquin Bueno-Soria who
made all the financial and logistical arrangements for the fieldwork during which time most of
the biological data reported here were obtained; Silvia and Joaquin Bueno, Carol and Oliver
Flint, Hector Velasco, and Roberto Arce for help in collecting the Mexican specimens; and
Warren Steiner for collecting specimens from Belize during the Eaithwatch Expedition led by
D.H. Messersmith; Robin Faitoute for preparation of larvae for SEM photography; Susann
Braden for the SEM micrographs; Young Sohn for the art work; and Noreen Connell for typing
the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Bertrand, H.P.I. 1972. Larves et Nymphes des Coleopteres Aquatiques du Globe. 804 pp.,
561 figs. F. Paillart. Abbeville.
Blackwelder, R.H. 1944. Checklist of the Coleopterous Insects of Mexico, Central America,
the West Indies, and South America. U.S.N.M. Bulletin 5(2): 189-341.
Champion, G.C. 1897. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta, Coleoptera ( Rhiphidoceridae
Dascillidae and supplement), 3(1): 585-662.
176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
SECOND RECORD OF SOUTH AMERICAN
BURROWING BUG, SCAPTOCORIS CASTANEUS
PERTY (HEMIPTERA: CYDNIDAE) IN THE
UNITED STATES1
Richard C. Froeschner, Warren E. Steiner, Jr. 2
ABSTRACT: A second North American population of the neotropial Scaptocoris castaneus
Perty was found among beach plants on a sand dune in Georgia about 200 miles south of the
initial find in South Carolina.
While collecting on Little Cumberland Island, Camden County,
Georgia, in September 1 982, Steiner discovered five adult specimens of the
South American burrowing bug, Scaptocoris castaneus Perty; this locality
is approximately 200 miles south of Charleston, South Carolina, whence
the species was originally reported in North America by Froeschner and
Chapman (1963). That paper included a dorsal habitus drawing. Whether
this represents a separate introduction into the United States due to
dumping of ballast by early sailing ships (see paper cited) or a part of the
same introduction reported for Charleston, South Carolina, is not now
evident. Further collecting along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia
is needed to determine if the two populations are continuous.
Three of the Georgia specimens of S. castaneus (28 September 1982)
were found among the roots of European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria
(L.) Link) and sea-oats (Uniola paniculata L.) on a primary ocean beach
dune; bugs were exposed by digging into the top of the slip-face of the dune
and were found at depths of 8-15 cm in slightly moist sand. At the same
locality on 30 September 1982, two more specimens were taken during the
late afternoon on the sand surface of a trail through the dunes. These
cydnids bear a remarkabe similarity to some scarabaeid and tenebrionid
beetles which also inhabit dune sand; the globular, rugose body, bladelike
front tibiae and stout hind legs with reduced tarsi, and long setae on legs and
venter are seen in many unrelated taxa which have evolved a psammophilous
way of life.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks are due the Little Cumberland Island Association for granting permission to
collect insects on the island, and to Rebecca Bell and William A. Dix for valuable field
assistance.
LITERATURE CITED
Froeschner, R.C. and Q.L. Chapman. 1963. A South American cydnid, Scaptocoris
castaneus Perty, established in the United States (Hemiptera: Cydnidae). Ent. News.
74: 95-98.
1 Received April 27, 1983. Accepted June 4, 1983.
^Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560
ENT. NF.WS Q4rs\ n* M^,O^K». *- r» u-_ .no-.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 177
NOTES ON BRACHYDEUTERA LOEW (DIPTERA:
EPHYDRIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA1
Wayne N. Mathis^
ABSTRACT: The type series of Brachydeutera argentata (Walker) and its junior synonym,
B. dimidiata Loew, are reviewed, to include lectotype designations for both. B. argentata is
now known to occur only in eastern North America, and in southeastern United States its'
distribution overlaps that of B. neotropica. A few paratypes of B. neotropica were discovered
to be misidentified, thus altering slightly the distribution of that species. A revised key and
illustrations of North American species of Brachydeutera are presented.
As part of a research project on the genus Brachydeutera Loew from
the Oriental, Australian, and Oceanian regions (Mathis and Ghorpade, in
preparation), we needed to know the identity of B. argentata, which had
been reported from these regions in addition to North America (eastern
United States) and the Palearctic Region (Canary Islands, eastward
through the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries to Japan) ( Wirth,
1964). Clarification of the status of B. argentata has resulted in this
publication, which also includes illustrations of the male terminalia and a
key to the three species known from the Western Hemisphere.
Walker (1853) described argentata, but in the genus Notiphila. Less
than a decade later, Loew (1862) erected the genus Brachydeutera for B.
dimidiata, a species that he newly described in the same paper. The
specimens Walker and Loew studied are from North America, "United
States" and "Wasington [D.C.]" respectively. Becker (1896) recognized
that Walker and Loew were dealing with the same species and cited B.
argentata as the widespread, holarctic species, with B. dimidiata as the
junior synonym. Not until Wirth's revision (1964) of Brachydeutera was
the status of B. argentata changed. Wirth's studies, particularly of the
male terminalia, indicated that several species were included under B.
argentata of authors. For the most part Wirth (1964) described these
species, although he still followed his predecessors in recognizing B.
argentata as a widespread, holarctic species. My studies have revealed that
specimens of "B. argentata" from the Old World represent another
species, for which B. ibari Ninomiya (1929) appears to be an available
name. Details concerning the latter species will be presented elsewhere
(Mathis and Ghorpade, in preparation).
In quoting information on labels, I have cited data as they appear, with
clarifying or interpretive remarks in brackets. A double set of quotation
Deceived June 16, 1982. Accepted July 23, 1983.
^Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560.
ENT. NEWS, 94(5) 177-180 November & December 1983
178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
marks is used to distinguish data occurring on one label from those on
another.
Key to North American species of Brachydeutera Loew
Facial carina low, bluntly rounded, especially ventrally; male terminalia as in Figs. 3, 6
(Texas to California, south into Mexico) B. sturtevanti Wirth
Facial carina high, sharply defined, especially ventrally 2
Merger of fused surstyli with epandrium, in lateral view, indicated by an angulate
emargination (Fig. 5); gonite spatulate apically (Fig. 5) (Florida to Texas, southward
throughout most of the Neotropics) B. neotropica Wirth
Merger of fused surstyli with epandrium, in lateral view, broadly rounded (Fig. 4); gonite
digitiform apically, narrowly rounded (Fig. 4) (eastern North America; Michigan to
Maine, south to Texas and Florida B. argentata (Walker)
Brachydeutera argentata (Walker)
(Figs. 1,4)
Notiphila argentata Walker, 1853: 407.
Brachydeutera dimidiata Loew, 1862: 163 [synonymy according to Becker, 1896: 201].
Brachydeutera argentata: Becker, 1896: 201; Wirth, 1964: 5 [revision].
Brachydeutera neotropica Wirth, 1964: 8 [paratype series partially misidentifed, see remarks
section below).
Primary Type Material. — Lectotype specimen of Notiphila argentata
(herein designated), in the British Museum (Natural History), is labeled
"Notiphila type argentata Walk, [name handwritten on a disk with a green
sub-border]" " N. America. Ex coll. Saunders. 68.4 [handwritten]" " VB
[?, handwritten on underside of label]" " argentata [folded, handwritten]"
68.4." " LECTOTYPE Notiphila dimidiata Walker By W.N. Mathis
[name and designator handwritten; black sub-border]." The Lectotype is
double mounted (pin in paper rectangle) and is in poor condition (wings,
abdomen, and two legs missing). It is not clearly evident whether Walker
described this species from a single specimen or a series, hence the
lectotype designation.
Lectotype female of B. dimidiata (herein designated), in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, is labeled "D.C. [Washington, D.C.]" " Osten
Sacken Coll." " LECTOTYPE 9 Brachydeutera dimidiata Loew by W.N.
Mathis [sex, name, and designator handwritten; black sub-border]." The
lectotype is double mounted (minuten nadel in polyporus rectangular
block), is in fair condition (the abdomen is twisted, some setae broken or
misoriented). Loew, in the original description, gave only the female sex
symbol, but mentioned "specimens" in the description and gave measure-
ments as a range. Evidently he had before him a syntypic series. As no
specimen was designated specifically as the holotype, I am designating
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
179
1
2
3
Figs. 1-3. Male terminalia, posterior view. Fig. 1. Brachydeutera argentata. Fig. 2. B.
neotropica. Fig. 3. B. sturtevanti.
Figs. 4-6. Male terminalia. lateral view. Fig. 4. Brachydeutera argentata. Fig. 5, B.
neotropica. Fig. 6. B. sturtevanti.
180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
the lectotype here. The series, all from Osten Sacken's collection, is at the
MCZ and includes two males and three females. Only one male and one
female specimen bear a "D.C." label. As only the latter female agrees with
the sex Loew indicated and the type locality of "Washington," it was
selected as the lectotype.
Remarks. — The three species of Brachydeutera occurring in North
America are closely related and belong to the same species group, the
argentata group. The close relationship among them is particularly evident
in their very similar appearance. Externally, for example, I can accurately
distinguish only B. sturtevanti, and must rely on characters of the male
terminalia for separation of the other species. Fortunately these characters
are marked and clear (see figures and key). Accurate identification are
presently available only for males.
After making dissections and studying characters of the male terminalia
of the type series of B. neotropica, it became evident that the paratypes of
that species from North Carolina and some of them from Florida were
misidentified. They are representatives of B. argentata. This discovery
alters the cited distribution of B. neotropica (Wirth, 1964), which is
corrected as follows: Southeastern United States (Florida to Texas,
southward through Mexico and Central America to most of South America.
In southeastern United States, the distributions of B. argentata and B.
neotropica overlap, especially in Florida, and characters of the male
terminalia must be used in making species indentifications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Brian H. Cogan, British Museum (Natural History) and Norman E. Woodley,
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, for the loan of syntypic material. I
also am grateful to Curtis W. Sabrosky and Charlotte Burnett for reviewing the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Becker, T. 1896. Dipterologische Studien IV: Ephydridae. Berl. Entomol. Zeit. 41(2): 91-
276.
Loew, H. 1862. Monographs of the Diptera of North America, Part I. Smithson. Misc. Coll.
6: 1-221, 15 figures, 2 plates.
Ninomiya, E. 1929. On a new species Brachvdeutera ibari (Ephydridae). Oyo Dobutsugaku
Zat. 1: 190-193 (in Japanese).
Walker, F. 1853. Diptera. Vol. I (pt. IV): 253-414. In Saunders, W.W., ed. Insecta
Saundersiana: or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson
Saunders, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., & c. London.
Wirth, W.W. 1964. A revision of the shore flies of the genus Brachydeutera Loew
(Diptera: Ephydridae). Ann. Entomol. Amer. Soc. 57(1): 3-12.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 181
NEW HYDROPTILIDAE (TRICHOPTERA) FROM
ALABAMA AND SOUTH CAROLINA1
Robert W. Kelley3, Steven C. Harris4
ABSTRACT: Four new species of micro-caddisflies are described from blackwater streams
of Alabama and South Carolina. Two species are assigned to the genus Oxyethira and one
each to the genera Neotrichia and Hydroptila. Each is illustrated and compared to similar
species within their respective genera.
In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that the southeastern
United States supports a great diversity of micro-caddisflies. This diversity
is a result of a southerly range extension of largely boreal species and a
northerly range extension of Central American species, as well as the
occurrence of many endemic species. Most of the species of Hydroptilidae
endemic to the Southeast are associated with blackwater, sandy-bottom
streams of the Coastal Plain. Included are such species as Orthotrichia
curta and O. dentata from Florida (Kingsolver and Ross, 1961 ), Ochrotrichia
provosti from Florida (Blickle, 1961), Hydroptila wakulla from Florida
(Denning, 1947), H. lloganae and H. molsonae from Florida (Blickle,
1 96 1 ), Oxyethira glasa from Louisiana to South Carolina (Ross, 1 94 1 ), O.
lumosa from Florida to South Carolina (Ross, 1948), O. novasota from
Texas to South Carolina (Ross, 1944), O. maya and O. setosa from
Georgia to Florida (Denning, 1947), O. dunbartonensis from South
Carolina (Kelley, 1981), and O. elerobi and O. sininsignefrom Louisiana
to South Carolina (Kelley, 1981 ). To these we add four new species from
the same type of habitat. They belong to the genera Neotrichia, Hydroptila,
and Oxyethira. All four species appear to be locally abundant and may be
expected to be found elsewhere in the southeast.
Type specimens are deposited in the United States Museum of Natural
History (USNM) at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, the
Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), and the author's personal
collections (RWK;SCH).
Deceived June 10, 1983. Accepted July 23, 1983.
^Technical contribution number 2172 of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station,
Clemson University.
^Current address: Box 522, Clemson, South Carolina 29633
^Current address: Environmental Division, Geological Survey of Alabama, P.O. Drawer 0,
University, Aalbama 35486
ENT. NEWS, 94(5) 181-186 November & December 1983
182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Neotrichia alabamensis n. sp.
(Fig. 1)
In most respects, this species resembles riegeliRoss. It differs primarily
in the inferior appendages, which are more elongate as infalca Ross, the
three pair of processes enclosing the aedeagus, and the conformation of the
spines of the aedeagus.
Male: Antennae 1 8-segmented. Length 1 .8 mm. Venter VII lacking apicomesal process.
Segment VIII not modified. Segment IX with elongate antero-lateral apodemes and blunt,
rounded posterolateral processes. Inferior appendages proximally separated and diverging,
each bearing a basal seta; bracteoles lightly sclerotized, with sinuous ventral margin. Tergum
X membranous dorsally, produced ventrally into three pairs of acute processes which enclose
aedeagus; bilobed processes subtending tergum. Aedeagus with two subdistal spines, one of
which is strongly curved; titillator present.
Female: Unknown.
Etymology: Latin: "of Alabama."
Holotype, male: ALABAMA, Mobile County, Indian Grave Creek near junction with
Cedar Creek, 4 miles east of Citronelle, 29 Sept. 1981, Harris, O'Neil, and McCullough
(USNM).
Paratypes: ALABAMA, Mobile County, Puppy Creek at Co. Rd. 217, 7 miles
southwest of Citronelle, 25 June 1981, 1 cf. Harris, O'Neil, and McCullough (SCH); Puppy
Creek as above, but 5 Aug. 1982, 1 cf, Harris and O'Neil (SCH); Puppy Creek as above, but
20 Sept. 1982, 1 cf, Harris and O'Neil (SCH); Big Creek at Hwy. 63, 25 June 1982, 1 cf,
Harris and O'Neil (SCH); Cedar Creek, 6 miles east of Citronelle, 4 Aug. 1982, 1 cf, Harris
(SCH); Cedar Creek as above, 20 Sept. 1982, 2 cf, Harris and O'Neil (SCH); Escatawpa
River, 7 miles west of Citronelle, 5 Aug. 1982, 2 cf, Harris and O'Neil (SCH); Bennett Creek,
6 miles west of Citronelle, 5 Aug. 1982, 3 cf, Harris and O'Neil (SCH); Chickasaw Creek, 2
miles north of Oak Grove, 24 June 1982, 1 cf, Harris and O'Neil (SCH); Baldwin County,
Little Rvier at Hwy. 59, 1 1 May 1982, 1 cf, Harris (SCH); Pine Log Creek at Hwy. 59, 1 1
May 1982, 3 cf, Harris (USNM); Washington County, Pond Creek at Co. Rd. 9, 13 May
1982, 1 cf, Harris (USNM); Okwakee Creek at Co. Rd. 9, 13 May 1982, 1 cf, Harris
(USNM); Monroe County, Little River at Little River State Park, 1 1 May 1982, 1 cf, Harris
(USNM); Choctaw County, Middle Tallawampa Creek at Co. Rd. 23, 16 May 1982, 4 cf,
Harris (RWK); Tallawampa Creek at Co. Rd. 23, 16 May 1982, 1 cf, Harris (INHS); Butler
County, Pigeon Creek at Hwy. 110, 4 Sept. 1982, 1 cf, Harris (INHS); Perry County,
Oakmulgee Creek at Co. Rd. 30, 15 June 1981, 1 cf, Harris (INHS); Oakmulgee Creek at
Hwy. 2 1 9, 20 Sept. 1 98 1 , 1 cf , Harris and O'Neil (INHS); Tuscaloosa County, Tyro Creek, 4
miles southeast of Berry, 15 June 1982, 1 cf, Harris and O'Neil (INHS); Escambia County,
Little Escambia Creek at Hwy. 31, 6 Aug. 1982, 1 cf, Harris and O'Neil (INHS).
Hydroptila parastrepha n. sp.
(Fig. 2)
This species can be placed in the consimilis group and is closely
related to strepha Ross. It can be distinguished from the latter on the basis of
the inferior appendages which are distally broad, each bearing a darkly
pigmented spot on the apex. The sclerotized plate supporting the aedeagus
is distinctly pointed distally, unlike the rounded conformation in strepha.
Male: Antennae 29-segmented. Length 3.5 mm. Apicomesal process of Venter VII
short. Dorsum IX with mid-dorsal projection; blunt posterolateral processes; venter deeply
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
183
ymt j
Figs. 1-2. Male genitalia- Segments VII-X and aedeagus. 1, Neotrichiaalabamensisn.sp. 2,
Hydroptila parastrepha n. sp.
184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
excised anteriorly with a pair of posteriorly directed apodemes articulating with inferior
appendages. Inferior appendages lacking mesal connection; with narrow anterior projections;
broadening distally with black spot at apex. Tergum X largely membranous with lightly
sclerotized lateral bands; sclerotized lateral rods enclose aedeagus and fuse ventrad of that
structure. Aedeagus with broadened distal portion from which ejaculatory duct protrudes at
tip; titillator short.
Female: Unknown.
Holotype, male: ALABAMA, Mobile County, Puppy Creek at Co. Rd. 217, 7 miles
southwest of Citronelle, 9 Nov. 1981, Harris (USNM).
Paratypes: Same, but 12 May 1982, 1 cf (SCH); Mobile County, Cedar Creek, 12 May
1982, 1 cf, Harris (RWK).
Oxyethira lumipollex n. sp.
(Fig. 3)
It appears that this species is part of the forcipata group, being most
closely related to setosa Denning. There are many characters which render
it distinct, including the shape of segment VIII with its two lateral spines and
the tapering distal process of the aedeagus.
Male: Antennae 3 1 -segmented. Length 2.9 mm. Venter VII with apicomesal process.
Segment VIII short; dorsum roundly excised; pleuron excised dorsolaterally and bearing two
spines, one at innermost point of excision and another at tip of lateral finger-like process.
Venter IX reaching to posterior end of segment VII; dorsum IX reduced to thin strip. Inferior
appendages apparently lacking. Subgenital processes convergent, with blackened tips.
Aedeagus wtih ventral sclerotized process tapering to a point; titillator encircling aedeagus one
time.
Female: Unknown.
Entymology: Latin: "thorn-thumb."
Holotype, male: ALABAMA, Mobile County, Bennett Creek, 6 miles west of Citronelle, 30
Sept. 1981, Harris, O'Neill, and McCullough (USNM).
Paratypes: Same as above, 1 cf ; same as above, but 5 Aug. 1 982, 1 cf , Harris and O'Neil
(USNM); Escatawpa River, 7 miles west of Citronelle, 31 March 1982, 2 cf, Mettee and
O'Neil (RWK); Escatawpa River same as above, but 20 Sept. 1982, 1 cf, Harris and O'Neil
(INKS); Beaver Pond Branch, 1.5 miles west of Citronelle, 5 Aug. 1982, 1 cf, Harris and
O'Neil (INHS); Washington County, Bates Creek at Hwy. 43, Aug. 1982, 1 cf, Harris and
O'Neil (INHS); Choctaw County, Tallawampa Creek at Co. Rd. 23, 16 May 1982, 1 cf,
Harris (SCH); Bogueloosa Creek at Co. Hwy. 9 near Toxey, 16 May 1982, 10 cf, Harris
(SCH); Perry County, Oakmulgee Creek at Hwy. 219, 4 Apr. 1982, 1 cf, Harris and O'Neil
(SCH).
Oxyethira savanniensis n. sp.
(Fig. 4)
This species belongs to the grisea group. It is similar to novasota Ross,
grisea Betten, and rivicola Blickle and Morse in the heavily sclerotized, M-
shaped inferior appendages. However, the broad dorsum IX and complete,
non-excised, posterior margin of segment VIII are reminiscent of lumosa.
The combination of characters mentioned above along with the elongate
process of the aedeagus render it distinct.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
185
lateral
Figs. 3-4. Male genitalia - Segments VII-X and aedeagus. 3, Oxyethira lumipollex n. sp. 4,
Oxyethira savanniensis n. sp.
186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Male: Antennae 29-segmented. Length 24 mm. Venter VII with apicomesal process.
Segment VIII cylindrical with posterior margin complete, not excised. Inferior appendages
heavily sclerotized and M-shape. Subgential processes pointed and convergent. Aedeagus
with long distal process beginning at midlength and widening distally; titillator encircling
aedeagus twice.
Female: Unknown.
Etymology: Referring to the type locality inthe Savannah River Basin.
Holotype, male: SOUTH CAROLINA, Aiken County, Savannah River Plant, Upper
Three Runs Creek at SRP 8-1, 29 March 1976, Herlong and Prichard (USNM).
Paratypes: ALABAMA, Mobile County, Puppy Creek at Co. Rd. 217, 25 June 1982, 1
cf, Harris and O'Neil (USNM); Puppy Creek same as above, but 12 May 1982, 4 cf (RWK);
Puppy Creek same as above, but 20 Sept. 1982, 3 cf, Harris (RWK); Escatawpa River, 7
miles west of Citronelle, 5 Aug. 1982. 2 cf, Harris and O'Neil (USNM); Nobodies Creek near
junction with Escatawpa River, 8.5 miles southwest of Citronelle, 13 May 1982, 4 cf, Harris
(USNM); Bennett Creek, 6 miles west of Citronelle, 20 Sept. 1982, 1 cf, Harris (USNM);
Chickasaw Creek, 2 miles north of Oak Grove, 24 June 1 982, 1 cf , Harris and O'Neil (INHS);
Beaver Pond Branch, 1.5 miles west of Citronelle, 5 Aug. 1982, 1 cf, Harris and O'Neil
(INHS); Cedar Creek, 6 miles east of Citronelle, 4 Aug. 1982, 2 cf, Harris and O'Neil
(INHS); Indian Grave Creek near junction Cedar Creek, 4 Aug. 1 982, 1 cf , Harris and O'Neil
(INHS); Baldwin County, Turkey Creek at Hwy. 59, 11 May 1982, 2 cf, Harris (INHS);
Farris Creek at Hwy. 59, 1 1 May 1982, 25 cf , Harris (INHS); Hall Creek at Hwy. 59, 1 1 May
1 982, 5 cf , Harris ( SCH); Washington County, Okwakee Creek at Co. Rd. 9, 1 3 May 1982,3
cf, Harris (SCH); Bates Creek at Hwy. 43, 4 Aug. 1982, 2 cf, Harris and O'Neil (SCH);
Escambia County, Blackwater Creek at Co. Rd. 4, 12 June 1982, 1 cf, Harris (SCH).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Patrick O'Neil of the Geological Survey of Alabama for his
assistance in field collections. We also thank Jolanta Wilman for assistance in processing of
collections and Sabra Rager for typing the manuscript. Much of the study was supported by a
grant (#82-9002) from the State Oil and Gas Board of Alabama and by the U.S. Department
of Energy's Savannah River National Environmental Research Park, Aiken, South Carolina.
LITERATURE CITED
Blickle, R.L. 1961. New species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol.
Soc. 56(5): 131-134.
Denning, D.G. 1947. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) from southern Unietd States. Can.
Entomol. 79: 12-20.
Kelley, R.W. 1981. New species of Oxyethira (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from the
southeastern United States. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 16(3): 368-375.
Kingsolver, J.M. and H.H. Ross. 1 96 1 . New species of Nearctic Orthotrichia (Hydroptilidae,
Trichoptera). Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 54(1,2): 28-33.
Ross, H.H. 1941. Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera. Trans. Amer.
Entomol. Soc. 67: 35-126.
1948. Notes and descriptions of Nearactic Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Jour.
Washington Acad. Sci. 38(6): 201-206.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 187
A NEW SPECIES OF UNERUS FROM HONDURAS
(HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)1 2
Paul H. Freytag^
ABSTRACT: A deltocephaline leafhopper Unerusgilvus n. sp. is described from Honduras,
and compared with U. colonus (Uhler) and U. fessulus (Van Duzee).
Linnavouri (1959) revised the deltocephaline leafhoppers of the genus
Unerus DeLong and included two subgenera, Unerus with three species
and Mattogrossus with one species. Linnavouri and DeLong (1978) added
fessulus (Van Duzee) to the subgenus Unerus. I add one additional species
from Honduras to this same subgenus.
Unerus gilvus n. sp.
(Figures 3, 4, and 10-14)
Length of male 3.9-4.0 mm., female 4.1 mm.
Rcsemb\ing fessulus (Van Duzee) (redescription in Linnavouri and DeLong 1978: 228)
but with apical spots on crown.
Generally pale ochraceous, with faintly indicated pattern on frontoclypeus, crown with
two pairs of spots, larger pair behind ocelli and a smaller apical pair between ocelli. Face with
pair of dark spots between the ends of frontoclypeal sutures and eyes.
Male genitalia: Pygofer similar to colonus (Uhler) but posterior process (Fig. 14) not
greatly expanded at base and more sharply pointed at apex. Genital plates (Fig. 13) triangular
with lateral margin short with a few macrosetae (usually four). Style (Fig. 1 2) with apex small,
claw-like, base robust. Aedeagus (Figs. 10 & 1 1 ) long, slender, evenly curved dorsad, gonapore
subapical, apex bifed, sharply pointed, and a pair of extremely short, lateral processes halt
distance to base.
Female seventh sternum similar to colonus, except median projection shorter and wider.
Holotype male, Honduras, El Zamorano, Nov. -Dec., 1970, George F. Freytag,
blacklight trap: allotype female, same data except July 22 and 29, 1 970, both deposited in the
collection of the California Academy of Science. Paratypes: one male, same data as
holotype, deposited in the Ohio State University Collection; and one male, same data, except
Oct.-Nov., in the University of Kentucky Collection.
Notes: The male of fessulus is unknown but the color markings of the
head are similar to this new species, except for the lack of the apical spots on
the crown. I believe fessulus is a distinct species, not as Linnavuori and
DeLong speculated that it would be a synonym of colonus.
The head and male genitalia of colonus (Figs. 1, 2 and 5-9) are
illustrated for comparison with gilvus. The major difference between this
Deceived May 9, 1983. Accepted July 23, 1983.
investigation reported in this paper (83-7-70) is in connection with a project of the
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station and is published with approval of the Director.
3 Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091
ENT. NEWS, 94(5) 187-190 November & December 1983
188
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
COLONUS
I mm
GILVUS
Figs. 1-2. Male U. colonus (Uhler). 1, head, pronotum and scutellum (dorsal aspect). 2, head
(anterior aspect). Figs. 3-4. Male U. gilvus n. sp. 3, head, pronotum and scutellum (dorsal
aspect). 4, head (anterior aspect). All drawn to the same scale.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
189
COLONUS
14
GILVUS
Figs. 5-9. Male genitalia of U. colonus(UMer). 5, aedeagus and connective (lateral aspect). 6,
apex of aedeagus (ventral aspect). 7, style (dorsal aspect). 8, genital plate (dorsal aspect). 9,
posterior margin of pyrofer( lateral aspect). Figs. 10-14. Male genitalia of U. gilvusn. sp. 10,
aedeagus and connective (lateral aspect). 11, apex of aedeagus (ventral aspect). 12, style
(dorsal aspect). 13, genital plate (dorsal aspect). 14, posterior margin of pyrofer (lateral
aspect). All drawn to the same scale.
190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
new species and colonus is the lack of a distinct dark pattern on the
frontoclypeus, as in colonus, and the male aedeagus with very small medial
processes, not the wing-like subapical processes as in colonus.
The known distributions are: colonus from the United States, West
Indies, Panama, and most of South America, fessulus only from Jamaica,
and gilvus only from Honduras. The other two species in this subgenus are
both known only from Argentina.
LITERATURE CITED
Linnavuori, R.E. 1959. Revision of the Neotropical Deltocephalinae and some related
subfamilies (Homoptera). Ann. Zool. Soc. Vanamo 20: 1-370.
Linnavuori, R.E. and D.M. DeLong. 1978. Some New or Little Known Neotropical
Deltocelphalinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Brenesia 14-15: 227-247.
SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 19, 1983
Professor Dewey Caron, Chairman of the Department of Entomology and Applied
Ecology at the University of Delaware, was the featured speaker at the American
Entomological Society's first regular meeting of the 1983-84 year. Thirteen members and nine
guests were treated to Dr. Caron's very informative talk on the "Status of the Killer Bee."
Although the "killer bee" is morphologically almost identical to the normal European
honey bee, behaviorly it is distinct and is considered to be a separate race of Apis mellifera.
These bees are no more venomous than their European kin, but they are considerably more
aggressive and will attack en masse with the slightest provocation. The race originated in the
sub-Sahara of Africa and was introduced to Brazil in 1957. They accidently escaped, quickly
established themselves, and have now displaced commercial colonies and many native bee
species throughout tropical and part of temperate South America. Currently they are
advancing across Central America at the rate of 200 to 300 miles per year. They are expected
to arrive in the southern United States in about 1990 and eventually to infest much of the
southern and coastal United States.
The implications of this imminent arrival are hard to assess but they may be great. Bee-
keeping for the hobbyist may become impossible as it has in much of South America. Culture
techniques will have to change. The current 40 or so deaths per year due to bee stings may well
increase. Furthermore, there is likely to be an effect on the one-third of the American diet
estimated to be derived from bee pollinated crops.
Although it had been theorized that the aggressive traits of the killer bee would be diluted
by mating with local bee populations. Dr. Caron's research in Panama indicates that
"Africanization" occurs by displacement without hybridization. Thus it seems unlikely that
their unwanted traits will be reduced by the docile local honey bees.
In notes of local entomological interest, Roger Fuester predicted that the southern New
Jersey and Delaware populations of the gypsy moth would not collapse until 1985 or 1986.
Other members noted the apparent abundance of earwigs, aphids, and preying mantids this
fall.
Harold B. White
Corresponding Secretary
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 191
THE TICKS OF SOUTH DAKOTA: AN
ANNOTATED CHECKLIST (ACARI:
IXODOIDEA)1'2
Emmett R. Easton^
ABSTRACT: Collection data are reported for 16 species of ticks from South Dakota. Nine
species, Argas cooleyi Kohls & Hoogstraal, Ornithodorus concanensis Cooley & Kohls,
Otobius megnini (Duges), Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, Haemaphysalis chordeilis (Packard),
H. leporispalustris (Packard), Ixodes eastoni Keirans & Clifford, /. kingi Bishopp and /.
spinipalpis Hadwen & Nuttall are restricted in distribution to the western portion of the state,
west of the Missouri River. Six species, Ornithodoros kelleyiCoo\ey & Kohls, Dermacentor
albipictus (Packard), D. variabilis (Say), Ixodes sculptus Neumann, /. muris Bishopp &
Smith and Rhipicephalus sanquineus Latreille are more widely distributed, while /. cookei
Packard is restricted in distribution to the eastern edge of the state.
Ticks have long been recognized as important transmitters of various
disease agents to both man and animals. Saliba et al. (1966) described an
outbreak of tularemia among native Americans on the Rosebud and Pine
Ridge Indian Reservations of southwestern South Dakota that was
associated with Dermacentor variabilis. Cases of Rocky Mountain spotted
fever in man, associated with D. variabilis, regularly occur each year, more
often in eastern South Dakota, and the virus of Colorado tick fever
associated with D. andersoni is probably transmitted to man each year in
the Black Hills of the western portion of the State. Powassan virus, a
proven human disease agent, has been isolated from the blood of small
mammals and ticks, /. spinipalpis and D. andersoni from Spearfish
Canyon in the northern Black Hills (Keirans and Clifford 1983).
Non-human etiological agents of disease have also been isolated from
ticks in this state. Several isolations of the soft tick viruses Sapphire II and
Six Gun City have been recovered from Argas cooleyi collected from the
Badlands and the Wind Cave National Parks of southwestern South
Dakota (C.E. Yunker, pers. comm.).
The relationship to disease of these 16 species of ticks and their
distribution, as provided in this list, will become more important as this
geographical area is shared with an ever expanding tourist population.
Currently many vacationers from the 50 United States as well as the
1 Received for publication April 15, 183. Accepted July 25, 1983.
2Technical paper No. 1916 cf the South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment
Station.
•> Associate Professor of Entomology, Plant Science Department, South Dakota State
University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007.
ENT. NEWS, 94(5) 191-195 November & December 1983
192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
provinces of Canada find the Black Hills area and the Badlands National
Park pleasant areas to visit. Unless otherwise indicated by the name of the
collector, the tick records included here were made by the author and most
are on file at the Rocky Mountain Laboratories (USPHS), Hamilton,
Montana. Entomologists and other persons concerned with ticks should be
advised that the RML tick collection was transferred to The Smithsonian
Institutions's new facility at Silver Hill, Maryland in August of 1983 (J.E.
Keirans, pers. comm.).
Family Argasidae Canestrini
Genus Argas Latreille
Argas cooleyi Kohls & Hoogstraal, Ex. nesting sites of cliff swallows, Petrochelidon
pyrrhonota from the following locations: on face of cliff, 20 Aug. 1977, Wind Cave
Canyon, Wind Cave NatM Pk., Custer Co.; nesting sites under small bridge, 24 Aug. 1977,
Badland Nat'l Pk. n. of Interior, Jackson, Co.; nests in metal road culvert, 30 June 1980, e.
side of Cuny Table near Rockford in Northern Shannon Co.; 19 July 1980, 18 mi se. of
Scenic, Pennington Co.
First published record in state was by Wilson ( 1978) from P. pyrrhonota nesting sites in
a road culvert near Wanblee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reserv., Washabaugh Co.
Genus Ornithodoros C.L. Koch
Ornithodoros concanensis Cooley & Kohls. Ex. nesting site of P. pyrrhonota on face of cliff,
20 Aug. 1977, Wind Cave Canyon in Wind Cave Nat'l Pk., Custer Co.; ex. imm. prairie
falcons Falco mexicanus, 24-25 June 1967, western South Dakota J. Flavin (RML
47651); ex. woman, Aug. 1967. Ft. Pierre, Stanley Co. B. Diamond (RML 48622).
First published record by Wilson (1978) was from cliff swallow nests near Wanblee,
Washabaugh Co.
Ornithodoros kelleyi, Cooley & Kohls. Ex. Myotis lucifugus carissima, 29 May 1968,
Harding Co., J.K.Jones, Jr. ( RML 50369); ex. A/Vo/ws. subulatus, 20 June 1947, 2 mi.se
Wall, Pennington Co., M.L. Johnson (RML 24329); ex. Myotis lucifugus in school, Sept.
1979, Mission, Todd Co. (RML 109699).
First published record of this species by Anderson and Jones, Jr. ( 1 97 1 ) was from a barn
at Ralph in eastern Harding Co.
Genus Otobius Banks
Otobius megnini (Duges). Cooley and Kohls (1944) reported the spinose ear tick from
the ears of cattle in Haakon and Fall River Counties.
The lack of recent record of O. megnini from South Dakota as well as the permanent
establishment of the parasite in neighboring states suggests that previous records probably
resulted from interstate movement of livestock.
Family Ixodidae Murray
Genus Dermacentor Koch
Dermacentor albipict us (Packard). Ex. mountain goat, Oreamnos americanus, 22 Novem-
ber 1951, Custer State Park, Custer Co., collector unknown, ( RML 3003 3 ); ex. elk, Cervus
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 193
canadensis, 25 Jan. 1924, Wind Cave Nat'l Pk., Custer Co., collector unknown, (RML
60433); ex. drag, 13 June 1962, Spearfish Canyon, Lawrence Co., R. Kennedy; (RML
38013); ex beneath bale of hay, 4 May 1980, Redig, Harding Co.; ex. cattle, 8 Dec. 1982,
Tyndall, Bon Homme Co.
Bishopp and Trembley ( 1945) first reported this tick from South Dakota, but hosts were
not listed. Boddicker and Hugghins ( 1 969) found D. albipictus on mule deer, Odocoileus
hemionus in the Slim Buttes area of Harding Co. and the record from Bon Homme Co.
listed above is the first reported occurrence of this species in eastern South Dakota.
Dermacentor andersoni Stiles. Ex. woman, August 1950, Newell, Butte Co., collector
unknown, (RML 27865); ex. drag, 18 May 1955, Wind Cave Nat'l Pk. campground,
Custer Co. (RML 33268); ex. drag 1 3 May 1955, 1 mi. w. headquarters, Custer State Pk.,
Custer Co., Kohls and Jellison, (RML 33260); ex. drag, 14 June 1978, Hells Canyon,
Jewell Cave Nat'l Mon., Custer Co.; in sheep pens, 16 May 1955, 12 mi. w. of Edgemont,
Fall River Co. (RML 33264); ex. Eutamias minimus pallidus, 15 May 1968,2mi.s. 3 1/4
mi. from Reva, Harding Co., J.K. Jones, Jr. (RML 50367); ex. drag, 13 June 1978, 12 mi.
s. of Reva. Custer Nat. For., Harding Co.; ex. drag, 28 May 1963, near Interior, Jackson
Co., J. Bell and G.M. Kohls (RML 38798); ex. drag, 2 May 1982. Spearfish Canyon,
Lawrence Co. (RML 1 15987); ex. drag, 2 May 1 980, Bear Butte State Pk., Meade Co.; ex.
man, 1 1 April 1948, Rapid City, Pennington Co., collector unknown (RML 25337); ex.
drag, 3 May 1982, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Shannon Co. (RML 1 15990).
Dermacentor variabilis (Say). Ex. drag, 24 May 1977, Oak Lane Girl Scout Camp, 7 mi. s.
of Astoria, Brookings Co. (RML 105144); ex. drag, 3 June 1963, Belle Fourche River
between Newell and Belle Fourche, Butte Co., G.M. Kohls and J. Bell; ex. drag, 8 May
1981, Bailey's Lake 9 mi. n. of Clark, Clark Co.; ex. drag, 10 May 1977, 2 1/2 mi. NE
Watertown, Codington Co.; ex. drag, 20 June 1981, Mitchell, along Big Sioux River,
Davison Co.; ex. dog. 22 July 1957, Enemy Swim District, Day Co. (RML 34616); ex.
drag, 1 June 1979, 2 miles northwest of Gary, Deuel Co., Kieckhefer and Swartos (RML
109474); ex. drag, 18 May 1955, 1 1 mi. NW Oelrichs, Fall River Co., G.M. Kohls and
W.L. Jellison (RML 33269); ex. drag, 15 May 1980, Damerow road side park, 4 mi. s. of
Milbank, Grant Co.; ex. coyote, Canis latrans, 5 May 1977, 3 miles northwest of Lucas,
Gregory Co., E. Sheldon; ex. drag, 10 May 1977, Lake Poinsett State Pk., HamlinCo.;ex.
drag, 23 May 1979, St. Lawrence Natural Pk., St. Lawrence, Hand Co.; ex. drag. 30 April
1 982, Farm Island State Pk., SE of Pierre, Hughes Co., (RML 1 1 5992); ex. drag 3 1 May
1977, Cottonwood Range and Livestock Research Station, 2 mi. E. of Cottonwood,
Jackson Co.; ex. drag, 1 3 May 1980, Lake Whitewood s. of Lake Preston, Kingsbury Co.;
ex. Erethizon dorsatum, 25 May 1979, Whitewood, Lawrence Co., (RML 109470); ex.
drag, 3 June 1978, Newton Hills State Pk., 5 mi. s. of Canton, Lincoln Co.; ex. drag, 21
May 1977, Sica Hollow State Pk., 16 mi. NW of Sisseton, Marshall Co. (RML 105 143):
ex. drag, 10 July 1979, Bear Butte State Pk., 9 mi. n. of Sturgis, Meade Co. (RML 109490);
ex. dog, 2 May 1972,5 mi. n. ofColman, Moody Co.; ex. man, 28 April 1937, Rapid City,
Pennington Co., R.J. Jackson (RML 1 3 167); ex. drag, 30 June 1978, Shadehill Reservoir,
Perkins Co.; ex. drag, 20 May 1979, Hartford Beach State Pk., Roberts Co. (RML
109462); ex. drag, 30 April 1982, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Shannon Co., J. Casken
and E.R. Easton (RML 115989); ex. porpupine, Erethizon dorsatum, 9 July 1979, 17
miles n. Midland, Stanley Co., (RML 109491); ex. dog, 3 May 1982, Rosebud Indian
Reservation, Todd Co., R. Ballinger (RML 115991); ex. drag, 12 May 1979, Union
County State Park,l 1 mi. s. of Beresford, Union Co., (RML 109460); ex. drag, 24 May
1977, 12 miles ne Dupree, Ziebach Co., G.M. Kohls and J. Bell.
Saliba et al. ( 1 966) reported this species from Todd and Shannon Counties in the western
part of the state, but Ulrich and Vaughn (1963) were first to report it from Clay County in
southeastern South Dakota.
194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Genus Haemaphysalis Koch
Haemaphysalis chordeilis (Packard). Boddicker and Hugghins (1965) collected this tick
from sharptailed grouse, Pedioecetes phasinaellus, in either Haakon, Jackson, Mellette or
Washabaugh Co. of WC South Dakota.
Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard). Ex. Sylvilagus audubonii, 6 Aug. 1980,
Martin, Bennett Co., (B. Baran & E.R. Easton); ex. Sylvilagus floridanus, 30 May 1980,
Spearfish Canyon, s. of Spearfish, Lawrence Co., (E.R. Easton, C.M. Clifford and J.E.
Keirans.
Even though Bishopp and Trembley (1945: Fig. 11) show H. leporispalustris as
occurring nationwide, their collections at that time did not contain material from South
Dakota. Turner (1974) evidently was first to report this species from S. auduboni near
Minnekahta in Fall River Co. Thus far, I have been unable to find the rabbit tick in South
Dakota east of the Missouri River.
Genus Ixodes Latreille
Ixodes cookei Packard. The only record of this tick available to me is from Banks ( 1 908), who
reported /. cookei from a small mammal (possibly a woodchuck) from Brookings,
Brookings Co.
Ixodes eastoni Keirans & Clifford. Reported originally by Keirans and Clifford (1983) from
rodents and insectivores from Lawrence and Pennington Counties of the northern Black
Hills as well as from Harding Co., in the northwestern part of the state.
Ixodes kingi Bishopp. Ex. red fox, vulpes vulpes, 19 May 1978, 16 Mi. e. of Chamberlain,
Brule Co., C. Emmett; ex. Peromvscus maniculatus, 17 June 1967, Fall River Co., J.K.
Jones, Jr. (RML 48986); ex. C. latrans, 12 October 1976, Harding Co., (L. Sheldon); ex.
Mustelafrenata, 29 July 1972, e. of Cottonwood, Jackson Co. (RML 64200); ex. Mustela
nigripes, 23 Oct. 1952, Zeona, 4 mi. n. ofMoreau River, Perkins Co. (RML 64214); ex.
swift fox, Vulpes velox, June-Aug. 1978, 14 mi. n. of Ogalala, Shannon Co., J. Sharp.
First reported by Boddicker (1968) from M. nigripes in Mellette Co.
Ixodes muris Bishopp & Smith. Ex. Zapus hudsonius pallidus, 8 July 1967, LaCreek
National Wildlife Ref., 4 mi. s. 8 mi. e., Martin, Bennett Co., J.K. Jones, Jr. (RML 48988);
ex. Microtus p. pennsvlvanicus, 18 June 1965, Hartford Beach State Pk., Roberts Co.,
J.K. Jones, Jr. (RML46415).
First reported in this state by Keirans and Clifford (1978) without additional data.
Ixodes sculptus Neumann. Ex. Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, 27 July 1968, Cusler Co.
J.K. Jones, Jr. (RML 53745); ex. Cynomys ludovicianus, April- June 1977, Wind Cave
Nat'l Pkg., Custer Co., (J. Hoogland); ex. S. tridecemlineauts, 24 March 1977, Buffalo,
Harding Co.: ex. Canis latrans, 11 Sept. 1976, Harding Co.; ex. longtail weasel M.
frenata, June 1977, 7 mi. w. of Highmore, Hyde Co.; ex. S. tridecemlineatus, 24 July
1972, se of Cottonwood, Jackson Co. (RML 64256).
Cooley and Kohls ( 1 945 ) record this tick from S. tridecimlineatus in Brookings Co., but
the earliest report was apparently by Bishopp (1911) (RML 66141).
Ixodes spinipalpis Hadwen & Nuttall. Ex. Neotoma cinerea, 26 July 1967, 2 mi. s., 10 mi.
w. of Lead, Lawrence Co., J.K. Jones, Jr. (RML 48989); ex. N. cinerea, 14 Aug. 1979,
Spearfish Canyon, Lawrence Co.; ex. Peromvscus maniculatus, 27 Aug. 1968, Wind
Cave Canyon, Wind Cave Nat'l Pk., Custer Co., J.K. Jones, Jr. (RML 53746); ex. P.
maniculatus, 4 Sept. 1983, 1 mi. n.,5 1/2 mi. e. of Hot Springs. Fall River Co., J.K. Jones,
Jr. (RML 53768).
McLean et al. (1964) mentioned isolations of Powassan virus from /. spinipalpis
collected from Peromvscus mice in Spearfish Canyon in Lawrence Co.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 195
Genus Rhipicephalus Koch
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille). Ex. dog in home, 21 Apr. 1980, Huron, Beadle Co.
Nelson (1966) was first to report this species in South Dakota on a map of record
nationwide. Later Nelson ( 1 968) listed a single record from Madison, Lake Co.. according
to a U.S. Dept. of Agriculture collection dated 21 April 1962. The lack of additional
records of this species in South Dakota indicates that R. sanguineus not only cannot
overwinter out-of-doors at this latitude, but ticks would have to be accidentally introduced
during the short summer season through the movements of pet animals for tick multiplication
to occur.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author thanks James E. Keirans and Carleton M. Clifford of the Rocky Mountain
Laboratories (USPHS), Hamilton, Montana, 59840, for permission to include records from
their files. James E. Keirans critically read the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Anderson, K.W. and J.K. Jones, Jr. 1971. Mammals of Northwestern South Dakota. Univ.
Kans., Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 19: 361-93.
Banks, N. 1908. A revision of the ixodoidea, or ticks of the United States. Tech. Ser. Bur.
Entomol. U.S. Dept. Agr. 15. 61 p.
Bishopp, F.C. 1911. Some new North American Ixodidae with notes on other species. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash. 24: 197-208.
Bishopp, F.C. and H.L. Trembly. 1945. Distribution and hosts of certain North American
ticks. J. Parasitol. 31: 1-54.
Boddicker, M.L. 1968. Parasites of the black-footed ferret. Proc. So. Dak. Acad. Science
47: 141-148.
Boddicker, M.L. and E.J. Hugghins. 1965. Parasites of sharp-tailed grouse in South
Dakota. Proc. So. Dak. Acad. Science 44: 244.
Boddicker, M.L. and E.J. Hugghins. 1969. Parasites of white tail and mule deer in South
Dakota. Proc. So. Dak. Acad. Science 48: 47-57.
Cooley, R.A. and G.M. Kohls. 1944. The Argasidae of North America, Central America
and Cuba. Amer. Midi. Natur. Monog. 1.
Cooley, R.A. and G.M. Kohls. 1945. The genus Ixodes in North America. Natl. Inst. Health
Bull. 184. 246 pp.
Keirans, J.E. and C.M. Clifford. 1 978. The genus Ixodes in the United States: A scanning
electron microscope study and key to the adults. Suppl. No. 2. J. Med Entomol. 149 pp.
Keirans, J.E. and C.M. Clifford. 1983. Ixodes (Pholeoixodes)eastonin. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), A
parasite of rodents and insectivores in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. J. Med.
Entomol. 20: 90-98.
McLean, D.M., J.M. Best, S. Mahalingham, M.A. Chernesky and W.E. Wilson. 1964.
Powassan virus: Summer infection cycle, 1964. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 91: 1360-62.
Nelson, V.A. 1966. Pinpointing brown dog ticks. Pest Control 34: 18.
Nelson, V.A. 1 968. The brown dog tick in the United States. Melsheimer Entomol. Ser. 2: 1 -
2.
Saliba, G.S., F.C. Harmston, B.E. Diamond, C.L. Zymet, M.I. Goldenberg, and T.D.Y.
Chin. 1966. An outbreak of human Tularemia associated with the American dog tick,
Dermacentor variabilis. Amer. J. Trop. Med. & Hyg. 15: 531-38.
Turner, R.W. 1 974. Mammals of the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. Misc. Publ.
Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat. Hist. 60. 178 pp.
Ulrich, M.G. and C.M. Vaughn. 1963. Some intestinal and external parasites of the Deer
mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. Proc. So. Dak. Acad. Sci. 42: 140-143.
Wilson, N. 1978. Four ectoparasites from South Dakota. Entomol. News 89: 77-78.
196 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
THE HORSE FLIES AND DEER FLIES OF
SOUTH DAKOTA
NEW STATE RECORDS AND AN ANNOTATED
CHECKLIST (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE)1' 2
Emmett R. Eastern^
ABSTRACT: Collecting data are reported for 33 species of Tabanidae from South Dakota.
New state records and ecological data are presented for 6 tabanid species: Haematopota
americana Osten Sacken, Hybomitra epistates (Osten Sacken), H. opaca (Coquillett),
Tabanus lineola Fabricus, T. marginalis Fabricus, and Tabanus punctifer Osten Sacken.
The horse and deer flies have always been considered one of the more
economically important groups in the order Diptera. They not only possess
the potential for transmitting pathogenic organisms to livestock and man
(i.e. anaplasmosis, equine infectious anemia, tularemia) but their control is
difficult to achieve by any means. Insecticides, although widely used, are
only partially effective.
Egg masses of Tabanus similis Macquart and Chrysops aestuans Van
der Wulp are laid on aquatic emergent vegetation that surrounds farm ponds
and impoundments in many of the north central states. When beef cattle
have access to these sites, vegetation is often consumed or trampled,
reducing the available oviposition sites for these flies. The lower numbers of
horse and deer flies that inhabited farm ponds in western South Dakota in
1980 indicate that vegetative management on farms and ranches can
appreciably lower populations of both T. similis and C. aestuans (Easton
1982).
The present list includes 33 species, of which six are reported in the
state for the first time. Records are based on specimens in the South Dakota
State University insect collection, in addition to those collected by the
author. Determination of Tabanidae in the SDSU collection has been made
previously by L.L. Pechuman of Cornell University and C.B. Philip
(California Academy). The initials following each collection refer to the
original collector. Records of species lacking an initial were collected by the
author.
1 Received April 4, 1983. Accepted June 16, 1983.
^Technical paper No. 1910 of the South Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment
Station.
•> Associate Professor of Entomology, Plant Science Department, South Dakota State
University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007.
ENT. NEWS, 94(5) 196-200 November & December 1983
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 197
Subfamily Chrysopsinae
Genus Silvius Meigen
Silvius quadrivittatus (Say). 14 June 1936, Springfield, Bon Homme County, HCS; 10 July
1924, Hot Springs, Fall River County, H; 22 July 1982, 10 miles east, 5 miles south of
Buffalo, Harding County; 23 June 1923; Philip, Jackson County. HCS; 1 July 1946, Elk
Point, Union County, HCS; 23 June 1 946, Yankton, Yankton County. Miller (1978) first
reported this species in South Dakota but county records were not given.
Silvius pollinosus Williston. 1 July 1 978, Badlands National Park, Jackson County; 1 8 July
1 980, 2 miles east of Cottonwood, Jackson County; 9 July 1 979, Haakon County; 1 5 July
1977, 10 miles east, 3 miles south of Buffalo, Antelope Range and Livestock Research
Station, Harding County; 12 July 1979, Wasta, along the Cheyenne River, Pennington
County. Reported earlier in South Dakota by Philip (1965) and more recently by Easton
(1982) from the Cottonwood Range and Livestock Experiment Station in Jackson County.
Genus Chrysops Meigen
Chrysops aestuans Wulp. 24 June 1939, 10 miles south of Wolsey, Beadle County, HCS; 28
June 1939, 5 miles east of Wessington, Beadle County, NPL; 5 August, 1967, LaCreek
Lake Wildlife Refuge, Bennett County, EUB; 25 June 1924, Springfield, Bon Homme
County, H.; 24 June 1923, Newell, Butte County, HCS; 31 July 1940, Belle Fourche.
Butte County, NPL; 1 9 June 1 92 1 , Volga, 24 Aug. 1 923, Bruce, Brookings County, HCS;
19 June 1933, Hecla, Brown County, HCS; 12 July 1966, Aberdeen, Brown County; 5
July 1946, Henry, Codington County, HCS; 5 July 1946, Watertown, Codington County,
HCS; 20 July 1967, Mclntosh, Corson County, EUB; 5 August 1967, Stockade Lake,
Custer State Park, Custer County, EUB; 15 August 1924, Waubay, Day County, H; 16
July 1967, Dry Lake, Hamlin County, EUB; 15 June 1977, 15 miles southeast of Buffalo,
Harding County; 15 July 1945, Canning, Hughes County, HCS; 11 July 1974, Farm
Island, Hughes County, PEC and EUB; 17 July 1947, Pierre, Hughes County, HCS; 5
July 1945, Highmore, Hyde County, HCS; 8 July 1947, Kennebec, Lyman County, GPS;
17 July 1947, Presho, Lyman County, HCS; 12 July 1974, Fate Dam, Lyman County,
PEC and EUB; 24 June 1 950, Cottonwood, Jackson County, HCS; July 1977, 2 miles east
of Cottonwood, Jackson County, JR; 1 1 August 1969, 2 miles west, Arlington, Kingsburg
County, JR; 12 July 1974, 1 1/2 miles north of Vivian, Lyman County, PEC and
EUB; 26 June 1 940, Faith, Meade County, GPS; 30 June 1 977, West River Beef Research
Unit, Ft. Meade, Meade County; 18 June 1929, Hartford, Vermillion River, Minnehaha
County, HCS; 7 July 1966, 2 miles southeast of Rutland, Moody County, EUB; 15 August
1979; 1 mile north Hill City, Lake Mitchell, Pennington County; 30 June 1981, 15 miles
east of Pine Ridge, Shannon County, BB; 2 August 1967. Hayes, Stanley County. EUB; 1 8
June 1924, Elk Point, Union County, H; 19 June 1924, Elk Point, Union County. C.
Aestuans is the most commonly distributed deer fly in the state and probably the most
important fly species affecting man in recreational areas. It is found in most of the lakes,
rivers, and farm ponds in this state from east to west. Cobb and Balsbaugh ( 1 976) reported
C. aestuans from Clark, Kingsbury and Spink counties.
Chrysops callidus Osten Sacken. 4 June 1953, Yankton, Yankton County, HCS. First
reported by Miller (1978).
Chrysops carbonarius Walker. 21 June 1941, 10 miles southwest of Belle Fourche. Butte
County, N.P. Larson; 19 June 1936, Newell, Butte County, HCS; 19 luly 1924, Sylvan
Lake, Custer County, H; 4 June 1 98 1 , Bear Butte State Park. Ft. Meade, Meade County;
27 May, and 3 1 May 1977,2 miles east of Cottonwood, Jackson County: 1 0 June 1 940,
Porcupine, Shannon County, LKB; 3 June 1981, Wanblee, Washabaugh County.
198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Chrysops discalis Williston. Jellison (1950) reported this species from Tulare, Spink
County, HCS.
Chrysops Julvaster Osten Sacken. 6 July 1924, Martin, Bennett County, H; 25 June 1935,
Springfield, Bon Homme County, HCS; 28 June 1923, Newell, Butte County, HCS; 29
June 1939, Fruitdale, Butte County, NRL; 16 July 1924, Custer, Custer County; 13 July
1924, Hot Springs, Fall River County, H; 21 Aug. 1978, Antelope Range and Livestock
Research Station, 10 miles east, 3 miles south of Buffalo, Harding County; 21 July 1950,
Cottonwood, Jackson County, HCS; 28 June 1941, 10 miles southwest of Spearfish,
Lawrence County, NPL; 26 July 1947, Tinton, Lawrence County, HCS; 24 June 1935,
Newton Hills, Canton, Lincoln County, NCS; 22 June 1940, 2 miles northwest of Rapid
City, Pennington County, HCS; 13 July 1928, Tulare, Spink County, HCS. Cobb and
Balsbaugh, Jr. (1976) were first to record this species from Spink County.
Chrysops furcatus Walker. 19 July, 1924, Custer, Custer County, H. Reported by Miller
(1978) but without date of collection or locality.
Chrysops Indus Osten Sacken. 3 June, 1969, Gary, Deuel County, EUB. Reported by Miller
(1978).
Chrysops mitis Osten Sacken. 16 July 1924, Custer, Custer County, H; 21 July 1950, 2
miles east of Cottonwood, Jackson County; 18 June 1968, Cheyenne Crossing, Lawrence
County, EUB; 13 June 1978, Antelope Range and Livestock Research Station 10 miles
east, 3 miles south of Buffalo, Harding County; 23 June 1950, Pierre, Hughes County,
HCS. First reported by Miller (1978).
Chrysops pikei Whitney. 30 July 1935, Edgemont, Fall River County, HCS. Reported by
Miller. (1978).
Chrysops sequax Williston. 25 July 1 98 1 , 7 miles south of Brookings, Brookings County; 3 1
July 1966, Hide- A- Woods, Deuel County, EUB; 2 miles east of Cottonwood, Jackson
County; 2 August 1967, Bear Butte, Meade County, EUB. Reported originally by Miller
(1978).
Chrysops univittatus Macquart. One female specimen collected from Yankton, Yankton
County, is represented in the Nebraska State Museum.
Subfamily Tabaninae
Genus Haematopota Meigen
Haematopota americana Osten Sacken. NEW STATE RECORD. 1 female, 15 July 1977,
Antelope Range and Livestock Research Station, 10 miles east, 3 miles south of Buffalo,
Harding County.
Genus A ty lotus Osten Sacken
Atylotus bicolor (Wiedemann). 24 June 1938, Springfield, Bon Homme County, WH.
Reported originally by Miller (1978).
Genus Hybomitra Enderlein
Hybomitra criddlei (Brooks). 25 July, 1924, Spearfish, Lawrence County, H; 4 August,
1967, 5 miles northwest Rockford, Road 231, Lawrence County, EUB. Listed in Miller
(1978).
Hybomitra epistates (Osten Sacken). NEW STATE RECORD. 1 female collected from
Spearfish, Lawrence County, is in the Nebraska State Museum (Lincoln).
Hybomitra frontalis (Walker). 24 Aug. 1924, Brookings, Brookings County, GPS; 12 July
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 199
1923, Lake Hendricks, Brookings County, HCS: 15 July 1946, Henry, Codington County,
HCS; 19 July 1924, Custer, Custer County, H; 15 August 1924, Waubay, Day County,
H; 16 July 1967, Dry Lake, Hamlin County, HUB; 30 June 1977, West River Beef
Research Unit, Ft. Meade, Meade County; 12 July 1932, Onida, Sully County, GPS.
McAlpine (1961) reported this species from numerous fresh water sloughs characterized by
aspens or willows at 3 localities in the northeastern and one locality in the southwestern area
of the state near the Nebraska state line.
Hybomitra illota (Osten Sacken). 6 July 1982, 7 miles south of Brookings, Brookings
County; 10 July 1976, Willow Lake, Clark County, PEC; 25 June 1967, Sieche Hollow,
Roberts County, EUB. Cobb and Balsbaugh, Jr. (1976) reported this species from Clark
and Kingsbury counties of eastern South Dakota.
Hybomitra lasiophthalma(Macquart). 22 July 1924, Custer, Custer County, H. Reported
by Miller (1978).
Hybomitra opaca(Coqm\\ett). NEW STATE RECORD. 1 female, 30 June 1978, Antelope
Range and Livestock Research Station, 10 mi. east, 3 miles south of Buffalo, Harding
County.
Hybomitra pediontis (McAlpine). 16 July 1978, Antelope Range and Livestock Research
Station, 10 miles east, 3 miles south of Buffalo, Harding County. Adults and immatures are
associated with alkaline sloughs. H. pediontis was first reported in this state by McAlpine
( 1 96 1 ) in August and July from Henry, Codington County and Gettysburg, Potter County.
Hybomitra rhombica rhombica (Osten Sacken). 17 July 1932, Custer, Custer County,
FRB; 4 August 1967, Crooks Tower Lake, Lawrence County, EUB. Reported by Miller
(1978).
Hybomitra rupestris (McDunnough). Custer, Custer County H. Reported by Miller ( 1 978).
Hybomitra tetrica hirtula (Bigot). 22 June 1924, Custer, Custer County, H; 28 June 1977;
West River Beef Research Unit, Ft. Meade, Meade County. Recorded originally from
South Dakota by Philip (1965).
Genus Tabanus Linnaeus
Tabaus atratus Fabricius. 29 June 1 923, Newell Butte County; 28 July 1 940, Belle Fourche.
Butte County, NPL; 24 July 1937, Gary, Deuel County, NCS; 25 August 1925, Faulkton,
Faulk County, NCS; 1 1 July 1938, Estelline, Hamlin County, HCS; 17 July 1947, Pierre,
Hughes County, HCS; August 1941, Wessington Springs, Jerauld County, HCS; 18 July
1933, Lead, Lawrence County; 17 August 1931, Canton, Lincoln County, HCS; 9 August
1 92 1 , Wood, Mellette County; July 1 980, Soiux Falls, Minnehaha County, SM; 1 7 July
1939, Flandreau, Moody County, HCS; 7 Sept. 1979, 9 miles south of Brookings, Moody
County; 1 July 1948, Sisseton, Roberts County, HCS; 12 August 1922, Witten, Tripp
County; 17 July 1921, Parker, Turner County: 11 August 1980, Centerville, Turner
County, JG. Reported by Miller (1978).
T. atratus, as a pest of livestock, is the largest fly in the state however, numbers of this
species are not particularly high in any area. Manitoba or black-ball traps do not
particularly attract this species.
Tabanus lineola Fabricus. NEW STATE RECORD. 1 specimen from Yankton, Yankton
County, collected by J. Edman, is in the Nebraska State Museum.
Tabanus marginalis Fabricus. NEW STATE RECORD. 1 female, 6 August 1977,
Cottonwood Range and Livestock Research Station, Jackson County.
Tabanus orbicallus Philip. First reported in S. Dakota by Philip (1936) at Yankton in
Yankton County, however, Easton ( 1982) reported it more recently in the western part of
the state at Cottonwood in Jackson County.
Tabanus puncttfer Osten Sacken. NEW STATE RECORD. 4 females, 15 July 1977, 10
miles east, 3 miles south of Buffalo, Harding County; 4 July 1982, Spearfish, Lawrence
200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
County; 1 July 1980, Presho, Lyman County; 30 June 1977, West River Beef Research
Unit, Ft. Meade, Meade County.
Tabanus quinquevittatus Wiedemann. 27 June 1924, Springfield, Bon Homme County.
Listed originally from S. Dakota by Philip ( 1 965 ).
Tabanus reinwardtii Wiedemann. 2 August 1924, Springfield, Bon Homme County, H;
Antelope Range and Livestock Research Station, 10 miles east, 3 miles south of Buffalo,
Harding County; 23 July 1969, Wood, Mellette County, HCS.
Tabanus similis Macquart. 5 August 1967, LaCreek Lake Wildlife Ref., Bennett County,
EUB; 25 June 1924, Springfield, Bon Homme County, H; 30 June 1923, Brookings,
Brookings County, HCS; 16 June 1944, Hecla, Brown County, HCS; 25 August 1944,
Chamberlain, Brule County, HCS; 29 June 1923, Newell, Butte County, HCS; 30 June
1924, Lake Andes, Charles Mix County, H; 19 June 1974, Willow Lake, Clark County,
PEC; 1 8 June, Mitchell, Davison County, HCS; 1 4 July 1951; Bristol, Day County, J AL;
15 July 1945, Canning, Hughes County, HCS; 26 July 1948, Highmore, Hyde County,
HCS; July 1977-83; 2 miles east of Cottonwood, Jackson County; 28 June 1941, 10 miles
southwest of Spearfish, Lawrence County, NPL; 1 2 July 1 974, Fate Dam, Lyman County,
PEC and EUB; 2 August 1967, Bear Butte, Meade County, EUB; 28 June 1977, West
River Research Station, Meade County; 19 June 1924, Elk Point, Union County, H. Cobb
and Balsbaugh (1976) reported this species from Day, Kingsbury and Spink Counties of
eastern South Dakota.
Tabanus stonei Philip. 1 1 July 1 94 1 , Belle Fourche, Butte County, NPL. Reported by Miller
(1978).
Abbreviations for collectors: BB, Bruce Baran; EUB, Edward U. Balsbaugh, Jr.; FRB,
Fred R Bingham; LKB, Lynn K. Brunn; PEC, Philippe E. Cobb; JG, Joey Gednalske; H,
H.C. Hallock; WH, William Horsfall; NPL, N.P. Larson; JAL, John A. Lofgren; SM,
Stephen Munk; JR, Jerry Riedel; WMR, William M. Rogoff; HCS, Harry C. Severin; and
GBS, G.B. Spawn.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank Dr. Richard H. Roberts (USDA, Gainesville, Florida) and
Dr. John F. Burger (Department of Entomology, University of New Hampshire, Durham) for
determining the species of Tabanidae collected by the author in this study.
LITERATURE CITED
Cobb, P.E., and E.U. Balsbaugh, Jr. 1976. The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Spink County,
South Dakota. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 49: 514-520.
Easton, E.R. 1982. Reduction of horse and deer flies on the Cottonwood Range and
Livestock Experiment Station as a result of grazing. J. Econ. Entomol. 75: 292-294.
Jellison, W.L. 1 950. Tularemia geographical distribution of "deer fly fever" and the biting fly,
Chrysops discalis Williston. Public Health Reports. 65: 1321-1329.
McAlpine, J.F. 1961. Variation, distribution and evolution of the Tabanus (Hybomitra)
frontalis complex of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae). Canad. Ent. 93: 894-924.
Miller, E.L. 1978. A checklist of the Diptera in the South Dakota State University Insect
Collection. I. Suborders Nematocera and Brachycera. Proc. S.D. Acad. Sci. 57: 32-45.
Philip, C.N. 1936. Tabanus rhombicus and related western horse flies. Canad. Ent.
68: 148-160.
Philip. C.N. 1965. Family Tabanidae, In A. Stone. C.W. Sabrosky, W.W. Wirth, RH.
Foote and J.R. Coulson. A Catalog of the Diptera of America, North of Mexico. ARS,
USDA Agric. Handbook No. 276. pp. 319-342.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 201
PREY- STALKING BEHAVIOR OF A THOMISID
SPIDER, XYSTICUS CALIFORNICUS
KEYSERLING (ARANEAE: THOMISIDAE)1
Roy R. Snelling2
ABSTRACT: The thomisid spider,Xysticus californicus Keyserling, was seen to deliberately
stalk and capture individuals of the ant, Veromessorchicoensis M. Smith, at three localities in
northern California.
Xysticus (X.) californicus Keyserling is a common crab spider that
ranges from British Columbia to southern California (Schick, 1965). While
many thomisids secrete themselves in flowers to await potential prey,
others actively pursue their prey (Gertsch, 1939). Xysticus californicus is
one such active predator. Within a period of a few days, I was able to
observe the stalking behavior of this spider at three different sites in
northern California.
The first observation site was situated along State Highway 32, 4.4
miles east of its junction with U.S. Highway 99 in the city of Chico, Butte
County. This site, at an elevation of about 1100 feet, is oak woodland
grading into chaparral. In early evening, 18 June 1979, alate females and
males of the harvester ant, Veromessor chicoensis M. Smith, were
emerging from nests for mating flights. Individuals of both sexes usually
climbed up nearby grass blades and took flight shortly thereafter. A few,
especially males, milled about on the soil surface amidst the many workers.
At 1940 hours PST, an adult female of X. californicus was seen at about 10
cm from the periphery of the area occupied by the milling group of ants. She
slowly approached to within 3 or 4 cm of the group, near a quiescent male
ant. After hesitating for a few seconds, the spider rushed up to the ant, seized
it and retreated into the grass, climbed a few cm up a grass stem and began
feeding.
Several meters away, at another nest, much the same procedure was
utilized by another X. californicus female. The ant initially attacked,
however, was a large worker. The ant responded to the approaching spider
by adopting a threatening posure, facing the spider, with gaping mandibles.
The spider immediately withdrew a few cm along the periphery of the area
occupied by the ants. She then successfully attacked another smaller
worker and disappeared into a clump of grass.
The second site was in Tehama County along State Highway 36,
'Received May 7, 1983. Accepted June 24, 1983.
2Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles,
California 90007.
ENT. NEWS, 94(5) 201 203 November & December 1983
202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
approximately 5.8 miles northeast of the junction with U.S. Highway 99.
This site, at an elevation of about 550 feet, now consists of open grassland
with scattered live oaks. Observations here were made late in the afternoon
on 22 June 1979. A foraging column of the harvester ant was crossing the
pavement of old Highway 36. At 1905 hours PST, an adult female of X.
californicus approached the file of ants and halted about 4 cm away. After a
few minutes, the column of ants thinned momentarily; the spider darted
forward, seized an isolated ant and rapidly retreated about 10 cm. There she
halted a few seconds and then moved at a more leisurely pace into a small
clump of grass.
A final observation was made on 24 June 1979 along Neal Road, about
6.1 miles northeast of its junction with U.S. Highway 99, Butte County.
This site was a grassy clearing in chaparral, at an elevation of about 1000
feet. An adult female of X. californicus approached a foraging column of V.
chicoensis at 1932 hours PST and took an isolated worker ant from the
column.
During the period in June when these observations were made, foraging
columns and mating flights of another Veromessor, V. andrei (Mayr), were
also studied. This is a larger species of ant than V. chicoensis (the sexual
forms are much larger) and has monomorphic workers, rather than
polymorphic workers. X. californicus never attacked or approached V.
andrei, although both ant species occupied the same sites and have similar
periods of activity. Possibly the larger size of V. andrei is a deterrent to
predation.
Veromessor workers lack a functional sting, but, when disturbed, emit a
somewhat foul-smelling liquid from the gastric apex. Their powerful
mandibles, used to crush seeds, are capable of inflicting serious damage to
other anthropods. V. andrei, by virtue of its larger size and correspondingly
more powerftil mandibles, probably is a more formidable opponent than V.
chicoensis. It seems possible, then, that some individuals of X. californicus
may by able to discriminate between the two ant species.
According to MacKay (1982), another thomisid, Misumenops
californicus (Banks), preys upon foraging workers of another harvesting
ant, Pogonomyrmex rugosus Emery, capturing the ants in vegetation
around nests. Holldobler (1976) observed M. coloradensis Gertsch
capture resting females of Pogonomyrmex spp. MacKay (1982) mentions
that Xysticus sp. preys primarily or exclusively upon Pogonomyrmex
rugosus. Neither of the authors comments on spider foraging behavior.
It would be interesting to learn more about the prey preferences, if any,
of individuals of X. californicus. The specimens I observed seemed to be
performing a routine procedure.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 203
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I wish to thank Dr. J.H. Redner for the identification of the crab spider. Thanks are due
also the several reviewers of this note.
LITERATURE CITED
Gertsch, W.J. 1939. A revision of the typical crab-spiders (Misumeninae) of America north
of Mexico. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 76: 277-442.
Holldobler, B. 1976. The behavioral ecology of mating in harvester ants (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae: Pogognomyrmex). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1: 405-423.
MacKay, W.P. 1 982. The effect of predation of western widow spiders ( Araneae: Theridiidae)
on harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Oecologia 53: 406-411.
Schick, R.X. 1965. The crab spiders of California (Araneida, Thomisidae). Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist. 129: 1-180.
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL
NOMENCLATURE
c/o BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),
CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, SW7 5BD
ITZN 59 20 July, 1983
The following Opinions have been published by the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, vol. 40. part 2, on 15
July, 1983:
Opinion No.
1247 (p. 77) Dactylopius Costa, (Nov. 1829) and PseudococcusWeslwood, 1840(Insecta,
Homoptera): designation of type species.
1248 (p. 81) Lethocerus Mayr, 1853 (Insecta, Hemiptera): conserved.
1250 (p. 85) Gvro/n'prcws Samouelle, 1819, ex Leach MS, Xantholinus Dejean, 1821, ex
Dahl, and Othius Stephens, 1829, ex Leach MS (Insecta, Coleoptera): type
species designated for these genera.
1255 (p. 97) Lespesia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1863 (Diptera, Tachinidae): designation of
type species.
The Commission regrets that it cannot supply separates of Opinions.
R.V. MELVILLE.
Secretary
204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
PERISSOPHLEBIODES, A REPLACEMENT NAME
FOR PERISSOPHLEBIA SAVAGE NEC TILLYARD
(EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE)1
Harry M. Savage^
ABSTRACT: A new generic name, Perissophlebiodes, is proposed for Perissophlebia
Savage nee Tillyard (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae). A misspelling of
Perissophlebia Tillyard (Odonata: Anisozygoptera) is noted.
Recently, Savage ( 1 982) established a new genus, Perissophlebia, for a
curious new species of mayfly, P. flint i, from the southern coastal mountains
of Brazil. Previously, Tillyard (1918) had established Perissophlebia
based upon a fossil wing fragment placed as Odonata incertae sedis from
the Triassic Ipswich Fossil Bed in Queensland, Australia. Perissophlebia
Tillyard was recently placed as Anisozygoptera incertae sedis in Rohdendorf s
(1962) treatment of the fossil Odonata. Perissophlebia Tillyard was
misspelled as Periassophlebia by Rohdendorf ( 1962), and this misspelling
was repeated by Hennig (1969).
Perissophlebia Savage is a junior homonym of Perissophlebia Tillyard;
therefore, I propose the replacement name Perissophlebiodes for Peris-
sophlebia Savage.
Etymology, perissos, Gr., meaning odd, extraordinary; phlebos, Gr., vein, a common
stem within the Leptophlebiidae; -odes, Gr., suffix denoting likeness; masculine.
Type-species: Perissophlebia flinti Savage = Perissophlebiodes flinti (Savage) NEW
COMBINATION.
LITERATURE CITED
Hennig, W. 1969. Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten. W. Kramer, Frankfurt. 436 pp.
Rohdendorf, B.B. 1962. Otryad Odonata. Strekozi. pp. 73-85. In Rohdendorf, B.B., Osnovi
Paleontologii, v. 9, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow. 560 pp. (in Russ.)
Savage, H.M. 1982. A curious new genus and species of Atalophlebiinae (Ephemeroptera:
Leptophlebiidae) from the southern coastal mountains of Brazil. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna
Environ. 17: 209-217.
Tillyard, R.J. 1918. Mesozoic insects of Queensland. No. 3. Odonata and Protodonata. Proc.
Linn. Soc. New South Wales 43: 417-436.
1 Received June 23, 1983. Accepted July 16, 1983.
Department of Entomology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32307.
ENT. NEWS, 94(5) 204 November & December 1983
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 205
MOUNTING AND PRESERVING NEUROPTERA
FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDY1 2
Charles W. Agnew^
ABSTRACT: Proper techniques for mounting and preserving adult specimens of Neuroptera
are described. All neuropterans should be pinned or pointed except the Coniopterygidae,
which are best preserved in alcohol. Summaries of special mounting practices for each family
are provided. Procedures for preparing genitalia for study are also discussed.
Authors of publications dedicated to proper techniques for mounting
and preserving insects have generally assigned methods of preservation to
groups of insects based on body size and structure without regard to
important taxonomic characters of individual families. Generalizations
within certain orders such as Neuroptera, with its widely varied forms, have
proved unsatisfactory and usually vary with authors. Consequently,
specimens of a single taxon within a large collection may be preserved in a
variety of ways due to confusion or disagreement of collectors as to the best
techniques.
Members of each family possess certain characters important for their
determinations to species. Any specimen should be preserved to: 1 ) best
retain and allow examination of important characters with a minimum of
future manipulation; 2) reduce the likelihood of breakage; and 3) facilitate
incorporation into a large permanent collection for future study. The best
techniques often require a compromise of these considerations.
This paper deals specifically with the best methods for mounting and
preserving Nearctic species of Neuroptera. There seldom is unanimous
agreement as to which methods should be employed. This paper is a
compilation of ideas with the purpose of identifying inferior practices,
suggesting which techniques are superior and providing alternatives when
no consensus exists.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
The fact that most Neuroptera tend either to shrivel or discolor when
dried has prompted many collectors to opt for alcoholic preservation of
specimens. One advantage of alcohol is that specimens remain soft and
1 Received February 10, 1983. Accepted July 5, 1983.
2 Approved for publication as TA 18334 by Director, Texas Agricultural Experiment
Station.
-'Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.
ENT. NEWS, 94(5) 205 212 November & December 1983
206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
flexible, thus reducing breakage problems associated with fragile insects
such as neuropterans. Another advantage is that broken parts remain
associated with the specimen. Generally, however, dried specimens retain
all important taxonomic characters and usually require less trouble to
maintain than those in alcohol. Most neuropterists find it easier to work with
pinned material. Even liquid-preserved specimens are often difficult to
manipulate and wing tearing or antennal breakage can result. In addition,
coloration nearly always fades in alcohol (for example, Chrysopidae),
although color usually is of limited importance in taxonomic studies.
Occasionally, neuropterists will retain a few specimens of certain groups in
alcohol when collecting a series, but pinning (or pointing) remains the
general preference.
Some collectors use glassine envelopes for storing larger forms such as
ascalaphids or myrmeleontids. Envelopes allow more compact storage
and help keep broken parts from being lost without the disadvantage of
fading caused by alcohol; however, they are not recommended except for
temporary storage before spreading. Specimens so preserved are often
difficult to examine and breakage is frequently a problem. The fact that
alcohol, envelope, and pinned collections must be maintained separately is
inconvenient. In the interest of standarization, pinning or pointing neurop-
terans should be the general rule with the exception of the Coniopterygidae.
The latter should be stored in alcohol.
Materials needed for mounting and preserving Neuroptera are basically
simple. For a detailed treatment of general collecting and mounting
techniques, see Martin ( 1977). There is disagreement regarding which sizes
of pins to use. Most neuropterists use sizes no. 1 to 3; however, some prefer
the use of size 0 to 00 pins for more delicate forms in order to reduce damage
to the thorax and the need for double-mounting or pointing. The main
disadvantages of thin pins are: they are only practical for foam pinning
surfaces; they tend to bend easily; and their springing action, if flipped, can
cause destruction of the specimen. For these reasons, and the fact that
characters of the mesothorax are seldom important, I do not recommend
specimens be pinned directly with anything smaller than a no. 1 . A good
rule is to use the largest pin that will not cause damage to the specimen.
For small specimens that are too delicate to be pinned, there are two
alternatives: double-mounting and pointing. Double mounting, using a
minuten pin through a strip of polyporous material (pith), is preferred.
When pointing, the right side of the specimen is glued to the paper point
which has been bent at the tip. The disadvantage of this technique is that
specimens often break loose and become damaged, lost or cannot be
associated with proper labels. One should use a sufficient amount of glue for
a good bond and affix the point to the thorax of the specimen rather than to
the wing. Specimens bonded at the wing alone tear loose more frequently
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 207
leaving only the forewing attached.
A styrofoam block is useful for support during drying, or a grooved
spreading board is useful when the spreading of wings is desired. Specimens
can also be dried in a box placed in the vertical position. This eliminates the
need for support and allows the abdomens to dry parallel to the pinning
bottom.
A few general rules should be followed when mounting Neuroptera. It is
preferable to pin freshly collected material. Relaxing dried neuropterans
should be avoided, when possible, to prevent wings from sticking together and
loss of color. When mounting, care should be taken that wings and antennae
do not dry in a position where they might be broken by subsequent handling
of the specimen. Bending the head and antenna downward before drying,
and the use of pins securing the wings will prevent this. It is also important
not to allow the wings to dry in a position too close to the abdomen so that
removal of terminal abdominal segments is difficult.
Special Instructions
The Hemerobiidae are usually too small to be pinned directly with
anything except the smallest size pins. It is recommended that they be
double-mounted. Because examination of external male genitalia is sufficient to
determine most species, it is desirable to pull out at least one pair of wings to
allow a better view of the abdomen. This procedure also allows examination
of hindwing characters which sometimes aid in determinations. It can be
easily accomplished by pulling out the wings individually with a pin beneath
the wing and securing them in place as illustrated in Fig. 1. A spreading
board can also be used for drying the wings flat. Double-mounting should be
done before embedding the minuten in the strip. When using paper points,
allow the glue to set with the specimen supported on a block of styrofoam,
then pull the left pair of wings away from the body and secure with pins. If
spreading the wings flat is desired, this can be done in a grooved board after
the glue dries. If the specimen dies with the wings in an upstroke position,
some manipulation of the wings may be necessary in order to allow forewing
characters to be seen.
Most Chrysopidae are large enough to be pinned directly with no. 1
pins. Because wings are transparent, it is seldom necessary that they be
spread, but it may be advantageous for several specimens of a series or for
uncommon species. Wing venation is used extensively as a taxonomic
character at the generic level, but male genitalia, which are primarily
internal, are the most important for specific (and some generic) determina-
tions. Markings of the head and body are also used to a great degree but
variation can make them unreliable characters.
208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Fig. 1 . Double-mounted hemerobiid.
If preserving chrysopids in alcohol is necessary, it should be noted that
color markings, especially reds and oranges, often fade completely and some
dark veins in the wing may become pale. This can cause confusion when
attempting determinations.
It should be noted that chrysopid genitalia do not fully develop and
sclerotize until a few days after emergence. For this reason, it may be wise
to hold live specimens for a few days if genitalic examinations are desired.
This is essential for reared material.
The Sisyridae are small and should always be double-mounted or
pointed. The few North American species of this family can be separated by
characters of the forewing. Still, genitalia of both sexes are usually
diagnostic so it is suggested these insects be mounted like Hemerobiidae
(wings partially spread).
The Mantisipidae are usually large enough to be pinned directly. The
wings may be spread if desired, but wing venation is seldom used for
determinations. Mantisipid taxonomy is in need of revision, thus important
diagnostic characters have not been identified in some cases. Color patterns
are important in determining Mantispinae (Redborg 1982), while male
genitalia are used in Platymantispinae (Rehn 1939). The only special
mounting consideration might be to spread the forelegs so that setal patterns
are easily seen.
The Myrmeleontidae are among the largest Neuroptera and can create
spatial problems if wings are fully spread. Stange ( 1 970) prefers pining ant-
lions with wings held rooflike over the body and recommends against use of
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
209
a stabilizing pin to prevent loss of the abdomen. I have found that spreading
the right pair of wings slightly out from the body (Fig. 2) allows easier
examination of the important hindwing without sacrificing much additional
space. This can be done with a grooved spreading board, a block of
styrofoam or by the use of pins in a box. Some workers prefer the right pair
of wings spread at right angles, primarily for aesthetic reasons.
The Ascalaphidae are the most robust Neuroptera and no. 3 pins can
always be used. As with ant-lions, specimens require more space in
collections if wings are spread. Moreover, their long antennae are easily
broken if left to dry while extended away from the body, thus, wings should
be held over the body and antennae pulled back as in Fig. 3. This practice
can reduce space requirements by about one-half. The six recognized
Neartic species can usually be separated without difficulty and the visibility
of characters is not a problem in this group.
The Coniopterygidae is the only group best preserved in alohol. Pinned
material is much more difficult to determine and removal of terminalia for
genitalic examination is always required. In alcohol, the characteristic
whitish coat of wax covering the insect is lost, but this proves to be an
Fig. 2. Suggested method of mounting
myrmeleontids.
Fig. 3. Suggested method of mounting
ascalaphids.
210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
advantage since removal of the wax facilitates interpretation of veins which
can aid in placing specimens to genus. Specimens in alcohol can be
manipulated to allow examination of the hindwing and external genitalia of
the male, which can sometimes be diagnostic without having to be cleared in
KOH. This may prove unreliable unless one has experience with the group,
but is time-saving if many specimens are to be examined. Females, for the
most part, lack sclerotized structures (except in the Aleuropteryx) and
cannot be determined to species unless associated with males.
There are a few lesser-known families of Neuroptera that are not often
encountered by collectors. The Berothidae are similar to Hemerobiidae but
can usually be pinned successfully with no. 1 pins. The shape, venation, and
markings of the forewing along with internal genitalia are the most
important characters. Spreading of wings is recommended since these
insects are not usually common.
The Dilaridae are rare in collections, partially because they resemble
small moths and are overlooked. The two Nearctic species of this group are
easily separated by wing venation and geographic range. They are delicate
insects and should be double-mounted.
Our few species of Polystoechotidae and Ithonidae are large and can be
pinned without any problem. They all have distinctive forewings and
spreading is unnecessary for determination.
Sometimes considered as part of the Neuroptera are the Megaloptera
(Corydalidae and Sialidae) and the Raphidioptera (Raphidiidae and
Inocelliidae. These insects should be pinned. It might be necessary to examine
the hindwing of some Corydalidae to be able to work certain keys, but on the
whole, no special procedures are needed. The genitalia remain the most
important characters in making determinations, especially in Sialidae.
There are several exotic families not considered here. A basic rule is to
pin or point everything except Coniopterygidae. If there are external
genitalic structures, their view should be unobstructed by wings and if the
forewing is not wholly transparent, some degree of spreading may be
necessary to see hindwing characters. Also keep in mind the risk of
breakage and conservation of space.
Genitalia Preparation
Accurate identification of most neuropterans to species often requires
examination of genitalic structures, usually of the male. In some cases, the
last few abdominal segments must be removed and treated in a 10%
solution of KOH^ to dissolve internal tissue and clear the abdominal wall
^Bram and Bickley (1963) used a 15% KOH solution to clear chrysopid genitalia (boiling for
13 minutes) while Meinander used a 5% solution for Coniopterygidae).
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 211
for examination of internal sclerotized structures. The time of treatment
depends largely on size of the specimen and temperature of the solution.
The clearing procedure will usually take about 24 hours in a room
temperature solution (Tauber 1969). The smaller Coniopterygidae require
less time, about 2-10 hours (Johnson 1980). A hot or boiling solution of
KOH greatly reduces the time required for clearing. Dr. Phillip Adams
(pers. comm.) recommends about 5 minutes for chrysopids. Martin (1977)
recommended bringing the solution short of an actual boil to prevent
possible damage. To eliminate this risk, a small beaker with KOH and
genitalia can be placed inside a larger beaker of water. The water boils,
heating the KOH without damaging setae.
After the abdomen has been cleared, it is usually desirable to flush out
any remaining residue using a small (27 gauge) hypodermic syringe (Bram
and Bickley ( 1 963). After flushing, terminalia should be rinsed in distilled
water. Sometimes structures may be everted for better viewing with a strong
flush with a syringe (Tauber 1969) or with forceps for large forms such as
myrmeleontids (Stange 1970).
Staining is often desirable in order to better discern the internal
structures. Dr. Adams' method (pers. comm.) requires injecting the cleared
abdomen with 5%5 chlorazol black E aqueous solution and rinsing in
distilled water. The specimen is placed in glycerine for viewing with
glycerine being injected into the abdomen. A fine needle is used to apply the
stain. For best results, the tip should be nicked, broken off square and the
edges rounded with Arkansas stone.
Some workers mount genitalia on slides, but they should be preserved in
glycerine-filled microvials (known as genitalia vials) and pinned with the
specimen or placed in the vial of alcohol (silicone stoppers preferred).
Mounting genitalia on slides does not allow manipulation to view dorsal or
ventral aspects and they usually must be dissolved off slides for critical
examination.
Female genitalia are not extensively used in most groups for species
determinations. Usually structures are not sclerotized and while some are
diagnostic, they are difficult to interpret. Structures such as spermatheca,
copulatory bursa or subgenital plate have been used in some groups.
Stange's 1970 revision of the brachynemurine ant-lions uses digging setae
and posterior gonapophysis in the keys.
Larvae
Larvae of Nearctic species of Neuroptera are poorly known and
represent a challenge for future workers. In some groups such as the
Coniopterygidae, larvae of very few species have been described, while
others such as Chrysopidae are better known.
5 Some workers recommend a 1% solution to reduce the risk of overstaining, noting that
destaining with Clorox * is possible, but hard on specimens.
2 1 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Larval stages should be treated in KAAD (Peterson 1959) and
preserved in 80-90% alcohol (ethyl or isopropyl). Dr. Catherine Tauber
(pers. comm.) recommended treating chrysopids and hemerobiids for 20
minutes while Stange (1970) treated myrmeleontid larvae for about 24
hours. Henry ( 1 976) discussed a method for clearing ascalaphid larvae for
study.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Drs. P.A. Adams, H.R. Burke, J.E. Eger, R.S. Peigler, K.E.
Redborg, L.A. Stange and C.A. Tauber for their contributions to this manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Bram, R.A., and W.E. Bickley. 1963. The green lacewings of the genus Chn'sopa in
Maryland (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Univ. Maryland Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. A-124: 1-
18.
Henry, C.S. 1976. Some aspects of the external morphology of larval owlflies (Neuroptera:
Ascalaphidae), with particular reference to Ululodes and Ascaloptvnx. Psyche. 83: 1-
31.
Johnson, V. 1980. Review of the Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera) of North America with a
revision of the genus Aleuropteryx. Psyche 87: 259-98.
Martin, J.E. H. 1977. The insects and archnids of Canada Part 1: Collecting, preparing, and
preserving insects, mites and spiders. Biosystematics Res. Inst. Ottawa, Ontario
1643: 182 pp.
Meinander, M. 1972. A revision of the family Coniopterygidae (Planipennia). Acta Zool.
Fennica 136: 1-357.
Peterson, A. 1959. A manual of entomological techniques. How to work with insects. 9th ed.
Edward Brothers Inc. Ann Arbor, Mich. 435 pp.
Redborg, K.E. 1982. Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) parasitic on spider egg sacs: an
update of a pioneering paper by B.J. Kaston. J. Arachnol. 10: 92-3.
Rehn, J.W.H. 1939. Studies in North American Mantispidae (Neuroptera). Trans. Amer.
Entomol. Soc. 65: 237-63.
Stange, L.A. 1970. Revision of the ant-lion tribe Brachynemurini of North America
(Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 55:1-192.
Tauber, C.A. 1969. Taxonomy and biology of the lacewing genus Meleoma (Neuroptera:
Chrysopidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 58: 1-94.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983 213
PARAPHROSYLUS PRAEDATOR AND
P. NIGRIPENNIS, NEW TO WASHINGTON,
WITH NOTES ON THE GENUS (DIPTERA:
DOLICHOPODIDAE) ^
Larry D. Corpus-*
ABSTRACT: Adult Paraphrosylus praedator (Wheeler), P. nigripennis (Van Duzee), and
P. direptor(Van Duzee) were collected from Freshwater Bay, Clallam County, Washington,
This represents the first report of P. praedator and P. nigripennis occurring within the state.
Habitat preferences of the 3 species are described.
Paraphrosylus Becker, originally proposed as a subgenus otAphrosylus
Haliday (Becker 1922) later considered a synonym ofAphrosylus (Foote
et al., 1965; Cole 1969) is presently considered a valid genus (Robinson and
Vockeroth 1981). Paraphrosylus contains 8 species (Van Duzee 1924;
Harmston 1951, 195 2) found in the western Nearctic region. Collection of
adult Diptera, at low tide, from a beach in Freshwater Bay, 22.5 km west of
Port Angeles, Clallam County, Washington on 23 May 1981 yielded 3
species of Paraphrosylus. Six males and 6 female Paraphrosylus praedator
(Wheeler), 4 male and 3 female adults of P. nigripennis (Van Duzee), and
4 male and 3 female adults of P. direptor(Van Duzee) were collected. The
finding of P. praedator and P. nigripennis represents new records for
Washington state.
Prior collection records for P. praedator list various California
locations from La Jolla in the south to Bodega Bay in the north (Wheeler
1897; Cole 1969) and Departure Bay in British Columbia (Saunders
1928). P. nigripennis has been recorded from Seaward, Alaska (Van
Duzee 1924) and Waldport, Oregon (Cole 1969). Cole incorrectly
indicated Waldport as being in Washington. P. direptor has been collected
from Pacific Grove in California, and Ilwaco, Pacific County, Washington
(Cole 1969). Specimens of the latter two species, in the James Entomological
Collection at Washington State University, are from Seaview, Pacific
County, Washington (Fig. 1).
Adults were collected during low tide, between 1000 and 1 1 30 hours,
by sweep netting close to the shaded regions of rocks covered with Fucus
Deceived February 12, 1983. Accepted July 25, 1983.
^Scientific Paper Number 6454, Washington State University, College of Agriculture
Research Center, Pullman. Work done under Project 0037.
•'Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6432.
ENT. NEWS, 94(5) 213-215 November & December 1983
214
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
sp. This alga is found in abundance along the beach (Fig. 2). Adults seemed
to congregate only about the Fucus, since intensive sweeps and disturbance
of other beach debris and seaweed wrack yielded only coelopid and
ephydrid adults. This may be an indication that members ofParaphrosylus
prefer to congregate on and may be attracted to Fucus.
Wheeler (1897) and Saunders (1928) described the larvae and pupae
of P. praedator, and indicated that the immatures were found in the algae
growing on beach rocks. A thorough search of the Fucus at Freshwater Bay
failed to provide immatures, but continued investigations should eventually
result in other life stages of these species being found here.
» F.»iSw
®S«avl*»» * llwaca
3 woklpo.i
<3> Forollao Il
ific G
® Point lobo,
La JoMa
1 Point L
Fig. 1. Collection localities of Paraphrosylus in Washington, Oregon and California.
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
215
Fig. 2. Specific collection sites ofParaphrosylus from shaded portions ofFucus covered rocks
(arrows).
LITERATURE CITED
Becker, T. 1922, Dipterologishe Studien. Dolichopodidae. B. Nearktische und neotropische
Region. Zool. - Bot. Gessel, Wien, Abhandl. 13: 1-394.
Cole, F.R. 1969. The flies of western North America. Univ. Calif. Press: Berkeley, 693 p.
Foote, R.H., J.R. Coulson, and H. Robinson, 1965. Family Dolichopodidae. p. 482-530.
In: A. Stone et al. A catalog of Diptera of America North of Mexico. USDA Agr. Hndbk.
276. 1969 p.
Harmston, F.C. 1951. New species of Dolichopodidae from California and Utah (Diptera).
Great Basin Nat. 11: 11-17.
. 1952. New species of Dolichopodidae in the U.S. National Museum. Proc. Ent.
Soc. Wash. 54: 281-294.
Robinson, H. and J.R. Vockeroth. 1981. Dolichopodidae. p. 625-639. In: J. McAlpine et
al. A manual of the Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1 . Biosystematics Research Institute, Monogr
27. Ottawa. 674. p.
Saunders, L.G. 1928. Some marine insects of the Pacific coast of Canada. Ann. Ent. Soc.
Am. 21: 521-545.
Van Duzee, M.C. 1924. North American species of Paraphrosvlus Becker, a subgenus of
Aphrosylus Walker, Pan-Pac. Ent. 1: 73-78.
Wheeler, W.M. 1897. A genus of maritime Dolichopodidae new to America. Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci. Ser. 3. 1: 145-152.
216 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
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Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
217
INDEX: VOLUME 94
Acari, 31, 103, 139, 191
A.E.S. meetings, 20, 48, 54, 105, 106
A.E.S. 125th anniversary notice, 105
Agnew, C.W., 205
Mounting & preserving Neuroptera for
scientific study
Alloperla, 55
Amblvomma maculatum, gulf coast tick,
103
Amaletus cryptostimulus, 47
Amphipoea velata attacking corn in Md.,
101
Amrine, J.W., Jr., L. Butler, 101
Amphipoea velata attacking corn in
Md.
Announcements, 6, 14, 24, 40, 46, 80, 85,
105, 107
Arachnida, 31, 49, 103, 139, 201
Araneae, 201
Arthropods from saw-whet owl nest in Ct.,
60
Asheum, replacement name in Chironomidae,
34
Auplopus carbonarius, spider wasp new to
U.S., notes on, 29
Baetisca rubescens record in W. Va., 141
Betz, B.W., 152
Biol. of Trichadentotecnum alexanderae,
its habitat, life stages & events
Bombyliidae, 25
Book review, 159
Books received & briefly noted, 92, 100,
102, 106, 116, 130, 135, 140, 142,
159, 160
Bousquet, Y., 95
Bowen, T.W., 35
New records of Ceratopogonidae from
No. Carolina
Brachvdeutera, notes on, from No. Amer.,
177
Burke, H.R., 37
Butler, L., 101
Calabrese, D.M., 145
Callipodida, 1 1
Caspiopetalidae, 1 1
Cerambycidae, 7
Cerceris, 45
Ceratopogonidae, 35
Chalvbion californicum aggregation in a
bell, 145
Checklist of beetles, announcement, 107
Chironomidae, 34, 109
Chloroperlidae, 55
Cicadellidae, 89, 127, 187
Cicindela speculans, redescrip. of & rela-
tionship to other neotropical Cicindela,
81
Clausen, P.J., 33
Two new synonyms ofEutaenionotum
guttipennis
Coleoptera, 7, 37, 81, 97, 161
Corpus, L.D., 213
Paraphrosylus praedator & P.
nigripennis, new to Washington, with
notes on genus
Corydalidae. 15
Cultural entomology, commentaries in, an
ent. explanation of Ezekiel's wheels,
73
Curculionidae, 37
Cydnidae, 176
Davic. R.D., 47
So. range ext. of Ameletus
cryptostimulus
Deer & horse flies of So. Dakota, new state
records & annotated checklist, 196
DeLong, D.M.
N. sp. & distrib. of Mexican & Bolivian
Idiodonus, 89
N. sp. Loreta & Icaia from Bolivia &
Peru, 127
Delophon, new milliped of genus, from
Miss., 1 1
DeSimone, P., 60
218
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Despins, J.L., 41
Diplopoda, 1 1
Diptera, 25, 33, 34, 35, 86, 109, 117, 122,
177, 196, 213
Dolichopodidae, 2 1 3
Dominguez, E., M.L. Pescador, 21
N. sp. of Penaphlebia from Argentina
Dryinidae, 98
Dunkle, S.W., 136
New records of No. Amer. Odonata
Easton, E.R.
Ticks of So. Dakota, annotated check-
list, 191
Horse & deer flies of So. Dakota,
new state records & annotated checklist,
196
Ellipes minutus in Ky., 99
Enaphalodes rufulus, red oak borer in
white oak, life history of, 7
Ephemeroptera, 21, 47, 141, 204
Ephydridae, 33, 177
Eucinetidae, 97
Euscaphurus saltator, 97
Eutaenionotum guttipennis, two new
synonyms of, 33
Euxesta quaternaries biol. of., 122
Evans, H.E., 45
Nests & prey of two little known species
of Cerceris
Evenhuis, N.L., 25
Obs. on territorality of Oligodranes
mitis on flowers of Erigeron
neomexicanus
Ezekiel's wheels, entomological explanation,
73
Feminella, J., 55
Flint, O.S., Jr., 15
Nothochauliod.es penai, new genus &
sp. of Megaloptera from Chile
Formicidae, 143
Freytag, P.H., 187
New sp. Unerus from Honduras
Froeschner, R.C., W.E. Steiner, Jr., 176
Second record of So. Amer. burrowing
bug, Scaptocoris castaneus in U.S.
Galford, J.R, 7
Life history of red oak borer,
Enaphalodes rufulus in white oak
Goddard, J., B.R. Norment,
Geog. distrib. of gulf coast tick,
Amblyomma maculatum, 103
New record forlxodes texanus in Miss,
with new host record, 1 39
Goff, M.L., 31
Gottfried, P.K., 109
Hansen, R.W., E.A. Osgood, 147
Insects visiting flowers of wild red
raspberry in spruce-fir forested areas in
eastern Maine
Harris, S.C., 181
Hemiptera, 131, 176
Hoebeke, E.R., 86
Hogue, C.L., 73
Entomological explanation of Ezekiel's
wheel
Holman, R.E., 122
Holmberg, R.G., E.G. Kokko, 49
A blind Homolophus biceps
Homolophus biceps, 49
Homoptera, 89, 127, 187
Horse & deer flies of So. Dakota, new state
records & annotated checklist, 1 96
Huryn, A.D., 93
Descrip. of female Hydroptila
jackmanni, with biol. notes
Hydropsychidae, 18
Hydroptila jackmanni, 93
Hydroptilidae, 93, 181
Hymenoptera, 29, 45, 98, 143, 145
Icaia sp. from Bolivia, 127
Idiodonus sp. from Mexico & Bolivia, 89
Internat'l. Commiss. Zool. Nomenclature
Announcements, 28, 30, 52, 108
Vol. 94, No. 5, November & December 1983
219
Ixodidae, 103
Kelly, R.E., L.E. Klostermeyer, 98
New records of Dryinidae in Tenn.
Kelley, R.W., S.C. Harris, 181
New Hydroptilidae from Alabama &
So. Carolina
Klostermeyer, L.E., 98
Kokko, E.G., 49
Kondratieff, B.C., J.L. Despins, 41
Seasonal flight pattern of Plecoptera,
No. Otter Ck., Va.
Kovarik, P., H.R. Burke, 37
Sexual dimorphism of tarsal claws in
anthonomine weevils
Larson, O.R., 53
No. Dakota Fleas: 2 new geog. records
from northern flying squirrel
Lepidoptera, 101
Leptophlebiidae, 21, 204
LeSage, L.Y. Bousquet, 95
New record of attacks of Pedilus on
Meloe
Loreta from Bolivia & Peru, 127
Lygaeidae, 131
Mailing dates for 1983, 216
Mathew, M.T., 122
Mathis, W.W., 177
Notes on Brachydeutera from No.
Amer.
Matthysse, J.G., 31
Meloe, attacks on by Pedilus, 95
Mingo, T.M., 65
Annotated checklist of stoneflies in
Maine
Mounting & preserving Neuroptera for
scientific study, 205
Murray, R.R., 81
Redescrip. of C. speculans & its relation-
ship to other neotropical Cicindela
Mutillidae, 143
Neuroptera, 15, 205
Nickle, D.A., 1
New sp. pseudophylline katydid from
Cocos Is., Costa Rica
Noctuidae, 101
Nolfo, S., 29
Notes on Auplopus carbonarius, a
spider wasp new to U.S.
Norment, B.R., 103, 139
Norrbom, A.L., 117
Four acalyptrate Diptera reared from
dead horseshoe crabs
Nothochauliodes penai, n. genus & sp. of
Megaloptera from Chile, 1 5
Nugen, C.K., D.C. Tarter, 18
Larval Hydropsyche & Smyphitopsyche
records from West Va.
Odonata, new No. Amer. records, 1 36
OHgodranes mutis, obs. on territorality of,
on flowers of Erigeron neomexicanus,
25
Opiliones, 49
Orthoptera, 1, 99
Osgood, E.A., 147
Otitidae, 122
Paraphrosylus praedator & P. nigripennis,
new to Washington, with notes on
genus, 213
Parascopioicus binoditergus, n. sp. of
katydid from Costa Rica
Pechuman, L.L., E.R. Hoebeke, 86
European Rhagionidae in eastern No.
Amer. & records of newly discovered
sp.
Pedilus attacks on Meloe, 95
Perissophlebiodes, replacement name for
Perissophlebia, 204
Pescador, M.L., 21
Peltry, D.K., 141
Phalangida, 49
Philips, J.R., M. Root, P. DeSimone, 60
Arthropods from saw-whet owl nest in
Ct.
220
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Phillippi, M.A., 99
Occurrence of Ellipes minutus in Ky.
Plecoptera, 41, 55, 65
Pompiliidae, 29
Psocoptera, 152
Ptilodactyliae, 161
Publisher's statement, 216
Rhagionidae, 86
Rochette, R.A., 97
Lectotype desig. for Euscaphurus
saltator
Savage, H.M., 204
Perissophlebiodes, replacement name
for Perissophlebia
Scaptocoris castaneus, 2nd record of So.
Amer. burrowing bug in U.S.
Schoenly, K., D.M. Calabrese, 145
Aggregation ofChalybion californicum
in a bell.
Seasonal flight pattern of Plecoptera, No.
Otter Cr., VA., 41
Sexual dimorphism of tarsal claws in anthono-
mine weevils, 37
Shelley, R.M., 1 1
New milliped of genus Delophon from
Miss.
Siphlonuridae, 47
Siphonaptera, 53
Smyphitopsyche, 18
Snelling, R.R., 201
Prey-stalking behavior of thomisid
spider, Xysticus californicus
Society (A.E.S.) meeting reports, 20, 48,
54, 105, 106
Spangler, P.J., 161
Mature stages & biology of Tetraglossa
palpalis
Sphecidae, 45, 145
Stark, B.P. K.W. Stewart, J. Feminella, 55
New records & descrip's. ofAlloperla
from Ozark - Ouachita region
Steiner, W.E., Jr., 176
Stewart, K.W., 55
Stygnocoris rusticus, new No. Amer.
records & distribution review, 1 3 1
Sublette, J.E., & M., 34
Asheum, replacement name in
Chironomidae
Tabanidae, 196
Tarter, D.C., 18
Tarter, D.C., D.K. Pettry, 141
New record of mayfly Baetisca rubescens
for West Va.
Tennessen, K.J., P.K. Gottfried, 109
Variation in structure of ligulaof Tany-
podinae larvae
Tetraglossa palpalis, immature stages &
biology of, 161
Tettigoniidae, 1
Thomisidae, 201
Ticks of So. Dakota, annotated checklist,
191
Trichadentotecnum alexanderae, biol. of,
its habitat, life stages, & events, 152
Trichoptera, 18, 93, 181
Tridactylidae, 99
Trombiculidae, 31
Unerus, n. sp. from Honduras, 187
Wheeler, A. G., Jr., 131
Stygnocoris rusticus, new records in
No. Amer., & distrib. review
Wheeler, G.C.,, 143
Mutillid mimic of an ant
Whitaker, J.O., Jr., M.L. Goff, J.G.
Matthysse, 31
Chiggers from some small mammals
from Nigeria
Xysticus californicus, a thomisid spider,
prey-stalking behavior of, 201
Yoon, J.S., M.T. Mathew, R.E. Holman,
122
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Vol. 9E
US ISSN 0013-872X
JANUARY Cr FEBRUARY 1984 No. 1
ENT
EWS
New species of Prionus from Monahans Sandhills
of western Texas (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
F. T. Hovore, R.H Turnbow, Jr.
1
Range extension & emergence of subterranean nesting
by German yellowjacket, Vespula germanica, in
No. America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
J.F. MacDonald, R.D. Akre 5
Revised key to Idiodonus of Mexico & Bolivia
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Dwight M. DeLong 9
New species of Troglopedetes from Guerrero,
Mexico (Collembola: Paronellidae)
M. Ojeda, J.G. Palacios-Vargas 16
Helopicus rickeri, new stonefly from Tennessee
(Plecoptera: Perlodidae)
Bill P. Stark 21
A new Mexican Epidamaeus (Oribatei: Damaeidae)
J.G. Palacios-Vargas 23
Notes on distribution of evaniid wasps in western
No. America (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae) Roy R. Smiling 27
Ants (Crematogaster clara) nesting in bird boxes
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
W.H. Davis, W.C. McComb, P. Allaire 29
Indication of mounting media information
R.D. Waltz, W.P. McCafferty 31
Two undescribed fossil Dermaptera from
Florissant, Colorado
F. Martin Brown 33
Does old world family Plat asp idae (Hemiptera)
occur in North America? Richard C. Froeschner 36
SOCIETY MEETING of November 16, 1983
30
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Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984
A NEW SPECIES OF PRIONUS (HOMAESTHESIS)
FROM THE MONAHANS SANDHILLS OF
WESTERN TEXAS (COLEOPTERA:
CERAMBYCIDAE)12
Frank T. Hovore^, Robert H. Turnbow, Jr.4
ABSTRACT: Prionus (Homaesthesis) spinipennis is described as new from the Monahans
Sandhills of western Texas. Comparisons are given for related and sympatric species, and the
taxonomic parameters of the subgenus are re-examined. A key to species of Homaesthesis is
provided.
Prionus (Homaesthesis) arenarius Hovore, described (1981) from
Monahans Sandhills State Park in western Texas, is one of several
Homaesthesis species associated with sand dune habitats. During a visit to
the Monahans dune system in August, 1982, R.H. Turnbow, Jr., and T.P.
Friedlander collected yet another undescribed Homaesthesis with structural
adaptations similar to those of P. arenarius (and common to many
arenicolous arthropods). The two species share a number of secondarily
derived characters, and may have a common distribution in the Monahans
dune system, but the new species is taxonomically quite distinct from
arenarius. In fact, it exhibits characters which might be interpreted as
intermediate between Homaesthesis and Prionus sensu stricto. The
inclusion of this new species and arenarius in Homaesthesis limits
considerably the definition of the subgenus (see generic discussion below).
For the present, Homaesthesis may be recognized by the opaque,
nonstriolate poriferous areas on the male antennal segments, 12- to 14-
segmented antennae in both sexes, and smaller overall size (average length
usually less than 30 mm.).
Prionus (Homaesthesis) spinipennis, new species
Male: Form moderate-sized, robust, dorsal surface broadly convex, integument castaneous
to piceous, thoracic sternites, coxae, femora, and head reddish-brown, antennal segments 3 to
12 lighter reddish-brown.
Head with antennae attaining apical one-third of elytra, 1 2-segmented, external processes
of segments 3 to 1 1 broadly rounded or feebly truncated, apical segment elongate, flattened,
rounded at tip; upper lobes of eyes separated on vertex by about one-third greatest width of
head.
Pronotum with discal surface coarsely, irregularly punctate, margins strongly produced
and reflexed, anterior tooth arcuate, acute, antemedian tooth acute, moderately produced,
posterior angle strongly dentiform, feebly acute or right-angular in dorsal outline; metasternum
Deceived March 26, 1983. Accepted August 18, 1983.
^Contribution number 18271 to the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.
•^Placenta Canyon Nature Center, 19152 W. Placerita Canyon Road, Newhall. California
91321
^Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.
Current address: Route 4, Box 84, Lot 10, Enterprise, Alabama 36330.
ENT. NEWS 95(1): 1-4. January & February, 1984
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
finely, densely punctate, clothed with fine, moderately long pubescence; scutellum with sides
angulated at middle, then tapered to apex, basal two-thirds coarsely, irregularly punctate.
Elytra feebly explanate apically, parallel-sided for most of length, discal surface
coriaceous, coarsely, irregularly punctate, costae strongly elevated, apices rounded to suture,
sutural angle produced into a narrow acute spine (Fig. 2).
Legs with outer angle of protibia subspiniform, tibial spurs long, thin, laminiform,
metatibial spurs thickened, tarsi broad, flattened (Fig. 4), first metatarsal segment lacking
spongy setal pads on ventral surface, pads greatly reduced on segments 2 and 3, ventral surface
of segments densely punctate and pubescent with short, suberect setae, margins of segments 1
to 3 acute, dentiform.
Length (exclusive of mandibles): 19.5 - 32 mm.
Female: Form robust, coloration as in male.
Head with antennae nearly attaining basal one-half of elytra, 12-segmented, external
processes of segments increasingly produced apically, apical segment simple.
Pronotum similar in dorsal outline to that of male, lateral teeth conspicuously produced;
metasternum very finely punctate, glabrous.
Elytra with sides slightly expanded behind humeri, gradually tapered from middle to
suture, sutural angle spinose.
Legs with tibial spurs slightly more pronounced than in male, tarsal spongy pads reduced
or absent on all tarsi, tarsal segments similar in form and setation of those of male.
Length (exclusive of mandibles): 29 - 30 mm.
Type data: Holotype male, allotype (California Academy of Sciences) and 35 paratypes
(34 cf, 1 9) from: TEXAS, Ward County, Monahans Sandhills State Park, at lights, 21
August 1982 (R.H. Turnbow, T.P. Friedlander). Paratypes deposited in the following
collections: Texas A&M University; University of California, Berkeley; U.S. National
Museum of Natural History; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; R.H.
Turnbow, Jr.; F.T. Hovore; R.L. Penrose; M.E. Rice; and J.E. Wappes.
Diagnosis: Prionus (H.) spinipennis may be distinguished from all
other known Homaesthesis by the combination of 1 2-segmented antennae,
expanded tarsi, dark-brown to piceous integument with wholly reddish
antennae, and spinose sutural angle of the elytra (Figs. 1 , 2). From P. (H.)
rhodocerus Linsley, which it resembles in coloration and } 2-segmented
antennae, spinipennis may be further differentiated by the more elongate
form, more narrowly placed upper eye lobes (separated by more than one-
third greatest width of head in rhodocerus}, larger antennae with more
strongly developed external processes, and, in males, the much more
densely pubescent metasternum. In the limited material available, females
of spinipennis possess a thin, elevated line on the apical abdominal tergite,
absent in female rhodocerus.
Of the known Homaesthesis, P. spinipennis appears most closely
related to P. (H.) palparis Say, from which it differs (in addition to the
combination of characters enumerated above) by the more widely-spaced
upper eye lobes (separated by only one-fourth greatest width of head in
palparis). The strongly developed pronotal margins, form of the tarsi and
antennae, and coloration would have placed spinipennis wilh palparis and
P. (H.) simplex (Casey) in Casey's genus Prionina (synonymized with
Homaesthesis by Linsley, 1962).
At the Monahans locality, spinipennis and arenarius appear to be
allochronically separated, the latter having been taken only in late May and
early June; little, however, is known of their habits or life histories. Two of
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984
\
4
Figures 1, 3: Prionus arenarius Hovore, male: 1, right dorsum, pronotum and elytron; 3,
right metatarsus. Figs. 2, 4: P. spinipennis new species, male: 2, right dorsum. pronotum and
elytron; 4, right metatarsus.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
the paratypes of P. spinipennis were collected away from lights in
association with shinnery oaks (Quercus havardii Rydb.) growing on the
dunes.
Generic Discussion and Key to Species: The number of characters
by which Homaesthesis may be distinguished has been reduced by the
inclusion of arenarius (possessing rounded apices on the third metatarsal
segment) and spinipennis (possessing strongly produced and reflexed
anterior pronotal angles). For the present, the 12 to 14-segmented
antennae, with non-striolate poriferous areas will suffice to differentiate all
known Homaesthesis from other nearctic subgenera of Prionus.
Key to the Species of Homaesthesis (adapted from Linsley, 1962)
la Antennal processes distinctly emarginated and bilobed; color reddish-brown 2
Ib Antennal processes at most truncated-or very feebly emarginated, not bilobed;
coloration variable, usually brownish or piceous 3
2a Antennae 1 2-segmented; pronotal disk glabrous; metatarsi broadly expanded, flattened,
fimbriate with long hairs (Fig. 3) arenarius Hovore
2b Antennae 1 3- or 1 4-segmented; pronotal disk sparsely to densely pubescent; metatarsi
narrow, elongate, without fringe of hairs emarginatus Say
3a Antennae 1 2-segmented 4
3b Antenna 1 3-segmented integer LeConte
4a Eyes separated on vertex by one-third or more the greatest width of head; coloration
variable; antennal segments all or in part light reddish-brown 5
4b Eyes separated on vertex by one-fourth or less the greatest width of head; coloration
piceous to black; antennae concolorous with body palparis Say
5a Coloration dark brown, castaneous, or piceous; antennae all or in part lighter reddish-
brown 6
5b Coloration concolorous light reddish- brown, antennae not contrasting 7
6a Metatarsi expanded and flattened (Fig. 4); sutural angle of elytra distinctly spinose;
male metasternum densely pubescent spinipennis Hovore and Turnbow
6b Metatarsi narrow, elongated; sutural angle of elytra acutely or obtusely dentiform, not
spined; male metasternum thinly pubescent rhodocerus Linsley
7 a Anterior pronotal angle distinct; sides of scutellum evenly rounded to apex; first
metatarsal segment subtriangular in dorsal outline, less than twice as long as broad ....
simplex (Say)
7b Anterior lateral pronotal angle irregularly rounded; sides of scutellum obtusely
angulated at middle; first metatarsal segment slender, elongate, parallel-sided, three
times as long as broad linsleyi Hovore
Corrigenda: Hovore (1981) incorrectly cited Monahans Sandhills State Park as located
in "Webb County;" it is in Ward County, Texas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank D.H. Riskind, Texas Department of Parks and Wildlife, for permission to
collect in Texas State Parks, and R.L. Penrose and H.R. Burke for manuscript reviews.
LITERATURE CITED
Hovore, F.T. 1981. Two new species of Prionus (Homaesthesis) from the southwestern
United States, with notes on other species. Coleop. Bull. 35: 453-7.
Linsley, E.G. 1962. The Cerambycidae of North America, pt. II. Taxonomy and classification
of the Parandrinae, Prioninae, Spondylinae, and Aseminae. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol.,
Vol. 19, 102. pp.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984
RANGE EXTENSION AND EMERGENCE OF
SUBTERRANEAN NESTING BY THE GERMAN
YELLOWJACKET, VESPULA GERMANICA,
IN NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA:
VESPIDAE)12
John F. MacDonald^, Rogers D. Akre^
ABSTRACT: The German yellowjacket, Vespula germanica (Fab.), has continued to
extend its distribution to the west and northwest and now is established in such cities as
Minneapolis/St. Paul and Winnipeg. In addition, this species has been found in Nampa, Idaho
and in the Seattle area as of 1981-82. However, V. germanica had not spread into the south
Atlantic states or the southwest.
Previously known only as a structural nester in North America, subterranean colonies of
V. germanica have appeared in Indiana, where they constituted 38% ( 1 1/29) of the colonies
studied in the Lafayette area in 1982.
More so than any other yellowjacket species, the German yellowjacket,
Vespula germanica (Fab.), has displayed a remarkable propensity for
becoming distributed and established throughout temperate regions of the
world (Edwards 1976). Although periodically introduced into the north-
western United States over the past century, this species probably did not
become established until the late 1960's( Morse etal. 1977). Since then, V.
germanica has spread rapidly and steadily from the northeast into the upper
midwest (Fig. 1; Dunn 1980; MacDonald et al. 1980).
The established North American biotype is noteworthy because of its
pronounced tendency to nest inside structures, forsaking the typical
subterranean nesting site of European conspecifics. Indeed, V. germanica
in North American was reported as nesting almost exclusively in structures
(Dunn 1980; Keyel 1983; MacDonald et al. 1980; Morse et al. 1977). In
contrast, other Vespula species may occasionally nest inside structures,
but they are predominately subterranean nesters (Akre et al. 1981). Thus,
structural nesting surfaced as one diagnostic criterion for the presence of V.
germanica in various communities in eastern North America.
This paper reports the current distribution of V. germanica in North
American and reveals the emergence of subterranean nesting by this
1 Received July 5, 1983. Accepted August 16, 1983.
2 Journal paper number 9526, Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station, W. Lafayette,
Indiana. Work supported in part by Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station project number
58045 and Washington State College of Agriculture Research Center, Project 0037.
^Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana
47907.
^Professor, Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
99164.
ENT. NEWS 95(1): 5-8. January & February, 1984
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
species in Indiana.
Distribution of the German Yellowjacket in North America
As predicted, the German yellowjacket has continued its spread west-
northwestward as evidenced by recent (1981-82) reports from collaborators
plus specimens from Chicago, Milwaukee, Minneapolis/St. Paul, and
Winnipeg. To date, we have no specimens (or suspicious reports suggesting
establishment) of V. germanica westward between the Dakotas and the
Pacific northwest, but we feel eventual establishment is inevitable, at least
in urban areas.
The first record of the German yellowjacket on the west coast of North
American was the collection of workers in Puyallup, Washington in
September 1982 (Fig. 1 ). Initially four poorly preserved specimens, sent to
us for identification by a King County extension agent, were tentatively
determined to be V. germanica. This determination was confirmed during
the next several days with nine additional workers collected from the same
locality in Puyallup. Subsequently, a worker was collected in a garage in
Puyallup, and six males were sent from a colony found in the ceiling of a
home in Spanaway, Washington. In addition, a queen V. germanica was
collected in Puyallup in January 1983. These collections, plus reports of at
least three structural colonies in the Puget Sound area that persisted late
into the year and chewed through walls of homes, strongly suggest that the
German yellowjacket is established in the area.
In March of 1983, workers, queens, and males from a V. germanica
colony collected in October 1981 were received from Nampa, Idaho. In this
case the colony was subterranean and was located inside an abandoned
irrigation pipe. Although specific data are lacking, the colony was large and
had produced numerous queens.
Despite the efforts of collaborators, V. germanica still has not been
detected south of Virginia, the southeast or the central midwest. For
example, although the German yellowjacket is common in the Indianapolis
area, it has not been detected in the southern part of Indiana.
Emergence of Subterranean Nesting in Indiana
Establishment of V. germanica in Indiana probably occurred in 1975-
76 (Mac Donald et al. 1980). For the last few years, all colonies studied
were located inside structures, with just over 87% (69/79) situated inside
structural voids, including 57 inside wall voids (Table 1). The first
subterranean V. germanica colony was discovered in 1 980, situated among
roots of ivy adjacent to a building; an additional subterranean nest was
found in 1980 and another in 1981 (Table 1). However, subterranean
nesting became readily apparent in 1982, with 38% ( 1 1/29) in such sites as
in lawns, shrub beds and in soil behind retaining walls.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984
Discussion and Implications
The rate of range extension of the German yellowjacket has been far too
rapid to be explained by natural dispersal of inseminated queens. Rapid
dispersal, initial detection of V. germanica in urban areas, and the presence
of isolated populations in Idaho and Washington suggest the major mode of
dispersal has been via commerce. However, once established in an urban
area, natural dispersal by queens occurs, for we have discovered an
occasional V. germanica colony in rural homes near Lafayette, Indiana the
past two years. Thus, while most problems associated with the German
yellowjacket occur in urban areas, dwellings in less populated areas are also
subject to infestation.
The sudden appearance of V. germanica on the west coast suggests that
this species may be discovered in other disjunct areas in the near future, at
least in the northern portion of the United States and Canada. The
continued absence of V. germanica in the South remains unexplained, but
climatic factors may be responsible (Keyel 1983).
Subterranean nesting in other V. germanica populations may already
HAWAII
Fig. 1. Distribution of V. germanica in North America as of May 1983.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
exist (undocumented) or may develop in the future. Accordingly, we should
not continue to rely so strongly on nest site as a criterion for diagnosis of V.
germanica. It appears our early characterization of the German yellowjacket in
North America as an exclusively structural nester was inaccurate.
Table 1. Nest locations of Vespula germanica in the Lafayette, Indiana area 1977-82.
NUMBER OF COLONIES
Year Subterranean Structural Total
Enclosed voids3 Basements Attics Otherb
1977 0 5 0005
1978 0 11 0 1 0 12
1979 0 10 2 1 0 13
1980 2 8 2 1 1 14
1981 1 18 0 1 0 20
1982 11 17 0 1 0 29
Totals 14C 69 4 5 1 93
aMost nests inside wall voids; 4 above drop ceilings, 3 above soffits, 3 inside porch voids, 1 in a
chimney void.
^Inside a wood duck house suspended in a tree ca. 8m above ground.
cFive in lawns, 7 in shrub beds, 2 in soil behind retaining walls.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Appreciation is extended to Ron Mundell, Purdue University Exterminator, for his years
of cooperation in facilitating research on social wasps on the Purdue campus. We also thank
Byron Reid and Donald Ross for assistance in locating many of the yellowjacket colonies. S. J.
Collman, A. Antonelli, and A. Stanford provided specimens and records of western V.
germanica.
LITERATURE CITED
Akre, R.D., A. Greene, J.F. MacDonald, P. Landholt, and H.G. Davis. 1981. The
Yellowjackets of America North of Mexico. USDA Agric. Handbook 552, 102 pp.
Dunn, G.A. 1980. The introduced yellowjacket in Michigan. Entomol. Soc. Mich.
Newsletter. 25: 1,3.
Edwards, R. 1976. The world distribution pattern of the German wasp, Paravespula
germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ent. Germanica 3: 269-271.
Keyel, R.E. 1983. Some aspects of niche relationships among yellowjackets (Hymenoptera:
Vespidae) of the northeastern United States. Ph.D. Dissertation thesis, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York, 161 pp.
MacDonald, J.F., R.D. Akre, and R.E. Keyel. 1980. The German yellowjacket ( Vespula
germanica) problem in the United States (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Bull. Entomol. Soc.
Amer. 26: 436-42.
Morse, R.A., G.C. Eickwort, and R.S. Jacobson. 1977. The economic status of an
immigrant yellowjacket, Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), in the north-
eastern United States. Environ. Entomol. 6: 109-1 10.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984
A REVISED KEY TO THE IDIODONUS
(HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
OF MEXICO AND BOLIVIA1
Dwight M. DeLong2
ABSTACT: A revised key is presented for the forty described species of Idiodonus of
Mexico and Bolivia. Species treated are 2 described by Ball: /. wickhami and /. schwartzi,
and 38 described by DeLong: /. graeculus, I. costatus, I. rubellus, I. spatulatus, I. tubulus, I.
sexpunctatus, I. marginatus, I. albifrons, I. anademus, I. nigridens, I. apertus, I. beamerellus,
I. vinculatus, I. incisurus, I. caldwelli, 1. pallidus, I. turpiter, I. albocinctus, I. bicinctus, I.
dampfi, I. acus, I. pravus, I. claustrus, I. verecundus, I. titulus, I. mexicanus, I. goodi, I.
copulus, I. latidens, I. incidus, I. nigifrons, I. insculptus, I. clastrus, I. edentulus, I.
excavatus, I. dicerus, I. bakeri, and /. plummeri. All species are from Mexico except /.
costatus which is from Bolivia. Illustrations of the color markings on the head, pronotum and
scutellum, and of the 7th sternum of the females are included.
The genus Idiodonus was described by Ball (1936) with Jassus
kennicotti Uhler designated as the type species. DeLong (1946) described
32 Mexican species of Idiodonus and published a key with illustrations.
Five additional Mexican species and one from Bolivia were described by
DeLong (1983). Since the male genital structures in this genus are of little
or no value, the color patterns and 9 genitalia are used for species
identification in this revised key to the species of Idiodonus. Illustrations of
the color markings on the head, pronotum and scutellum of all species and
the female 7th sternum of most species are included. Females of a few
species are not known. The species of Idiodonus in Mexico occur normally
on perennial plants and shrubs, and are found mostly at higher altitudes,
5000 to 12000 feet elevation.
Revised Key to the Species of Idiodonus of Mexico and Bolivia
1 . Crown without black markings 2
1 ' Crown with black markings 3
2( 1 ) Face with 2 black spots (Fig- 7) graeculus DeLong
2' Face with black markings (Fig. 73) costatus DeLong
3( 1 ) Crown and pronotum with small punctate spots or flecks of red 4
3' Crown and pronotum without reddish coloration 5
4(3) Margin of crown, only, with black spots (Figs. 4,66) rubellus DeLong
4' Crown and pronotum with black markings . . . . (Figs. 14,37) wickhamiBM
5(3') Crown, only, with black markings 6
5 ' Crown with black markings and black or dark ful vus markings on pronotum .... 20
6(5) Crown, only, with black rounded spots 7
Deceived October 1, 1982. Accepted August 13, 1983.
^Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.
ENT. NEWS 95(1): 9-15. January & February, 1984
10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
6' Crown with rounded spots in combination with other color markings or
with elongate spots, or transverse bands 11
7(6) Crown with round black spots only on or near margin 8
7' Crown with 2 black spots on margin and 2 distal spots 10
8(7) Female 7th sternum with spatulate process (Figs. 1, 40) spatulatus
DeLong
8' Female 7th sternum not spatulate 9
9(8') Female 7th sternum broadly rounded, produced (Figs. 5, 46)
schwartzi Ball
9' Female 7th sternum produced, broadly, shallowly excavated apically . . .
(Figs. 13, 55) tubulus DeLong
10(7') Margin of crown with 2 large elongate spots at middle and a small spot on
margin, close to each eye (Figs. 69, 75) sexpunctatus DeLong
10' Margin of crown with a series of fused black spots (fig. 70) marginatus
Delong
1 1(6') Crown with rounded spots distal to margin 12
11 ' Crown with elongate markings distal to margin 14
12(1 1) Basal portion of crown with 2 proximal small round spots
(Figs. 68, 74) albifrons DeLong
12' Crown with small black spots close to each eye 13
13(12') Female 7th sternum roundly produced, with a slight V-shaped notch at
apex (Figs. 6, 38) anademus DeLong
13' Female 7th sternum produced, excavated at apex and bearing a small
tooth in excavation (Figs. 15, 50) nigridens DeLong
14( 11 ') Margin of crown with 4 rounded spots and a black dash spot next to each 1 5
eye
14' Without a small dash spot next to each eye 17
15(14) Female 7th sternum with a spatulate process (Figs. 10, 42) apertus
DeLong
15' Female 7th sternum produced and rounded 16
16( 15') Female 7th sternum broadly rounded with a U-shaped notch 1/3 length of
segment (Figs. 9, 43) beamerellus DeLong
16' Female 7th sternum more produced, with a slight U-shaped notch at apex
(Figs. 2, 35) vinculus DeLong
17(14') Crown with a narrow black band just above margin (Figs. 1 1, 44)
incisurus DeLong
17' Crown without a continuous black band 18
18(17') Distal portion of crown with a broken blackband . . . . (Figs. 3,45) caldwelli
DeLong
18' Distal portion of crown with a broken black band 19
19(18') Crown with 4 dash lines, basal angles of scutellum black
(Figs. 7 1 , 76) pallidus DeLong
19' Crown with 4 dash lines, basal angles of scutellum not black
(Figs. 24, 57) turpiter DeLong
20(5') Pronotum with white transverse band between fulvus transverse bands ....
(Figs. 17, 52) albocinctus DeLong
20' Pronotum with black spots or bands 21
21(20') Pronotum with 2 broad, transverse, black bands 22
21' Pronotum with black spots or only 1 transverse black band 24
22(21 ) Pronotum with distal band on apical margin 25
22' Pronotum with distal band on disc (Figs. 32, 63) bicinctus DeLong
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984
11
23(22) Female 7th sternum with posterior margin produced, with a squarish notch
at center (Figs. 25, 54) dampfi DeLong
23' Female 7th sternum with posterior margin notched at apex and bearing a
small tooth (Figs. 34, 67) acus DeLong
24(21') Pronotum with a black transverse band on basal margin 25
24' Pronotum with a faint line or spots 30
25(24) Apical margin of pronotum slightly margined with black 26
25' Apical margin of pronotum not margined with black 27
26(25) Female 7th sternum angularly produced, with a broad U-shaped notch 1/3
length of segment (Figs. 22, 60)pravus DeLong
26' Female 7th sternum broadly, slightly concave with a slight U-shaped
notch ( Figs. 27, 51) claustrus DeLong
27(25') Crown with a transverse black band 28
27' Crown with a broken transverse black band. . . (Figs. 33, 58) verecundus
DeLong
28(27) Pronotum with irregular dark markings on disk (Figs. 23, 55)
titulus DeLong
28' Pronotum without irregular dark markings 29
29(28') Female 7th sternum produced, with a shallow squarish excavation
(Figs. 19, 48) mexicanus DeLong
29' Female 7th sternum roundly produced, with a slight V-shaped notch at apex
(Figs. 20, 47) goodi DeLong
30(24') Pronotum with a faint transverse line, straight or irregular 31
30' Pronotum with black spots or irregular markings 33
31(30) Pronotum with 2 incomplete transverse dark lines (Figs. 8, 41)
corpulus DeLong
31' Pronotum with a broken line, or line bent cephalad at middle 32
32(3 1 ') Pronotum bearing a broken transverse line (Figs. 30, 64)
latidens DeLong
32' Pronotum with a transverse line bent cephalad at middle (Figs. 12,39)
incidus DeLong
33(30') Pronotum with large lateral black spots next to eyes
(Fig. 72) nigrifrons DeLong
Pronotum with spots along basal margin 34
34(33') Pronotum with a row black spots extending almost across basal margin .... 35
34' Pronotum with black spots only on central portion of pronotum 36
35(34) Pronotum with large black spots and transverse black bands on crown
(Figs. 18, 53) insculptus DeLong
35' Pronotum with smaller black spots and one broken transverse band on
crown (Figs. 14, 37) wickhami Ball
36(34') Crown with a black transverse band .... (Figs. 21,56) clathrus DeLong
36' Crown with a broken band, with spots or dashes 37
37(36') Crown with rounded black spots only 38
Crown with elongate or squarish spots 39
38(37) Scutellum with black spots at apex. . . . (Figs. 26, 59) edentulus DeLong
Scutellum with black spots (Figs. 16, 49) excavatus DeLong
39(37') Distal portion of pronotum margined with black (Figs. 28,61 ) diserus
DeLong
39' Distal portion of pronotum without black margin 40
40( 39') Female 7th sternum slightly notched each side of median apical tooth
(Figs. 29, 36) bakeri DeLong
40' Female 7th sternum sloping to median notched tooth
(Figs. 31, 65) plummeri DeLong
12
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
SPATULATUS
VI NCUL.US
C A LOWtLLI
C OPU LU S
BEAMERELLUS
APE RTUS
I N CISU R U S
I NC I 0 U S
T UBULUS
W I C KH AMI
N IGRI DE N S
tXC AVATUS
ALBOC INCTUS
INSCULPTUS
Figs. 1-18, Head, pronotum, species of Idiodonus, as labeled.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984
13
C L AUSTR US
0 ISERUS
B AKE Rl
PLUMMCRI
BICINCTUS VERECUNDUS
34V
AC US
Figs. 19-34, Head, pronotum, and scutellum of species of Idiodonus, as labeled.
14
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
/• l
C OPULUS
^— — ^
67
AC US
Figs. 35-67, Female 7th sterna of species of Idiodonus, as labeled.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984
15
71
PALLIDUS
NIGRIFRONS
COSTATUS
ALBIFRONS
SEXPUNCTATUS
PALLIDUS
Figs. 68, 74. /. albifrons: 68. head, pronotum, and scutellum; 74. female 7th sternum. Figs.
69, 75. /. sexpunctatus: 69. head, pronotum, and scutellum; 75. female 7th sternum. Fig. 70,
/. marginatus: head, pronotum, and scutellum. Figs. 71, 76, /. pallidus: 71. head,
pronotum, and scutellum; 76. female 7th sternum. Fig. 72. /. nigrifrons: head, pronotum, and
scutellum. Fig. 73: /. costatus, head, pronotum, and scutellum.
LITERATURE CITED
Ball, E.D. 1936. Some New Genera of Leafhoppers Related to Thamnotettix. Bull. Brook.
Entomol. Soc. 31(2): 57-60.
DeLong, D.M. 1946. The Mexican Species of Idiodonus(Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Ohio
Jour. Sci. 46(1): 13-30.
1983. New Species and Distribution Notes of Mexican and Bolivian Idiodonus
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Ent. News 94(3): 89-92.
16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
A NEW SPECIES OF TROGLOPEDETES
(COLLEMBOLA: PARONELLIDAE) FROM
GUERRERO, MEXICO1
Margarita Ojeda, Jose G. Palacios-Vargas^
ABSTRACT: Troglopedetes oztotlicus n.sp. from Juxtlahuaca Caves, Guerrero State, is
described and differentiated from its closest relatives. Fifteen drawings are included.
RESUMEN: Se describe la nueva especie Troglopedetes oztotlicus de las Grutas de
Juxtlahuaca, Estado de Guerrero se diferencia de las especies mas cercanas. Se proporcionan
15 dibujos.
In America, the genus Troglopedetes has been found only in caves of
the Neotropical Region of Mexico and in Central America, and in leaf litter
in South America. To date only four species have been described. T. maya
(Mills, 1938), described from Yucatan caves, is the only species known
from Mexico, although there must be more undescribed taxa in the tropical
areas of the country. T. cfe/a warn Massoud and Gruia, 1973 was described
from Cuba and cited from Dominican Republic by Mari Mutt (1977). T.
/awotfe? (Delamare-Duboutteville, 1 950) occurs in the French Guinea and
T. millsi(Ar\Q, 1939), known from Brasil, probably belongs to Troglopedetina.
The new species described below was reported by Palacios-Vargas
(1982) as Troglopedetes sp. and belongs to the Neotropical fauna that
probably invaded southern habitats of Mexico recently (maybe during the
Pleistocene) after the formation of the Eje Neovolcanico, which now is a
barrier for the distribution of this family. In Mexico, the genus has invaded
various caves such as Grutas de Atoyac in Veracruz State, where we have
found a different undescribed species.
The species of this genus are remarkable because of the troglomorphism
they present, e.g., lack of eyes and modifications of the tibiotarsal complex.
There also must be some physiological adaptations, because of the
difficulties of rearing these animals in laboratory conditions.
Troglopedetes oztotlicus n.sp.
Length 2-3 mm. Without eyes or trace of pigmentation in body and ocular region. Head
and body covered with several types of setae and trichobothria (Fig. 1 ). Scales elliptical, oval
or somewhat lanceolate, with regular longitudinal striations ( Fig. 2 ). Dens with ciliated spines.
Ratio diagonal head: antennae (average of five specimens) = 1.0:3.0; ratio of antennal
segments I: II: III: IV = 1:1.1:0.9:1.7. Ant. I and ant. II with scales and setae, the basis of the
Deceived July 19, 1983. Accepted September 23, 1983.
^Laboratorio de Acarologia, Departamento de Biologia', Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM,
045 10 Mexico, D.F.
ENT. NEWS 95(1): 16-20. January & February, 1984
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February. 1984
17
first with small spinelike setae. Sense organ of ant. Ill of 2 blunt sensillae and 2 guard sensillae
subequal in length but thinner than the first pair (Fig. 3). Ant. Ill has several sensillae of
various lengths and numerous ciliated setae. Ant. IV with weak tendency to annulated and
covered by ciliated setae and sensillae (Fig. 4).
W(9)
f i ^»' 'i ^fc V',
^1 w
tSi \^
"5.1 "?\
Vk -A
%
5d:
W>
i *
"•^.i
\''f'(
~«i
i?4
1^,4,
V i '',
.
Figs. 1-5. Troglopedetes oztotlicus n.sp. 1 . Types of setae; 2. Scales; 3. Apex of Ant. Ill;
Apex of Ant. IV; 5. Dorsal setal pattern of head.
18
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Head with two dorsal trichobothria, setae of several lengths, scales and pores (Fig. 5).
Labrum with five long posterior setae, five smaller medium setae and four anterior thicker
setae (Fig. 6). Base of labium with setae "r" small and the others longer and ciliated (Fig. 7),
apex of labium with an external differentiated setae.
Figs. 6-10. Troglopedetes oztotlicus n.sp. 6. Setal pattern of Labrum; 7. Chaetotaxy of
Labium; 8. Trochanter; 9. Tibiotarsus; 10. Abdominal setal pattern.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984
19
Tenant hair apically lanceolate, short and thin. Unguis with a pair of minute outer teeth, a
pair of subequal inner teeth in the middle region and 2 unpaired inner teeth, 1 median and 1
distal, the latter much smaller. Unguliculus lanceolate, ventral lamella weakly crenulate (Fig.
9). Ratio unguis: unguiculus = 1.0:0.6; ratio unguis: tenent hair = 1.0:0.4. Trochanteral
organ as in Figure 8.
Abd. I without trichobothria; Abd, II, III, and IV with 2, 3 and 2 pairs of trichobothria
respectively (Fig. 1 0). Tenaculum with 4+4 teeth and a thick setae on the corpus, which often
13
,,,
' ' -A * •»
Figs. 11-15. Troglopedetes oztotlicus n.sp. 11. Tenaculum; 12. Collophore; 13. Basal
spines of dens; 14. Distal spines of dens; 15. Mucro.
20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
appears bifid (Fig. 1 1). Collophore with anterior setae much longer and thicker than posterior
ones (Fig. 12). Genital region with many thick ciliated setae.
Manubrium covered with setae and scales. The ventral setae thin and long but not
differentiated. Dens with 2 rows of spines (35-40 each row). Proximal spines thick and weakly
ciliated (Fig. 1 3), distal ones larger and thoroughly ciliated, similar to setae (Fig. 14). Mucro
with 4 teeth, 3 in a row and 1 in paramedial position (Fig. 15). Ratio dens: mucro = 1.0:0.06.
Type Locality: Mexico, Guerrero State, Grutas de Juxtlahuaca. ex soil and bat guano. 1 1-
FV-1981. J.G. Palacios leg. This cave is in the Transitional Region between the Biotic
Provinces Guerrerense and Balsas Inferior, Neartic and Neotropical regions respectively
(Smith, 1940).
The Holotype and 5 paratypes will be kept in the second authors' collection and 2
paratypes will be deposited in the Museo de Historia Natural de la Ciudad de Mexico.
Derivatio nominis: from the Nahuatl oztotl = cave, referring to the habitat of this species.
DISCUSSION
The new species differ from T. maya (Mills, 1938) by its smaller
ungual teeth and tenent hair and by the shape of the mucro, Troplopedetes
oztotlicus differs from T. delamarei (Massoud and Gruia, 1973) in having
dental spines which are shorter, thicker and less ciliated, and in the length of
the tenent hair.
Several characters, e.g., sensorial organ of Ant. Ill, head and abdominal
chaetotaxy, number and shape of dental spines, if included in the
description of new taxa, could be of assistance both in differentiating
species, and in the clarification of phylogenetic relations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors express their gratitude to the following collembologists who kindly reviewed
the manuscript: Dr. Jose A. Man Mutt, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Dr. Peter F.
Bellinger, California State University Northridge, California; and Dr. Kenneth Christiansen,
Grinnell College, Iowa.
LITERATURE CITED
Delamare-Debouteville, C. 1950. Deux nouvelles especes de Collemboles du mont Nimba
(Guine'e francaise) re'colte's par M. Maxime Lamotte. Bull. Soc. Zool Fr., 75( 1 ): 43-45.
Mari Mutt, J.A., 1977. Fifteen New Records and new species of Collembola from the
Dominican Republic. Florida Ent., 60(4): 281-286.
Massoud, Z. et M. Gruia. 1973. Collemboles Arthropleones de Cuba recoltes en 1969 par la
mission Cubano-Roumaine. Res. Exped. biospeol. Cubano-Roumanie a Cuba 1: 327-
343.
Mills, H.B. 1938. Collembola from Yucatan Caves. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ.,
491: 183-190.
Palacios- Vargas, J.G. 1982. New Records of Cave Collembola of Mexico. Ent. News,
93(4): 104-113.
Smith, H. 1940. Las provincias bioticas de Mexico, segun la distribucion geografica de las
lagartijas del ge'nero Sceloporus. An. Esc. nac. Cien. biol. (Mexico), 2(1): 103-1 10.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984 21
HELOPICUS RICKERI, A NEW STONEFLY FROM
TENNESSEE (PLECOPTERA: PERLODIDAE)1
Bill P. Stark2
ABSTRACT: Helopicus rickeri, n. sp is described from a single male collected in Tennessee
(USA). The epiproct is atypical of other Helopicus in bearing spines, but the absence of lateral
stylets, presence of transverse meso and metasternal pigment bands along with the
mesosternal groove conformation suggest this tentative generic placement.
William E. Ricker recently sent a distinctive periodic! male, which he
recognized as a new species in 1965, to me for study. As he noted on his
determination label, this specimen "does not fit any present subgenus" but
it is apparently most closely allied to Helopicus Ricker. Since Stark and
Ray (1983) gave comparative figures of the known Helopicus species, I
take this opportunity to bring a remarkable stonefly to the attention of
aquatic biologists. Hopefully this description will promote discovery of the
nymph and female and subsequently the testing of this generic placement.
Helopicus rickeri n. sp.
Male. - Macropterous. Forewing length 1 5 mm; body length 1 3 mm. General color brown,
patterned with yellow. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Mesosternum and metasternum with
transverse band, interrupted by areas of lighter pigment lateral to midline. Hemitergal lobes
broadly rounded, sparsely covered with setae and sensilla basiconica. Dorsal aspect of
epiproct bulbous, with slender recurved tip; dorsal sclerite tapered throughout length; a pair of
prominent, posteriorly directed sclerotized spines located lateral to dorsal sclerite in apical
third; membranous area of epiproct covered with fine short setae. Ventral aspect of epiproct
with scoop-like apex (Figs. 1, 2).
Mesosternal grooves typical of genus. Submental gills present. Lateral stylets absent.
Types.- Holotype cf (100976) from 5.5 mi Wof Hartsville, Trousdale Co., TN, USA, 28-
III- 1965, M. Braasch, deposited at the United States National Museum of Natural History,
Washington, DC.
Etymology. I take great pleasure in naming this species for Dr. W.E. Ricker in honor of his
numerous contributions to stonefly systematics.
Diagnosis. - This species is distinguished from other Helopicus by the
presence of dorsal sclerotized spines on the epiproct. The epiproct
superfically resembles that of Hydroperla crosbyi (Needham and Claassen)
in lateral aspect (Stewart and Stark 1977; Ray and Stark 1981) but these
two species are distinguished by the absence of lateral stylets in Helopicus
rickeri.
Deceived June 30, 1983. Accepted July 30, 1983.
2Dept. of Biology, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS 39058.
ENT. NEWS 95(1): 21-22. January & February, 1984
22
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
; ''/)%*• I
••') -j&P \
' \ Sif1'-i'>!vi?C
Figures 1-2. Helopicus rickeri, male genitalia. 1. Terminalia, lateral. 2. Epiproct, dorsal.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank William E. Ricker for his gift of the holotype specimen. Paul Lago and S.W.
Szczytko provided helpful comments during review of the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Ray, D.H. and B.P. Stark. 1981. The Nearctic species of Hydroperla (Plecoptera: Perlodidae).
Florida Entomol. 64: 385-395.
Stark, B.P. and D.H. Ray. 1983. A revision of the genus Helopicus (Plecoptera: Perlodidae).
Freshwat. Invertebr. Biol. 2: 16-27.
Stewart, K.W. and B.P. Stark. 1977. Reproductive system and mating in Hydroperla
crosby i: a newly discrovered method of sperm transfer in Insecta. Oikos 24: 84-89.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984 23
A NEW MEXICAN EPIDAMAEUS
(ORIBATEI: DAMAEIDAE)1
Jose G. Palacios-Vargas^
ABSTRACT: A new mite species in the genus Epidamaeus, inhabitating leaf litter on
Popocatepetl volcano, is described.
RESUMEN: Se describe una nueva especie de acaro del genero Epidamaeus, habitante de
hojarasca del Volcan Popocatepetl.
The family Damaeidae (sensu Norton, 1979a) is almost unknown in
Mexico; only one species (Belba clavisensilld) has been described recently
(Norton and Palacios-Vargas, 1982). The genus Epidamaeus includes
about 30 known species, mainly distributed in the Palearctic Region
(Norton, 1979b). Only three of them are known to occur in South
America and none has ever been described or recorded from Mexico; the
first is described below.
The terminology used in the description is mostly that of Grandjean
(see Trave and Vachon, 1975 for many references).
Epidamaeus mitlsensillus n.sp.
Dimensions. Mean ventral length of five specimens 68 1 jum (range 652-740 jum); mean total
length 746 jum (range 7 1 0-796 jum); mean maximum notogastral width 429 jum (range 403-
460 urn).
CerotegumenL Body and legs covered with a layer of reticular cerotegument (Fig. 1).
Prodorsum. (Figs. 2, 3). Relatively narrow, subtriangular. Integument smooth. Dorsosejugal
enantiophysis (Da) present; without discernible postbotridial enantiophysis. Setae le finely
barbulated; ro smooth and thinner; in relatively short, barbulated. Sensillus (ss) smooth,
long (190 /xm), not tapering, distal end expanded, sagittate.
All setae other than most of tarsi and venter, and sensillus birefrigent in basal 3/4.
Notogaster. (Figs. 2, 3). Slightly ovate viewed perpendicular to circumgastric suture; about
1.1 times longer than broad. Spinae adnatae (sa) small. Notogastral setae smooth,
gradually tapered, with dark pigmentation except close to insertions. Setae C\ and €2
directed anteriad, others directed posteriad ( except /w setae). Setae decreasing in length from
C2 to h\. Row ps more or less parallel to circumgastric suture; p$2 andpsj much smaller
than other notogastral setae and finely attentuated. Opistosomal glands and lyrifissures
normal as for family. Nynphal exuviae often carried by adults.
Ventral region. (Fig. 4). Tubercles E2p, Va and Vp well developed. Tubercles Sa and Sp
short, difficult to see. Numerical formula for epimeral setae (I to IV) 3-1-3-4. Discidium
(di) broadly rounded. Anogenital region typical for family.
Legs. (Figs. 5-9). Porose areas on trochanters III and IV, on all femora, tibiae and tarsi. Setal
formulas for the legs, from trochanter to tarsus (famulus included, number of solenidia in
Deceived April 6, 1983. Accepted August 22. 1983.
^Laboratorio de Acarologia', Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
04510 Mexico, D.F.
ENT. NEWS 95(1): 23-26. January & February, 1984
24
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
w
-s^ J&t?w£c 1
Figs. 1-4. Epidamaeus mitlsensillus n.sp. 1, cerotegument between setae Cj; 2, dorsal
aspect; 3, lateral view; 4, ventral aspect.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984
25
Figs. 5-9. Legs ofEpidamaeus mitlsensillus n.sp. 5, femur and genua I; 6, tibia and tarsus I; 7,
trochanter IV; 8, femur and genua IV; 9, tibia and tarsus IV.
26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
parentheses) as follows: Leg I, 1-7-4(1 )-4(2)-20(2); leg II, l-6-4(l)-17(2); leg III, 2-4-
3(1)-3(1)-17; leg IV, l-4-3-3(l)-14.
Ratio of the length of legs I:II:III:IV = 1 :0.8: 1 .0: 1 .3. Leg IV about 1 .2 times ventral body
length. Relative length of leg segments as follows: Leg I, F:G:Ti:Ta = 1:0. 3:0. 5: 1.1; leg II
= 1:0.3:0.5:1.3; leg III, Tr:F:G:Ti:Ta = 1:1.3:0.6:1.0:2.2; leg IV = 1:1.1:0.5:1.0:1.9.
Derivatio nominis: from the Nahuatl: mill = arrow and the Latin sensillum; referring
to the arrow-like form of the sensillus.
Material Examined: Specimens were obtained from Pinus hartwegii litter samples from
Popocatepetl Volcano, State of Mexico, 3,800 m elevation, 5-IV-1982, J.G. Palacios-Vargas
leg. There is another record from Sta. Ana, Milpa Alta, D.F. ex. leaf litter, D. Chora leg. The
holotype and two paratypes in alcohol are deposited in the Laboratorio de Acarologia,
Facultad de Ciencias, UN AM, Mexico. Two paratypes in alcohol will be sent to each of
following institutions: Museo de Historia Natural de la Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, D.F.,
College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York; Laboratory of
Acarology, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.
DISCUSSION
The new species here described is similar to Epidamaeus flagelloides
Norton, 1 979 (Norton, 1 979c) but differs in the type of cerotegument, form
of setae ps\ , sensillus, notogastral setae and enantiophyses. The new
species is distinguishable from all known species of Epidamaeus by the
reticulate cerotegument and sagittate sensillus.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author expresses his gratitude to Dr. Roy A. Norton, State University of New York,
College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA, for his advice
and comments on this paper; and to Dr. Isabel Bassols, Laboratorio de Acarologia, Escuela
Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, IPN, Mexico, who kindly reviewed the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Norton, R.A. 1979a. Familial concepts in the Damaeoidea as indicated by preliminary
phylogenetic studies. In: Recent Advances in Acarologv (J.G. RODRIGUEZ ED.).
Academic Press, Inc., NY. USA: 529-533.
. 1979b. Aspects of the biogeography of Damaeidae sensu lato (Oribatei) with
emphasis on North America. In: Recent Advances in Acarologv (J.G. RODRIGUEZ
ED.). Academic Press, Inc., N.Y. USA: 535-539.
_. 1979c. Damaeidae (Acari: Oribatei) collected by the Hungarian Soil Zoological
Expedition to South America. Fol. Ent. Hungarica 52(1): 55-64.
y J.G. Palacios-Vargas, 1982. Nueva Belba (Oribatei: Damaeidae) de musgos
epifitos de Mexico. Fol. Ent. Mex. 52: 61-73.
Trave, J. and M. Vachon. 1975. Francois Grandjean, 1882-1975. (Notice biogeographique
et bibliographique). Acarologia 17: 1-19.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984 27
NOTES ON DISTRIBUTION OF EVANIID WASPS
IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA
(HYMENOPTERA: EVANIIDAE)1
Roy R. Snelling2
ABSTRACT: New distribution data are given for Evaniella californica (Ashmead) and
Hyptia oblonga Townes. A possible host, Parcoblatta americana (Scudder), is suggested for
E. californica.
Evaniid wasps are parasitoids in the oothecae of roaches and attain
their greatest abundance and diversity in the tropics of both Old and New
Worlds. Proceeding away from the tropics, these unusual wasps become
increasingly less common; in the arid lands of western North America they
are decidedly uncommon. When I wrote my very brief paper (Snelling,
1963) on the evaniids of California, I recorded two species, known from a
total of only seven specimens. The few additional specimens recorded
below are thus of some interest.
Evaniella californica (Ashmead, 1901)
This species was described from a single male from Sacramento
County, California. Snelling (1963) recorded additional material from
Tuolumne County, California.
Two females extend the range of E. californica south to Tulare County.
Both were collected at Kaweah Powerhouse Reservoir No. 3, at Ash
Mountain. One was collected on 3 July 1982 by J. Halstead and one on 15
August 1982 by R.D. Haines.
On 23 June 1979 a single female was collected by R.R. Snelling and P.
Mehlhop, about 5.8 mi. NE of Chico, Butte County, California, on the
Cohasset Highway, elevation 475 feet. The specimen was taken while we
were excavating a nest of the harvester ant, Veromessor chicoensis M.
Smith, and was removed from a chamber into which it had darted when first
exposed; the chamber was at a depth of about 2.5 cm. Within the upper
chambers of this nest were individuals of both sexes of the roach,
Parcoblatta americana (Scudder). This roach often resides within nests of
V. chicoensis during the day and at night emerges to feed on debris in the
chaff pile surrounding the nest. Another roach, Ischnoptera deropeltiformis
(Bruner) has similar habits; both species were found associated with nests
of V. chicoensis and V. andrei(Mayr) in Butte and Tehama Counties. One,
'Received May 7, 1983. Accepted June 24, 1984.
^Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles,
California 90007.
ENT. NEWS 95(1): 27-28. January & February, 1984
28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
or both, of these roach species may serve as host for the parasitoid.
Evaniella neomexicana (Ashmead, 1901)
This species was described from two male specimens collected at Las
Cruces, New Mexico. Snelling ( 1 963 ) recorded a third male from Riverside
County, California. Two additional specimens are now available: Icf, 5
mi. S. of Parker, Yuma County, Arizona, 13 April 1965 (D.A. Barstow); 1
9, Kane Springs, Imperial County, California, 22 April 1964 (R.L.
Westcott). According to Mr. Westcott (personal communication), the
Kane Springs specimen was flying through a clump of Ephedra sp.
The female differs from the male specimens in that the entire body is
bright ferruginous.
Hyptia oblonga Townes, 1949
Townes (1949) described this from specimens from the Huachuca
Mountains, Arizona (type locality) and from Alabama (Evergreen),
Georgia (Spring Creek), Mexico (Cuernavaca) and Costa Rica (Suerre).
Two females were collected at La Laguna, 5500-5675 feet elevation,
Sierra de la Laguna, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 28 August - 1 September
1977 (R.R. Snelling). This is the first record of the species in Lower
California. The population there is almost certainly isolated from that
which occurs to the northeast in southern Arizona. Presumably the range
was continuous during the Tertiary when most or all of the intervening area
was forested.
LITERATURE CITED
Ashmead, W.H. 1901. New species of Evaniidae. Canad. Entomol. 33: 300-304.
Snelling, R.R. 1963. The evaniid wasps of California (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae). Pan-
Pacific Entomol. 39: 107-108.
Townes, H. 1949. The Nearctic species of Evaniidae (Hymenoptera). Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.
99: 525-539.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984 29
ANTS (CREMATOGASTER CLARA MAYR)
NESTING IN BIRD BOXES
(HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)1
Wayne H. Davis2, William C McComb3, Pierre Allaire4
ABSTRACT: Ants (Crematogaster clara Mayr) occupied bluebird boxes on metal posts
posted in reclaimed coal mines. Eggs, larvae and pupae were found covering the floor of one of
the boxes.
On April 8, 1982, we established 50 stations of experimental bluebird
houses on reclaimed surface mines of Falcon Coal Co., near Quicksand,
Breathitt Co., KY. At each station 3 boxes were bolted to a board fastened
between two standard 1.8 m iron fence posts. The boxes, made of planed,
untreated yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipferd), had inside dimensions of
1 3 cm x 1 3 cm and a height of 25 cm. One type was the standard bird house
with a circular entrance 38 mm in diameter located 20 mm below the roof. A
second type had the front panel reaching to within 38 mm of the roof leaving
an entrance space of 38 x 1 30 mm. The third type had a similar entrance in
the roof made by having the roof come within 38 mm of the front panel. The
roof of each type was easily removed for inspection. Each station was
visited weekly throughout the summer.
Ants, identified as Crematogaster clara Mayr by James C. Trager and
William F. Buren, began entering the boxes by May 15. In succeeding
weeks more boxes were occupied until 8 stations finally came to be utilized
by ants. The ants were apparently exploratory swarms. There were no
crevices or cavities in the wood that seemed suitable for colonizing by ants.
There was no nesting material in any of the boxes used by ants. This
exploratory behavior continued through the next month.
On July 1 5 ant eggs were found on the floor in 3 of the boxes. On August
3 the entire floor of one box was covered with eggs, larvae and pupae.
The 3 box types varied in exposure to light and elements with the
circular entrance type having the least exposure and the top entrance type
the most. Ants preferred the most sheltered type, but at 3 stations all 3 types
were occupied and ant eggs were found on the floor in both the circular
entrance and the front slot entrance type.
We know of no instances of ants nesting in situations such as we have
described. Ants that nest above ground generally choose crevices with
Deceived March 14, 1983. Accepted August 4, 1983.
2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
-^Dept. of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546
^Dept. of Science & Mathematics, Lees Junior College, Jackson, KY 41339
ENT. NEWS 95(1): 29-30. January & February, 1984
30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
small openings to maintain humidity and to dampen temperature fluctuations
(Sudd, 1967). Solenopsis sp. and Monomorim minimum (Buckley) have
been reported entering bluebird boxes and devouring young nestlings
(Laskey, 1940; Hurst 1980).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank James C. Trager and William F. Buren for the identification of the ants, and
Paul H. Freytag for help with the manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Hurst, G.A 1980. Possible Predation by Ants on Nestlings in Nesting Boxes. Mississippi
Kite 10(1): 3-4.
Laskey, AR. 1940. The 1939 Nesting Season of Bluebirds at Nashville, Tennessee. Wilson
Bull. 52: 183-190.
Sudd, J.H. 1967. An introduction to the Behavior of Ants. Edward Arnold Publ., London.
200 pp.
SOCIETY MEETING OF NOVEMBER 16, 1983
The second meeting of the 1 98 3-84 year was held on Wednesday evening at the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Eleven members and two guests heard Joseph M. Harrison
speak on "Mounting Insects in Transparent Media."
Mr. Harrison described the history of transparent mounts, which date back to the 2-sided
glass "book type" mounts of Titian Peale (ca. 1 830), the popular 2-sided glass mounts sold on
a large scale by the Dentons (ca. 1890-1925), the familiar "Riker" mounts, and finally, his
own acrylic mounts. Many examples of various types of mounts were on display, and samples
were passed around the audience for examination. The "Harrison" mounts have a transparent
1/8" acrylic top and bottom, and opaque acrylic sides, and provide excellent sample visibility
without the much greater weight and fragility of glass. Polyure thane foam sheeting provides an
attractive backing material, but discolors if exposed to sun or artificial light for extended
periods. Cotton batting can be substituted in the latter situations. Use of a stainless steel pin
through the insect's body during the spreading process allows the pin to be more easily
removed before the insect in placed in the mount. Injection of an insecticide solution into the
insect's body is recommended to prevent future dermestid attacks.
Numerous practical hints on field methods were also provided by Mr. Harrison. He
prefers lighter fluid as a killing agent, injected hot water as a relaxant, and flea collars worn
around the lower pantlegs as a tick and chigger deterrant.
Mrs. Mildred Morgan, office secretary of the Society, was presented with an attractive
butterfly mount by Mr. Harrison for her conscientious service.
Wm. H. Day
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984 31
INDICATION OF MOUNTING MEDIA
INFORMATION12
R.D. Waltz, W.P. McCafTerty3
ABSTRACT: The vast array of mounting media currently being used for slide mounts of
arthropods makes it imperative that mounting media be precisely indicated with specimens
and in publications. Information should also include the solvent and date of mounting. Such
information is necessary for specimen study, curation, and remounting, and is especially
important for type specimens.
The recent development of a wide variety of slide-mount media for
arthropod preservation gives rise to an urgent need for incorporating
medium-related data in the preparation and designation of such specimens
(or parts thereof), particularly of type specimens. Recommendations for
procedures must be clearly addressed because of taxonomists' increasing
use of slide mounted and embedded materials.
Prior to the burgeoning development of the newer media, balsam was
used in most slide preparations. Today taxonomists may use any of several
acceptable media depending on requirements of the particular taxonomic
group, ease of use, personal preference, and other criteria. Frequently a
taxonomist will change preferences over time, thus perhaps using many
different media in study materials.
The taxonomist must also vary medium usage with specimen usage, as
media will variously affect specimens, their characteristics, and the ability
to interpret them. For example, Hoyer's or some other medium with similar
clearing properties and compatibility with acids or bases may be routinely
used by a particular specialist unless permanent storage is needed, when a
longer-lived, more stable medium such as Euparal® or other hydrophobic
type may be used (cf/Wilkey, 1977). Too much clearing or not enough
clearing action may prevent certain characteristics from being studied, just
as a refractive index near that of chitin may prevent clarity of setal and
surface characteristics (Christiansen and Bellinger, 1980; Salmon, 1951
and 1954).
The taxonomist should select a medium carefully and indicate the
medium used. Without such information, others who may have to work with
the specimens in the future may not be able to interpret effects peculiar to
the medium. Such information is also necessary for dissolving the medium
when remounting is required, and an appropriate solvent should also be
indicated. Remounting is undertaken i) so that characteristics (often newly
discovered ones) may be examined, ii) as part of long term slide curation,
iii) for improving permanency, or iv) for collection restoration.
1 Received April 21, 1983. Accepted August 12, 1983.
^Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station Journal No. 9429.
•^Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
ENT. NEWS 95(1): 31-32. January & February, 1984
32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Given the necessity for information on mounting media, we make the
following recommendations: For general collections of slide mounted
material, data on media should be routinely added to the data label. This
could be done, for example, as a line following locality and collection data
that would denote the medium used, the appropriate solvent, and the date of
preparation. A similar practice should also apply to embedded parts
associated with pinned insects, such as Coleoptera genitalia mounted on
clear acetate attached to the pin of the whole specimen (cf/Johnson, 1982;
Smetana, 197 1). Slides bearing type specimens or parts thereof could have
any important information, including data on the medium, permanently
etched into the glass in addition to the usual label. Important information
such as the general locale (country, state, county), mounting medium,
solvent, and date of preparation could be appropriately etched under one
label area, and type status, genus, species and author under the second label
area. The etching could reside under a label or on the back of the slide and
could be highlighted with ink.
Data on mounting media should also be available in taxonomic reviews
and revisions, and especially with species descriptions. Whenever type
specimen data are given, data on mounting media should be included as
standard procedure if embedded or slide mounted materials are involved.
Certain workers have recognized the importance of this and routinely
publish such information (e.g., Braasch, 1980; Johnson, 1982; Puthz,
1974; Smetana, 1971). An excellent format is that of Puthz (1974)
including both the medium and its solvent: (p. 916) "Both syntypes have
been mounted anew, the aedeagus of the male (internal sac everted)
embedded in Euparal® (soluable in ale. abs.) on a strip of celluloid." We
hope all taxonomists will adopt these recommendations to aid curators and
future researchers, and for the general welfare of collection resources.
LITERATURE CITED
Braasch, D. 1980. Baetidae in Mittelasien II. (Ephemeroptera). Reichenbachia, Mus. Tierk.
Dresden. 18: 147-152.
Christiansen, K. and P. Bellinger. 1 980. The Collembola of North America, North of the Rio
Grande. Part I: Introduction, Families Poduridae and Hypogastruridae. Grinnell College,
Grinnell, Iowa, 386 pp.
Johnson, C 1982. An introduction to the Ptiliidae (Coleoptera) of New Zealand. New Zeal.
J. Zool. 9: 333-376.
Puthz, V. 1 974. A new revision of the Nearctic Edaphus - species and remarks on other North
American Euaesthetinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Rev. Suisse Zool. 81: 91 1-932.
Salmon, J.T. 1 95 1 . Polyvinyl alcohol as a mounting medium in microscopy. The Microscope,
March- April, pp. 139-142.
1954. A new polyvinyl alcohol mounting medium. The Microscope, Sept.-Oct.,
pp. 66-67.
Smetana, A 1971. Revision of the tribe Quediini of America North of Mexico (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada No. 79, 303 pp.
Wilkey, R.F. 1977. How to make professional microslide mounts of insects and other
arthropods. Arthropod Slidemounts, Inc., Bluffton, Indiana, 4 pp.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984
33
TWO UNDESCRIBED FOSSIL DERMAPTERA
FROM FLORISSANT, COLORADO1
F. Martin Brown^
ABSTRACT: Names are proposed for two undescribed Oligocene Dermaptera from the
shales of Florissant, Colorado: Labiduromma scudderi, n.sp., and L. gurneyi, n.sp.
While preparing a revision and catalogue of fossil Dermaptera for the
"Natural History Inventory of Colorado," we set aside several specimens
that clearly were not any of the species Scudder had described. Since no one
else has described fossil Dermaptera from the Oligocene in North America,
these specimens represent currently unnamed species. The specimens
represent two distinct species. Both appear to be best placed at this time in
Scudder's genus Labiduromma (Labiduridae). One of the species falls into
the avia group and the other into the commixtum group of that genus.
'
Fig. 1. Left: holotype Labiduromma gurneyi. n.sp.; center: holotype L. scudderi, n.sp.;
right: paratype L. scudderi n.sp.
Labiduromma scudderi, n.sp.
This new species resembles most closely labens Scudder of the avia -
group. It is considerably larger than labens, and the cerci are quite different
from the threadlike ones of that species. The resemblance lies largely in the
shape of the abdomen.
1 Received July 30, 1983. Accepted September 1 1983.
^Research Associate, University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, CO 80309
ENT. NEWS 95(1): 33-34. January & February, 1984
34
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Holotype: A female, with counterpart, UCM numbers 29907 & 29908. Collected by
Wilmatte Porter Cockerell from UCM (Cockerell) pit 13B, probably in 1908. Total length
21.3 mm, from tip of mouth parts to tip of cerci.
Head: stout pear-shaped (well rounded subtriangular), 2.3 mm long and 2. 3 mm wide at eyes.
Antennae: visible length 2.3 mm with only 4 countable segments in view, quite incomplete.
Basal segment very stout, 0.9 x 0.5 mm.
Pronotum: trapezoidal; posterior margin narrower than head, anterior margin much more so.
Length 1.0 mm, anterior width 1.3 mm, posterior width 1.5 mm.
Tegmina: partly opened, each legmen probably 1 .65 mm wide; when closed probably nearly
"square" in appearance; distal margin rounded. Length 3.4 mm.
Legs: poorly preserved. Leg 1: femur 2.2 x 0.5 mm, possibly includes some of tibia, tarsus
3.3 x 0.2 mm; Leg 2: femur 1 .8 x 0.7 mm; Leg 3: femur 2.2 x 0.8 mm, tibia 2. 1 x 0.4 mm,
tarsus 1.8 mm - incomplete, possibly as much as 4.5 x 0.2 mm.
Abdomen: six well defined segments; parallel sided to segment 4. Dorsal outline presents a
semi-circular curve to terminate abdomen. Width 3.6 mm.
Note: The abdomen is not part extended as in most fossils but so compressed
longitudinally that the heavy chitinous tergites are in contact throughout showing none of
the delicate anterior and posterior margins of the segments. This has had a notable effect on
the total length.
Pygidium: prominent; a bluntly rounded triangular structure.
Forceps: basal half straight, distal half increasingly curved to tips. Length 5.7 mm, basal
width 0.8 mm, midway width 0.5 mm, width near tip 0.3 mm. Forceps are 33.3% of total
body length, or, to use Scudder's method, 50% of body length, omitting the forceps.
Named for Samuel Hubbard Scudder, the father of American studies of
fossil insects and especially those of the Eocene and Oligocene of
Colorado. His "Tertiary Insects of North America" (1890) is the basic
work on the topic.
Fig. 2. Labiduromma scudderi, n.sp. Left: head and pronotum; center: positions of legs;
right: forceps and pygidium. Bar scale is in millimeters.
Labiduromma guerneyi, n.sp.
The structures of cerci and pygidium of this species resemble those of
commixtum Scudder, thus placing the insect in the commixtum - group and
differing from all other Oligocene fossil earwings of North America. The
new species is much larger than commixtum with proportionally larger
forceps.
Vol. 95, No. 1, January & February, 1984
35
Holotype: a male, UCM number 29902, collected by Wilmatte Porter Cockerell in UCM
(Cockerell) pit 13B, probably in 1908. Total length from tip of mouth parts to tip of forceps,
27.3 mm.
Head: broadly triangular with apices. Eyes large but probably not holoptic. Palpi and
mandibles well defined. Length 2.5 mm, width 2.3 mm.
Antennae: only 4 mm of length visible. Basal joint swollen, 0.4 xO.4 mm, second joint 0.5 5 x
0.25 mm, other too vague to count or measure.
Pronotum: quadrilateral, 1.8 mm long, 1.9 mm wide, corners rounded.
Tegmina: not well defined, partly open, posterior margin almost straight. Length 3.0 mm,
anterior width 2.7 mm, posterior 3.9 mm.
Legs: Legl: femur 1.7 x 0.8 mm, tibia incomplete 1.0+ x 0.3 mm; Leg 2: femur 2. 3x0. 7
mm, tibia 2.0 x 0.4 mm and slightly curved, tarsus incomplete with basitarsus subchordate;
Leg 3: femur 2. 8 xO.75 mm, tibia incomplete 0.4 mm wide. Leg 2 closer to leg 1 than to leg
3.
Abdomen: long and slender which may be an artifact of fossilization: parallel sided, last
segment appears much longer than any other and slightly tapered to very shallowly convex
posterior margin. This is a ventral aspect so segments II through X can be seen.
Pygidium: broad and bluntly rounded. Base 44% the width of visible hind margin of last
abdominal segment.
Forceps: long, moderately stout, gently curved throughout giving a "bow-legged" appearance.
Near the base on inner side is a large, strong tooth that embraces the pygidium. This tooth
on both cerci almost encircles that structure. Length 6.9 mm, width at base 0.8 mm (across
bases of the two cerci 2.6 mm); tooth width 1.1 mm, midway width 0.8 mm. Forceps
constitute 25.3% of total length. Using Scudder's method, forceps are 34% of the body
length, omitting the forceps.
Paratypes: AMNH: no. 18912, a male, collected by S.A. Rohwer in UCM (Cockerell) pit
14 in 1907.
UCM: nos. 29900 & 29901, counterparts, a female with no specific pit number or
collector's initial; no. 29935, a male in ventral aspect, collected by Wilmatte P. Cockerell in
pit number 1 3B in 1 908; no. 29936, forceps only, counterparts, probably female, collected by
Harry McGinite at University of California pit 3736 in 1937; no. 29957, probably female,
with no indication of pit number or collector's initial.
The species is named for Dr. Ashley B. Gurney, United States
National Museum, the leading American student of the order Dermaptera.
Fig. 3. Labiduromma gurneyi, n.sp. Left: head and pronotum; center: positions of legs;
right: forceps and pygidium. Bar scale is in millimeters.
LITERATURE CITED
Scudder, Samuel H. 1890. The Tertiary Insects of North America. Report of the United
States Geological Survey of the Territories. F.V. Hayden. Vol. XIII. Washington, D.C.
36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
DOES THE OLD WORLD FAMILY
PLATASPIDAE (HEMIPTERA) OCCUR
IN NORTH AMERICA?1
Richard C. Froeschner^
Evidence of two sorts leads to the posing of this question.
First: In the national insect collection at the Smithsonian Institution
are three females of the Asian (India through Burma into Malaysia) species
Coptosoma duodecimpunctatum (Germar) hand-labeled "Alaska. 40 yds
E. of Kerai Lake Lodge, near Sterling Bay, VIM 1-1954, R. Coleman." If
this label is correct the exactness of the locality should enable interested
persons in that area to concentrate collecting efforts to verify its presence
there.
Coptosoma duodecimpunctatum would be easily recognized among
North American Heteroptera: 5.9-7 mm in length; broadly rounded,
appearing nearly as wide as long; scutellum much enlarged, almost reaching
sides and apex of abdomen; dorsum shining black with 8 reddish-yellow
elongate spots on pronotum and 4 similarly colored spots in a row across
base of scutellum.
Second: In Catalogus Insectorum Sinensium, pages 256-257, Wu
(1935) listed Coptosoma biguttulum Motschulsky from China, Japan,
Korea and "America." Review of the reference listed by Wu and in works
by other authors found no source for this "America" record. Perhaps
"America" was an improper copy of "Amuria" listed by Oshanin (1906,
Verz. Palaeark. Hemip., 1:3).
Until fresh records support these occurrences, probably neither species
should be considered a member of the North American fauna.
1 Received and accepted November 26, 1983.
^National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560.
ENT. NEWS 95(1): 36. January & February, 1984
When submitting papers, all authors are requested to ( 1 ) provide the names of two qualified
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NEW PUBLICATION: Ichneumonologia Orientalis, Part IX. The Tribe Gabuniini
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WANTED: Water Beetles of Florida by F.N. Young. Please write, stating condition and
price. Paul P. Shubeck, Biology Dept., Montclair State College, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043.
SALE: Autobiography of an Entomologist, by Robert L. Usinger, 343 pp., 38 illus.,
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VOL 9E
US ISSN 0013-872X
MARCH & APRIL 1984 No. 2
MOLOGICAL NEWS
New species of Rhyacophila group (Trichoptera:
Rhyacophilidae) S.D. Smith, J.S. Weaver, III 37
Description of last nymphal instar of Xestocephalus
ancorifer (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Paul S. Cwikla 40
Megastigmus spermotrophus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea),
Douglas Fir chalcid, found in New York State
C.E. Palm, Jr., L.P. Abrahamson 43
New habitat records for Glenanthe species
(Diptera: Ephydridae)
B.A. Steinly 45
Nest defense by social wasps Polistes exclamans &
P. instabilis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) against the
parasitoid Elasmus polistis (Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae) G. G. Lutz, J.E. Strassmann, C.R. Hughes 47
Host plant records for North American ragweed
flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)
B.A. Foote 51
A spate of glowworms (Coleoptera: Phenogodidae)
Steven R. Wing 55
A simplified holder for eumenid nesting blocks
(Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) J.A. Collins, D.T. Jennings 58
An inexpensive carrion beetle trap (Coleoptera:
Silphidae)
Paul P. Shubeck 63
Mass rearing method for large milkweed bug Oncopeltus
fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)
K.P. Koerper, C.D. Jorgensen 65
| A method of storing insect genitalia for taxonomic
study J.E. O'Hara, M.G. Mclntyre 70
ANNOUNCEMENTS
BOOK REVIEW
39, 44, 46, 50, 54, 57, 62, 69
42
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
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Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984
A NEW SPECIES OF THE RHYACOPHILA
BRUNNEA GROUP (TRICHOPTERA:
RH YACOPHILIDAE) '
S.D. Smith2, J.S. Weaver, IIj3
ABSTRACT: Rhyacophila starki, new species of the Rhyacophila brunnea species group,
from Oregon and northern California, is described and figured. Adults of/?, starki are similar
to those of R. inculta. However, R. starki is unique with male in lateral view having
posterodorsal margin of abdominal segment IX shaped like a human face in profile, with a
short "nose" (a transverse posterodorsal ridge) extending over the base of segment X and with
female having posterior of abdominal segment IX bearing a pair of ventrolateral keel-like
ridges.
Recent examinations of caddisfly collections from Oregon and
California revealed a previously unknown species of Rhyaophila. This
species is included in the Rhyacophila bninnea group (== R. acropedes
group, sensu Schmid 1970) cf. Smith and Manuel (1984). This brings the
total number of Nearctic species in the R. brunnea group to 7, including/?.
brunnea Banks, R. grandis Banks, R. inculta Ross and Spencer, R.
neograndis Denning, R. sequoia Denning, R. starki Smith and Weaver,
and R. vao Milne.
Rhyacophila starki, new species
figures 1, 2, 3
This species appears to be most closely related to R. inculta Ross and
Spencer (1952). However, R. starki is unique, with male in lateral view
having posterodorsal margin of segment IX shaped like a human face in
profile, bearing a short pointed "nose" (a short transverse ridge) just above
segment X, and inferior appendages each with 2nd article unlike those of
related species, neither foot shaped nor with dorsal margin greatly incised;
females distinguished by having posterior of segment IX with short
ventrolateral keel-like ridges.
MALE (fig. 1 ): Length 1 2 mm. Head and thorax dark brown to black; wings same color,
irrorate; legs and abdominal sclerites brown. Genitalia having abdominal segment IX in
lateral view (fig. 1 A), with dorsum about 1.5 times longer than pleuron and posterior margin in
lateral view shaped like human face in profile, just above base of segment X; abdominal
segment X in lateral view somewhat rectangular, length about 2 times its height, in dorsal view
(fig. 1 B) divided into pair of wide elongate lobes with apices each bearing shallow notch, about
3 times as long as basal width; inferior appendages in lateral view (fig. 1 A) similar to those of
'Received November 30, 1983. Accepted February 14, 1984.
2Dept. of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University. Ellensburg. WA 98926.
^Dept. of Entomology, Fisheries and Wildlife, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631.
ENT. NEWS 95(2) 37-39 March & April 1984
38
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
R. inculta, but each with 1st article elongate, not sharply constricted, widest at base, ventral
margin concave, and with 2nd article somewhat acuminate, apex blunt, dorsal margin not
greatly incised, apical half of mesal surface spinose; phallic apparatus typical of bnumea
group, lateral arms membranous, extensive, apices spinose.
FEMALE (figs. 2, 3): Length 14 mm, with similar coloration as in male. Genitalia with
posterior of abdominal segment IX in lateral view (fig. 2A) bearing ventrolateral, keel-like
1A
2A
1B
Figures 1-3 Rhyacophila starki. 1 . Male genitalia; A. lateral view; B. dorsal view. 2. Female
abdominal segment IX; A. lateral view; B. dorsal view. 3. Female vaginal apparatus, ventral
view.
Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984 39
ridges, in dorsal view (fig. 2B) posterior margin having wide, irregular, W-shaped emargination
with short mid-dorsal, curved flange. Vaginal apparatus (fig. 3) similar to those of R. inculta,
having 2 pairs of elongate, acuminate arms and shorter ovate central process about 2 times as
long as wide.
Material Examined
HOLOTYPE: Male, Oregon, Jackson Co., 1 mile north of Wrangle Camp, Rogue River
National Forest, 8 July 1979, W.P. Stark &K.W. Stewart; deposited in California Academy
of Sciences, §an Francisco, CA.
ALLOTYPE: Female, same data as holotype.
PARATYPE: Male, California, Del Norte Co., seeps. Smith River Canyon, U.S. Hwy.
1 99, 1 8 March 1 972, R.A. Haick & D.S. Potter; deposited in collection of Dr. D.G. Denning.
Moraga, CA.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Drs. D.G. Denning and W.P. Stark who made the caddisfly material
available to us for examination which included this new species.
LITERATURE CITED
Ross, H.H. and G.J. Spencer. 1952. A preliminary list of Trichoptera of British Columbia.
Proc. Entomol. Soc. British Columbia, 48: 43-51.
Schmid, F. 1970. Le genre Rhvacophila et la famille des Rhyacophilidae (Trichoptera).
Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can., 66: 1-230.
Smith, S.D. and K.L. Manuel. 1984 (in press). Reconsideration of the Rhvacophila
acropedes group based on adults (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae). In J.C. Morse, ed.,
Proc. 4th Int. Symp. on Trichoptera, Junk, The Hague.
ELM RESEARCH INSTITUTE TO AWARD FIRST ANNUAL
PRIZE FOR DUTCH ELM DISEASE CONTROL
In an effort to develop new controls for Dutch elm disease. Elm Research Institute,
Harrisville, NH has announced its first annual research prize of $10,000.
The prize to be announced via national media, will go to the entry which best outlines a
research program that will ultimately lead to development of a new systemic repellent for the
elm bark beetle.
All proposals will be judged on the basis of:
1. Water solubility for systemic injection
2. Phytotoxicity
3. Beetle deterence at point of feeding
4. Chemical stability of the repellent
5. Bio-assay technique for tracing distribution
ERI stresses that this is not a research grant. It is an award for originality in the
presentation of new concepts, new methods of achieving repellency through systemic
treatment.
Prizes will be awarded as follows: $5,000. first place, $3.000. second. $2.000. third.
Judging will be by a panel of recognized experts composed of entomologists and plant
pathologists. All entries should be mailed to Elm Research Institute. Harrisville, NH 03450
by May 1st, 1984 and will become the property of the Institute.
For further information call (603) 827-3048.
40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
DESCRIPTION OF LAST NYMPHAL INSTAR OF
XESTOCEPHALUS ANCORIFER (HOMOPTERA:
CICADELLIDAE)1
Paul S. Cwikla2
ABSTRACT: The last instar nymph ofXestocephalus ancorifer Linnavuori is described and
the pharate adult is illustrated.
No nymphal stage of any member of the leafhopper genus Xestocephalus
Van Duzee has ever been described. Through the kindness of Dr. James P.
Kramer, U.S. National Museum, I have been able to examine 2 male
specimens of Xestocephalus, one of which is a teneral adult still attached to
the exuviae and a pharate adult which shares the same size and characteristics as
the exuviae. The adult is identified as X. ancorifer Linnavuori, 1959.
X. ancorifer ranges from Panama south to Paraguay (Linnavuori,
1959). The biology of the genus is poorly known. Oman (1949) suspects
that the nymphs of Xestocephalus live in ground litter or other subterranean
habitats. In addition, Oman ( 1 949) speculates that the nymphs may also be
myrmecophilous because the closely related genus Myrmecophryne Kirkaldy
has been collected in ants' nests. This is supported by Hamilton ( 1 975 ) who
sifted a species of Xestocephalus from topsoil which also contained ants.
This paper describes and illustrates the last instar nymph of X.
ancorifer. It is hoped that the description and illustration will aid in future
identifications of immature Xestocephalus species. The collection data for
the specimens used in this study are: Brazil, Bahia, Itabuna, July 1971,
T.A. Winder, in cacao leaf litter. The specimens are deposited in the U.S.
National Museum.
Description of Last Instar Nymph
Length: 3.2 mm., width of pronotum - 0.9 mm.
Form: Elongate, stout dorsoventrally, widest at wingpads. Head rounded anteriorly in
lateral view, antennal pits not well developed, beak 3-segmented, extending to mesosternum,
crown and clypeus roughened by tuberculi bearing small setae, surface of clypellus, lora and
gena smooth. Pronotum asperate, trapezoidal in dorsal view, episternum triangular, coxa of
prothoracic leg about 2/3 that of femur, tibia with single row of spines on dorsal margin,
tarsomeres of prothoracic legs 2-segmented. Dorsum of mesonotum asperate, mesonotal
wingpad almost as long as metanotal wingpad, episternum not divided as in the adult, coxa 2
smaller than coxa 1 , rest of mesothoracic leg like prothoracic leg. Dorsum of metanotum
asperate, wingpad extending to anterior margin of third abdominal tergite, metathoracic femur
laterally flattened, tibia with 2 rows of spines on dorsal and ventral sides, apex of tibia ringed
Deceived October 21, 1983. Accepted February 14, 1984.
2Department of Entomology, 1735 Neil Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus,
Ohio, 43210.
ENT. NEWS 95(2) 40-42 March & April 1984
Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984
41
with setae, tarsomeres 3-segmented. Abdomen 8-segmented, ninth segment forms the genital
capsule, posterior margin of abdominal tergites with row of setae, small setae occasionally
scattered on surface of tergites.
Coloration: Dorsum rust brown, ventral surface of abdomen and thorax pale yellow, legs
in dorsal view light brown.
Fig. 1 . Habitus of the pharate adult of Xestocephalus ancorifer showing last nymphal instar
characteristics.
42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEGMENTS
I thank Dwight M. DeLong and Charles A. Triplehorn, Department of Entomology, The
Ohio State University, for criticizing an earlier draft of this manuscript. Lori Capron,
Columbus, Ohio, kindly prepared the habitus illustration.
LITERATURE CITED
Hamilton, K.G.A. 1975. A review of the Northern Hemisphere Aphrodina (Rhynchota:
Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with special reference to the Nearctic fauna. Can. Entomol.
107: 1009-1027.
Linnavuori, R. 1959. Revision of the Neotropical Deltocephalinae and some related
subfamilies (Homoptera). Ann. Zool. Soc. 'Vanamo' 20: 1-370.
Oman, P.W. 1949. The Nearctic leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae): a generic classi-
fication and check list. Entomol. Soc. Wash. Mem. 3. 253 pp.
BOOK REVIEW
NEW ZEALAND BUTTERFLIES Identification and Natural History. George W.
Gibbs. 1980. Collins, Auckland. 207 p., 197 pis., 63 text figs. Price $45.
This sumptuously illustrated and beautifully printed book recently made its way to the
American market. It is an excellent example of the kind of book those of us interested in
butterfly faunistics would like to publish; an exhaustive treatment of all species known from the
area under consideration, with sharp colored plates depicting immature stages, living adults,
habitats, and spread museum specimens as well. In addition, there are excellent scanning
electron photomicrographs of eggs, larval setae, adult scale types, and other ultrastructure.
Photos of parasitoids, additional drawings to aid identification of adults, and distribution maps
add further to the visual enrichment of this book.
Of the 23 species recorded from New Zealand, 1 1 are known only from that island
country; the rest are common to Australia and New Zealand. Some of the latter group- such as
Danaus plexippus, Pieris rapae, and Lampides boeticus - are widespread in the world. After
an introduction in which he discusses New Zealand's paucity of butterfly species and a general
history of New Zealand lepidopterology, Gibbs discusses migration and introduction of
species "over the Tasman" Sea from Australia. The body of the book is devoted to meticulous
treatment of identification, life histories, ecology, and habits of the 23 species, with diagnostic
introductions for each family, subfamily, and genus. The fauna consists of 2 Pieridae, 3
Danaidae, 7 Satyridae (these last 2 families treated as subfamilies of the Nymphalidae), 5
Nymphalidae (sensu strictu), and 6 Lycaenidae (4 coppers and 2 blues). No Papilionidae or
Hesperiidae have been recorded there as yet.
The book is rounded out with a chapter discussing how and where to look for butterflies in
New Zealand, and a glossary and extensive bibliography. The quality of writing and
illustration is high (though I noticed the irritating use of "larvae" in the singular), and printing
and binding are more than satisfactory. Gibbs has given us a well-researched and virtually
complete coverage of New Zealand butterflies from all aspects. It could be a model for similar
works in other regions where the butterfly fauna is not so overwhelming in quantity as to
preclude such a work from a standpoint of labor and expense.
Charles V. Covell Jr., Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984 43
MEGASTIGMUS SPERMOTROPHUS WACHTL.
(HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA)
(DOUGLAS-FIR CHALCID) FOUND IN
NEW YORK STATE1
Carl E. Palm, Jr., Lawrence P. Abrahamson^
ABSTRACT: A seed and cone insect survey in New York state documented the first
recorded occurrence of Metastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl. in the eastern United States.
Preliminary surveys of seed and cone insects are being conducted in
conjunction with an evaluation of conifer seed production in New York.
Seeds and cones were collected and examined for insect damage. Adults of
Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl. emerged from a collection of
Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco] cones. This is the first
record of M. spermotrophus in the eastern United States.
M. spermotrophus is widespread in the western United States,
throughout the range of Douglas-fir (Hedlin et al. 1 980). In addition, it has
been recorded in Scotland, Germany and New Zealand (Gourlay 1930,
Hanson 1952 and Milliron 1949).
Detection of M spermotrophus is difficult due to the seclusion of larvae
in seeds, where the larvae may remain in diapause for up to three years.
Larvae can be detected by radiography (Ruth 1980), but no external
evidence of damage is present until the adult chalcid emerges in the spring
(Hedlin et al. 1980. Keen 1958, and Milliron 1949).
METHODS AND RESULTS
Sixty Douglas-fir cones from Columbia and Orange counties, (Cler-
mont and Windsor townships, respectively) in eastern New York were
examined. These cones were collected from the ground beneath ornamental
trees in April 1983 and held indoors at approximately 20CC. Within three
weeks, 26 chalcids (7 males and 19 females) emerged from the overwintering
seeds. Additional collections will be made in the coming year to evaluate
the impact and extent of this Douglas-fir seed pest.
'Received September 1. 1983. Accepted November 4, 1983.
-Technical Assistant and Senior Research Associate, State University of New York. College
of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse. NY 13210.
ENT. NEWS 95(2) 43-44 March & April 1984
44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Kenneth R. Law, U.S. Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Newburgh, New
York for his assistance and Dr. E.E. Grissell, Systematic Entomology Laboratory IIBIII,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland for species verification.
LITERATURE CITED
Gourlay, E.S. 1 930. Some parasitic Hymenoptera of economic importance in New Zealand.
The New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology. 1 1: 339-343.
Hanson, H.S. 1952. Megastigmus seedflies. Quarterly Journal of Forestry. 46: 261-264.
Hedlin, A.F., H.O. Yates III, D.C. Tovar, B.H. Ebel, T.W. Koerber and E.P. Merkel.
1980. Cone and seed insects of North American conifers. Environmental Canada.
Canada Forestry Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 122 pp.
Keen, F.P. 1958. Cone and seed insects of Western forest trees. USDA Tech. Bull. No.
1169: 110-111.
Milliron, H.E. 1 949. Taxonomic and biological investigation in the genus Megastigmus. The
American Midland Naturalist. 41: 313-316.
Ruth, D.S. 1980. A guide to insect pests in Douglas-fir seed orchards. Canadian Forestry
Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, BC-X-204: 19.
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
c/o BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, SW7 5BD
ITZN 59 21 October 1983
The following Opinions have been published by the International Commission on
Zoological Nomenclature in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, vol. 40, part 3, on 21
October 1983:
Opinion No.
1257 (p. 149) Tipula ferruginea Fabricius, 1805 (Insecta, Diptera): conserved.
1258 (p. 151) Oc hthera exsculpia Loew, 1862 (Insecta, Diptera): placed on the Official
List.
1260 (p. 157) Orthunga Dohrn, 1859 (Insecta, Hemiptera): added to Official List.
The Commission regrets that it cannot supply separates of Opinions.
RV. MELVILLE, Secretary
Vol. 95. No. 2. March & April 1984 45
NEW HABITAT RECORDS FOR GLENANTHE
SPECIES (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE)1
B.A. Steinly2
ABSTRACT: New habitat records are presented for Glenanthe interior Chillcott. Several
specimens were collected over an algal-covered seep and sand shore. Also, G. litorea Cresson
was discovered in the marine sand beach habitat.
Three species of shore flies, Glenanthe litorea Cresson, G. interior
Chillcott, and G.fascipennis Sturtevant and Wheeler are recorded from the
United States. Sturtevant and Wheeler ( 1954) reported G.fascipennis and
G. litorea from rather barren, moist saline areas. Also, G. litorea has been
recorded from saltmarshes (Cresson, 1925; Simpson, 1976). G. interior
was initially swept from Petalostoma sp. growing on stable spruce covered
sand dunes in Manitoba, Canada (Chillcott, 1 964). A single specimen of G.
interior collected over a sedge meadow seepage area in Butler County,
Ohio, constitutes the only United States record (Regensburg, 1978;
Deonier and Regensburg, 1978).
Morphological separation of Glenanthe Haliday species is based upon
wing and antennal characters. G. litorea has hyaline wings lacking pattern
and gray antennae. In contrast, G. fascipennis has wings with two broad,
poorly defined dark fasciae, one including the posterior crossvein and one
nearer the wing apex, as well as yellowish antennae (Sturtevant and
Wheeler, 1954). Additional descriptive characters include a fourth vein
index of 2.2 for G. litorea and a fourth vein index of 2.0 for G.fascipennis
( Sturtevant and Wheeler, 1 954). Cresson ( 1 925 ) listed the body length of
G. litorea at 1.7 mm, while G. fascipennis is slightly smaller with a body
length of 1.5 mm (Sturtevant and Wheeler, 1954).
While sampling in southern Ohio, I discovered several populations of
Glenanthe interior in Butler County. Several specimens were collected
with a modified aerial sweep net (Regensberg, 1 977) in close proximity to a
freshwater creek above an algal covered seep and sand shore. Also, the
common saltmarsh inhabitant, G. litorea, was collected over a marine sand
beach in Milford, Connecticut. The new aquatic and marine records
substantiate wider habitat distributions. The two new Ohio records expand
the distribution of G. interior to four distinctive aquatic habitats. G. interior
has been collected from these four habitats from May through early July.
1 Received November 19, 1983. Accepted February 14, 1984.
2 Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
ENT. NEWS 95(2) 45-46 March & April 1984
46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Family Ephydridae
Glenanthe interior Chillcott
Distribution: Butler Co., Ohio Four Mile Creek, Algal covered seep with limestone mud
substrate, four adults, V-17-1979; three adults, V-18-1979; Marker's Run, Sand shore, 5
adults, VI-28-1978.
Glenanthe litorea Cresson
Distribution: Milford, Conn., Anchor Beach, Sand beach intertidal area, 1 adult, VIII-7-
1978.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Dr. D.L. Doenier for confirmation of species determinations and review of an early
draft. I wish to express appreciation to Dr. May Berenbaum for reviewing the final manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED
Chillcott, J.G. 1 964. A new species of Glenanthe Haliday (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the
North American interior. Can. Ent. 96: 811-812.
Cresson, E.T. 1925. Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous, family
Ephydridae. VII. Ent. New 36: 165-167.
Deonier, D.L. and J.T. Regensberg. 1978. New records of Ohio shore flies (Diptera:
Ephydridae). Ohio J. Sci. 78: 154-155.
Regensberg, J.T. 1977. A modified sweep net for quantitative sampling. Ent. News 88: 141-
142.
Regensberg, J.T. 1978. A new U.S. record for Glenanthe interior Chillcott (Diptera:
Ephydridae). Ent. New 89: 93-94.
Simpson, K.W. 1976. Shore and brine flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Chapter 17. In: L.
Cheng, ed. Marine insects. Am. Elsevier Publ. Co. New York.
Sturtevant, A.H. and M.R. Wheeler. 1954. Synopses of Nearctic Ephydridae (Diptera).
Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 79: 51-257.
ANNOUNCING
MEMOIR # 34
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM
ON CHIRONOMIDAE
32 papers on chironomid systematics, ecology, biology, and genetics. 385 pp. $25.00.
Vol. 95, No. 2. March & April 1984 47
NEST DEFENSE BY THE SOCIAL WASPS,
POLISTES EXCLAMANS AND P. INSTABILIS
(HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) AGAINST THE
PARASYTOID.ELASMUSPOLISTJS (HYMENOPTERA:
CHALCIDOIDEA: EULOPHIDAE)1
Genie G. Lutz, Joan E. Strassmann, Colin R. Hughes^
ABSTRACT: Polistes exclamans and P. instabilis were observed to remove from their nests
larvae ofElasmuspolistis, and to snap at adult parasitoids. These are newly reported defenses
against a parasitoid that is new to North American Polistes.
Social wasps are plagued by many nest parasitoids which attack and eat
brood (Nelson, 1968; Rau, 1941; Jeanne, 1979; Strassmann, 1981).
Polistes employ several different defenses against these parasitoids. When
adult parasitoids are detected near the nest, Polistes engage in a "parasite
dance" and search all over the nest and substrate for the parasitoids (West
Eberhard, 1969; Strassmann, 1981). Litte (1981) found that Mischocyttarus
labiatus cut their nests down to the pedicel when phorid flies were detected
nearby. Jeanne (1979) discovered that Polistes canadensis formed multiple
combs to protect new brood from tineid moths infesting older cells. Starr
(1976) suggested that nests of Polistes are not used for more than one
season because of the parasitoids that overwinter in them. This hypothesis
was supported by the observation that a population of P. annularis that was
nearly free of parasitoids reused 10% of its nests (Strassmann, 1979).
METHODS
The observations reported here were part of a larger study of the
behavior of P. exclamans and P. instabilis. A wild population of P.
exclamans on the roof of the biology building at Rice University was
observed in the summer of 1982. P. instabilis was observed in Puerto
Oscondido, Oaxaca, Mexico in August 1983. Females were marked in
both cases and nests were monitored daily.
RESULTS
We found that Polistes exclamans and P. instabilis actively defended
their brood against Elasmus polistis, a small chalcid parasite whose larvae
1 Received October 7, 1983. Accepted December 10, 1983.
^Biology Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
ENT. NEWS 95(2) 47-50 March & April 1984
48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
are external parasitoids on prepupae and pupae in capped cells of Polistes
(Reed and Vinson, 1979). They snapped at adult parasitoids with their
mandibles, sometimes cutting them in two, and searched over the nest for
females trying to lay eggs. Larvae of E. polistis were pulled out of cells and
dropped or fed to wasp larvae.
We observed an older worker that had been marked on a regularly-
censused nest of P. exclamans in Houston, Texas, pull several larvae of E.
polistis out of a cell and drop them. Since the nest was in a plywood nest
box, the expelled larvae fell only a few inches to the bottom of the nest box
where about 15 parasitoid larvae had accumulated. The worker P.
exclamans had reached the larvae of E. polistis by chewing through the
partition separating them from the remains of the wasp larva. This partition
is made of meconia of the larvae of E. polistis and is constructed just before
pupation, after they have finished feeding on the host prepupa, or pupa
(Reed and Vinson, 1 979). The partition appears to simulate the texture and
color of the meconium normally deposited in the bottom of the cell by larvae
of Polistes and pupation.
P. instabilis was observed in a tree in Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca,
Mexico. After briefly observing the nest one day we returned the following
day to find that about half of the cells with pupal caps had been destroyed by
the workers on the nest. While we watched, two more paper wasp pupae
with larvae of E. polistis attached to them were aborted by the workers. The
E. polistis were chewed up and fed to brood by workers.
DISCUSSION
The short development times from egg to adult of E. polistis of 1 7 to 20
days allow several generations of E. polistis to infest the same nest over the
season (Reed and Vinson, 1979; Strassmann, 1981). Strassmann (1981)
found that males emerged before females, remain near the nest to mate with
their sisters who reinfested the nest. Numbers of parasitized cells increased
over the season to a maximum of 25 cells per nest parasitized by E. polistis
(S.D. = 37, N = 41 nests) in an Austin Texas population of P. exclamans
in 1 978 ( Strassmann, 1981). Since the potential for increased parasitism on
the host nest exist, Polistes with a high incidence of parasitism by E. polistis
may be expected to benefit from an active defense mechanism — even one
that removes parasitoids after the wasp brood has been killed.
E. polistis is a parasitoid that is new to central Texas Polistes. Burks
(1971) described it for the first time in 1971. Polistes have been so
thoroughly collected and studied that it is unlikely that it was present and
undetected previously (Reed and Vinson, 1979 and refs. therein). Rau, a
most thorough collector, collected in Austin, Texas, and does not mention
Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984 49
E. polistis or anything similar though he does mention other parasitoid
species (Rau, 1943). He stored his nests in bags from which E. polistis
could not escape (Rau, 1941 ). It is possible that E. polistis has a defense
behavior that can be defeated by wasps because Polistes are a new host for
E. polistis.
Parasitoids adopt one of two general types of defense against
destruction by Polistes: concealment and fortification. E. polistis have
pupae concealed under a layer which mimics meconium of Polistes. E.
polistis achieves this by migrating as larvae to one position, and all larvae
depositing their meconia at one level resulting in a plate of meconium
thicker at the edges than in the center (Reed and Vinson, 1 979). The ability
of adult Polistes to tear through this and remove parasitoids of E. polistis
once they have defeated the mimicry involved contrasts with the situation of
several other parasites. Chalcoela iphitalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae),
another common parasitoid of Polistes, builds webbing so strong that
workers seem to be incapable of chewing through it. However C. iphitalis do
not reinfest the nest from which they emerge in the same season so it would
only be worthwhile to remove them before they have damaged brood
( Strassmann, 1981). Polistes may also remove brood of C. ipitalis to keep
them from attacking nearby nests if those nests are likely to belong to
relatives. Pachysomoides stupides and Pachysomoidesfulvus (Hymenop-
tera: Ichneumonidae) also construct casings that Polistes can remove only
by destroying that entire region of the nest. Polistes also tear great sections
of the nest away to remove pupae of Sarcophaga polistis (Diptera: Sar-
cophagidae) which lie across several cells at the very bottom of the nest
where they are concealed (Strassmann, unpubl.; Hughes, unpubl.). Appar-
ently these pupae can only be removed by substantial nest destruction.
Of 1 6 nests which had extensive areas of the nest chewed away at a field
site near Houston, seven contained brood of P. stupidus and 2 contained
brood of C iphitalis. Since some parasitization probably went unrecorded,
for example that underneath pupal caps, this nest destruction is probably
always a response to parasitoids. Fourteen of the 16 nests were P.
carolinus, a species which nests very close to its natal nest site (Hughes,
unpubl. ; Rau, 1931), and would therefore aid relatives by removing parasite
pupae from the immediate area.
Over 60% of all nests of P. exclamans lose brood to the parasitoids E.
polistis or C. iphitalis or both each year in central Texas (Strassmann,
1981 ). Though worker wasps appear to make every attempt to keep adult
parasitoids from laying eggs in the nest, and to remove parasitoid eggs and
larvae when they do, many of these attempts are ineffective. The abundance
of E. polistis in nests of Polistis suggests that workers often do not detect the
parasitoids.
50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Bill Mueller for comments on the manuscript. This research was supported by
NSF DEB81-17682 to J.E.S.
LITERATURE CITED
Burks, B.D. 1971. A North American Elasmus parasitic on Polistes. J. Wash. Acad. Sci.
61: 194-196.
Jeanne, R.L. 1979. Construction and utilization of multiple combs in Polistes canadensis in
relation to the biology of a predaceous moth. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 4: 293-310.
Litte, M. 1981. Social biology of the polistine wasp, Mischocyttarus labiatus: survival in a
Colombian rain forest. Smithsonian Contrib. Zoology 327: 1-27.
Nelson, J.M. 1968. Parasites adn symbionts of nests of Polistes wasps. Ann. Entomol. Soc.
Amer. 61: 1528-1539.
Rau, P. 1 93 1 . The nesting habits of Polistes rubiginosiswith special reference to pleometrosis
in this and other species of Polistes wasps.
Rau, P. 1 94 1 . Observations on certain lepidopterous and hymenopterous parasites of Polistes
wasps. Ann. Entomoi. Soc. Amer. 34: 355-366.
Rau, P. 1 943. The nesiing habits of Mexican social and solitary wasps of the family Vespidae.
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 36: 515-536.
Reed, H.C. and S.B. Vinson. 1979. Observations of the life history and behavior of Elasmus
polistis Burks (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) J. Kansas Entomol. Soc.
52: 247-257.
Starr, C.K. 1976. Nest reutilization of Polistes metricus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) and
possible limitation of multiple foundress associations of parasitoids. J. Kansas Entomol.
Soc. 49: 142-144.
Strassmann, J.E. 1979. Honey caches help female paper wasps (Polistes annularis) survive
Texas winters. Science 204: 207-209.
Strassmann. J.E. 1981. Parasitoids, predators, and group size in the paper wasp, Polistes
exclamans. Ecology 62: 1225-1223.
West Eberhard, M.J. 1969. The social biology of polistine wasps. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool.
Univ. Mich. 140: 1-101.
The American Entomological Society
congratulates
The Entomological Society of Washington (D.C.)
upon its' achievement of 100 years of service
to the science of entomology
Vol. 95, No. 2. March & April 1984 51
HOST PLANT RECORDS FOR NORTH AMERICAN
RAGWEED FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)1
B.A. Foote2
ABSTRACT: Information is given on host plants and infestation rates for 7 of the 8 North
American species of Euaresta. The host plants are either ragweeds of the genus Ambrosia or
cockleburs of the genus Xanthium, 2 genera of the tribe Ambrosieae (Compositae).
The genus Euaresta is a relatively small taxon within the family
Tephritidae of the acalyptrate Diptera. It includes 8 species from America
north of Mexico (Quisenberry, 1950; Foote, 1965), as well as several from
south of the United States; however, virtually no host data are available for
these latter species and some doubt exists as to whether they actually belong
to the genus (R.H. Foote, in litt.). Relatively little is known of the life
histories or larval feeding habits of the Nearctic species except that they
seem to be associated either with cockleburs of the genus Xanthium or
ragweeds of the genus Ambrosia (Compositae: Ambrosieae). Marlatt
( 1 89 1 ) discussed the natural history of E. aequalis(Loew), a seed predator
of cocklebur (X. strumarium L.). Foote (1965) reported that larvae of E.
bella(Loew) and E. festiva (Loew) attacked the seeds of common ragweed
(A. artemisiifolia L.) and giant ragweed (A. trifida L.), respectively. He
also listed host plants for selected species of Euaresta and discussed briefly
the life cycles of E. bella and E. festiva. Batra (1979) described in
considerable detail the courtship behavior and oviposition habits of these
two species. Goeden and Ricker (1974a, 1974b, 1976) recorded host
plants for E. bellula Snow and E. stigmatica Coquillett. Wasbauer ( 1972)
listed hosts for 7 species of Euaresta.
Because species of Ambrosia are prime sources of hayfever-causing
pollen (Dickerson and Sweet 1 97 1 ) and are important weeds in agricultural
regions (Danielson et al. 1965), various workers (e.g. Harris and Piper
1970) have suggested that seed predators such as the larvae of Euaresta
spp. could be important biocontrol agents.
The present paper gives information on the host plants and infestation
rates for several of the Nearctic species of Euaresta.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Unless otherwise indicated on Table 1 , all of the host plant records were
obtained by the author. Collections of seeds obtained in the field were
'Received April 22, 1983. Accepted February 14. 1984.
^Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
ENT. NEWS 95(2) 51-54 March & April 1984
52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
transferred to a laboratory where estimates of infestation rates and
identifications of the seed predators were made. Each sample consisted of
at least 10 involucres containing one or more seeds, with at least three
replicate samples of involucres being taken from each host plant. Whenever
possible, several individuals of the same plant species were sampled (see
columns 3 and 4 of Table 1).
Field-collected involucres were either dissected and examined in the
laboratory for Euaresta larvae or placed in 4-dram shell vials to allow
emergence of adults. Infestation percentages were obtained by dividing the
number of seeds containing larvae by the total number of seeds examined in
each sample. Identifications of the infesting species of Euaresta were based
on adult flies that emerged from seeds of each host plant in the laboratory
rearings.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 presents information on the host plants and gives infestation
levels for 7 of the 8 Nearctic species of Euaresta. Several conclusions can be
drawn from the data. It is obvious that considerable variation exists in the
amount of seed damage sustained by different host plants. For example, up
to 98% of the seeds of canyon ragweed [A. ambrosioides (Cav.) Payne]
were attacked by larvae of E. bellula, whereas never more than 8% of the
seeds produced by common ragweed (A. artemisiifolia) were destroyed by
larvae of E. bella. A second observation deals with the infestation levels
that were obtained for different species of Ambrosia that served as the host
plant for the same species of Euaresta. Thus, it seems evident that a
preferred host of E. stigmatica is holly leaf bur sage [A. ilicifolia(Gray)
Payne], as up to 90% of its seeds were being utilized. Fairly high infestation
levels were also encountered in bur sage [A. deltoidea(Torrey) Payne], but
no more than 2% of the seeds of canyon ragweed were infested by this
species of Euaresta. Another conclusion is that different genetic strains of a
host plant can show varying responses to Euaresta attack. In northeastern
Ohio, over half of the seeds of cocklebur contained larvae of E. aequalis,
whereas the same host plant in southcentral Arizona showed no larval
infestation even though the stand occurred well within the range of the fly.
Finally, it should be noted that several species of Ambrosia apparently are
not utilized by any species of Euaresta. Seeds of A. cordifolia (Gray)
Payne (270 seeds examined) collected near Tucson, Arizona and of A.
dumosa (Gray) Payne (889 seeds) collected in western Arizona contained
no larvae or puparia of Euaresta, Similarly, no infestations were encountered in
A. bidentata Michx. (20 seeds, Missouri) or A. grayi (Nels.) Shinners (40
seeds, Nebraska).
The data presented above give credence to the idea that the genus
Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984
53
Euaresta is unified biologically by its restriction to host plants belonging to
the composite tribe Ambrosieae. It is obvious that the genera A mbrosia and
Xanthium are heavily utilized, but whether species of other genera of
Ambrosieae are also attacked remains unknown. Thus, no records are
available for species of Iva, Dicorea, and Hymneoclea.
Table 1. Host Plants and Infestation Rates for North American Euaresta
Species of
Euaresta Host Plant
aequalis Xanthium stnimarium
X. strumarium
bella Ambrosia artemisiifo/ia
bellula A. acanthicarpa
A. ambrosioides
A. chamissonis
A. chenopodiifolia
bullans X. spinosum
festiva A. trifida
jonesi A. chamissonis
stigmatica A. acanthicarpa
A. ambrosioides
A. del to idea
A. ilicifolia
tapetis Unknown
1. Goeden and Ricker, 1974a.
2. Goeden and Ricker, 1974b.
No. of Plants No. of Seeds % of Seeds
Sampled Examined Infested
5
2
3
17
12
17
9
3
200
80
180
2306
2207
841
40
8.0-55.0
0.0
0.0- 8.0
2207 50.0-98.0
2.0-24.4
1.0- 2.0
4.0-33.0
70.0-90.0
Locality of
Study
Northeastern Ohio
Southcentral Ariz.
Northeastern Ohio
California'
Southcentral Ariz.
California^
California-^
California-''''
Northeastern Ohio
Washington
California'
Southcentral Ariz.
Southcentral Ariz.
Southwestern Ariz.
3. Foote and Blanc, 1963.
4. Aczel, 1952.
LITERATURE CITED
Aczel, M.L. 1952. El genero Euaresta Loew (=Camaromyia Hendel) en la Region
Neotropical. Rev. Chilena Entomol. 2: 147-172.
Batra, S.W.T. 1979. Reproductive behavior of Euaresta bella and E. festiva (Diptera:
Tephritidae), potential agents for the biological control of adventive North American
ragweeds (Ambrosia spp.) in Eurasia. J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 87: 118-125.
Danielson, L.L., W.B. Ennis, Jr., D.L. Klingman, W.G. Shaw, F.L. Timmons, J.E.
Jernigan, J.R. Paulling, and P.E. Strickler. 1965. A survey of extent and cost of weed
control and specific weed problems. USDA Crops Res. Bull., ARS 34-23-1. 78 p.
Dickerson, C.T., Jr., and R.D. Sweet 1971. Common ragweed ecotypes. Weed Sci. 1 9: 64-
66.
Foote, B. A. 1965. Biology and immature stages of eastern ragweed flies (Tephritidae). Proc.
Northc. Br. Entomol. Soc. Am. 20: 105-106.
Foote, R.H. 1 965 . Family Tephritidae, p. 658-678. In A. Stone, et. al, eds., A Catalog of the
Diptera of America north of Mexico. USDA Agric. Handbk. 276.
. 1967.57. Family Tephritidae, p. 1-91. In Dept. Zool. Sec. Agric., Sao Paulo. A
Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of United States.
and F.L. Blanc. 1963. The fruit flies or Tephritidae of California. Calif. Insect
Survey Bull. 7: 1-117.
Goeden, R.D. and D.W. Ricker. 1974a. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed,
Ambrosia acanthicarpa, in southern California. Environ. Entomol. 3: 827-834.
. 1974b. The phytophagous insect fauna of the ragweed. Ambrosia chamissonis.
54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
in southern California. Environ. Entomol. 3: 835-839.
1976. The phytophagous insect faunas of the ragweed. Ambrosia chenopodiifolia,
A. eriocentra, and A. ilicifolia, in southern California. Environ. Entomol. 5: 923-930.
Harris, P. and G.L. Piper. 1970. Ragweed (Ambrosia spp: Compositae): its North
American insects and the possibilities for its biological control. Commonw. Inst. Biol.
Control Tech. Bull. 13: 117-140.
Marlatt, C.L. 1891. The Xanthium Trypeta. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 2: 40-43.
Quisenberry, B.F. 1950. The genus Euaresta in the United States (Diptera: Tephritidae).
J.N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 58: 9-38.
Wasbauer, M. S. 1 972. An annotated host catalog of the fruit flies of America north of Mexico
(Diptera; Tephritidae). Bur. Entomol. Calif. Dept. Agric. Occas. Pap. 19, 172. p.
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
c/o BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
CROMWELL ROAD, LONDON, SW7 5BD
ITZN 1 1/4 (A.N.(S.) 128 5 January 1984
The Commission hereby gives six months notice of the possible use of its plenary powers
in the following cases, published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, volume 40, part
4, on 30 December 1983 and will welcome comments and advice on them from integrated
zoologists.
Correspondence should be addressed to the Secretary at the above address, if possible
within six months of the date of publication of this notice.
Case No.
2284 Caeparia Stal, 1877 (Insecta, Dictypoptera): proposed designation of a
type species under the plenary powers.
2401 Proposal to suppress the first designation of a type species for the generic
name Megilla Fabricius, 1805, and to place Macropi's Klug, 1809, on the
Official List of Generic Names (Hymenoptera, Apoidea).
2436 Cri nodes Herrich-Schaffer, 1 855 and Pew Herrich-Schaffer, 1 855 (Insecta.
Lepidoptera): proposed conservation.
1686 Euphaedra Hiibner, [1819] (Insecta, Lepidoptera): proposed conservation
under the plenary powers.
1687 Ourocnemis Baker, 1887 (Insecta, Lepidoptera): proposed conservation
under the plenary powers.
2180 Ceroplesis Serville, 1835 (Insecta, Coleoptera): proposed designation of a
type species under the plenary powers.
2405 Zeugophora Kunze, 1818 (Insecta, Coleoptera): proposed conservation
under the plenary powers.
R.V. MELVILLE, Secretary
Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984
A SPATE OF GLOWWORMS (COLEOPTERA:
PHENOGODIDAE)1
Steven R. Wing2
ABSTRACT: At several flooded sites phengodid larvae, tentatively identified as Phengodes
nigromaculata, were found in far greater abundance than any previously reported.
Beetles of the family Phenogodidae are notable for their spectacular
bioluminescence (Tiemann 1970), their extreme sexual dimorphism
(Tiemann 1967, Lloyd 1979), and their scarcity (Smith 1900). Females
and larvae are especially uncommon, though males occasionally turn up in
light traps. Phenogodids of the genus Phengodes are so rare that Harvey
(1952) saw "only four living luminous specimens in 25 years." I was
surprised, then, to encounter 90 such specimens in one hour.
The observations were made in a field of grass [mostly Axonopus
affinis Chase and Eremochloa ophiuroides(Munro) Hack.] with scattered
pine trees, north of the Gainesville Regional Airport in Alachua County,
Florida. This area has been searched for glowing organisms on the ground
almost nightly during April-October over the past three years. In that time
only one phenogodid was found.
This year phengodids were flooded from the soil in large numbers. The
area is usually dry, but heavy rains in 1 983 left water standing in ditches and
low areas. Glowing phengodid larvae were found in every flooded site in the
area shown in Fig. 1 , but not in the ditch or in flooded sites to the north, west,
and east of the area shown. The larvae, tentatively identified as Phengodes
nigromaculata Wittmer, measured 0.7 to 2.1 cm in length (n=10). They
were found clinging to grass that protruded from the water. No larvae were
found in the unflooded area between sites (Fig. 1). As the soil dried, the
larvae apparently returned underground. The sites were inspected on nights
subsequent to each inundation, but no larvae were seen.
One night I spent about one hour walking through the inundated sites
and found 90 larvae. More thorough searches were made in 1 m2 plots on
different nights and at different sites (Table 1). The average count was 5
larvae/M^. If this reflects the phengodid density in the area between
flooded sites, thousands of larvae occur there. Five Iarvae/m2 may be an
underestimate because only glowing larvae were counted (see Tiemann
1970). Although it has long been known that phengodids occur in soil
(Atkinson 1887), densitites of this magnitude have never before been
'Received October 7, 1982. Accepted November 15, 1983.
^Dept. Entomology and Nematology, 3107 McCarty Hall. University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL 32611.
ENT. NEWS 95(2) 55-57 March & April 1984
56
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
reported (see Tiemann 1967).
Figure 1 . A map showing flooded sites (black), the ditch (stippled) beside a paved road, and
some of the trees in the study area.
Table 1. Mean number of Phengodes larvae counted in flooded 1 m^ plots.
Date
14 August 1983
6 September 1983
13 September 1983
Plots
(n)
3
4
10
Number of Larvae
~x range
5
6
5
5-6
5-7
2-8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Joe Cicero, Tim Forrest, James E. Lloyd, and John Sivinski reviewed the paper. John
Sivinski also identified the specimens, and he and James E. Lloyd gave access to their
literature collections. David W. Hall identified the grasses. Susan Wineriter prepared Fig. 1 .
Barbara Hollien typed the manuscript. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal
Series No. 5021.
LITERATURE CITED
Atkinson, G.F. 1887. Observations on the female form of Phengodes laticollis Horn. Am.
Nat. 21: 853-856.
Harvey, E.N. 1952. Bioluminescence. Academic, New York. 649 pp.
Lloyd, J.E. 1 979. Sexual selection in luminescent beetles. Pages 293-342 in M. Blum and N.
Blum, eds. Sexual selection and reproductive competition in insects. Academic, New
York.
Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984 57
Smith, J.B. 1900. The insects of New Jersey. MacCrellish and Quigley, Trenton, NJ.
Tiemann, D.L. 1967. Observations on the natural history of the western banded glowworm
Zarhipis integripennis (Lee.). Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 35(12): 235-264.
Tiemann, D.L. 1 970. R.F. Sisson. photographer. Nature's toy train, the railroad worm. Nat.
Geog. Mag. 138: 56-67.
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58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
A SIMPLIFIED HOLDER FOR EUMENID
NESTING BLOCKS (HYMENOPTERA:
EUMENIDAE)12
Judith A. Collins3, Daniel T. Jennings4
ABSTRACT: Materials and construction of a simple, inexpensive holder for eumenid
nesting blocks are described.
Many species of solitary wasps (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) nest in
hollow stems and cavities constructed by wood-boring insects. Foundress
female wasps also accept and provision predrilled blocks of wood as nesting
sites. Numerous investigators have designed and successfully used trap
blocks for collecting eumenid wasps (Cooper 1953; Fye 1965 a; Medlerand
Fye 1956; Krombein 1967), and bees (Parker and Bohart 1966). Koerber
and Medler (1958) used bundles of sumac stems held together with rubber
inner-tube bands. Fye ( 1 965b) developed several methods for placing trap
nests in elevated locations. Although trap blocks are not identical to natural
nesting sites, they are very useful for collecting and studying eumenid wasps
in forest and nonforest habitats.
Most trap designs consist of a bundle of predrilled blocks held together
with rubber bands. A solid piece of wood usually is added to facilitate
attachment of a wire hanger. The rubber bands frequently stretch and break
with prolonged use. This paper describes a simple but effective method of
binding and hanging nesting blocks.
MATERIALS
The materials needed for trap and holder construction are readily
available at most hardware and fabric stores. Each trapping unit consists
of: 1) a bundle of predrilled blocks (usually 9 or 12), 2) a hanging board, 3)
a wire hanger, 4) four fastening staples, and 5) two non-roll ribbed elastic
bands (Fig. 1).
Our trap blocks were cut from straight-grained eastern white pine,
Finns strobus L. Each block was 2 x 2 x 1 8 cm with a central hole, 8 mm in
1 Received October 13, 1983. Accepted October 21, 1983.
2A contribution to the CANADA/UNITED STATES (CANUSA) Spruce Budworms
Program.
•^Graduate student. Department of Entomology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
^Principal Research Entomologist, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, USDA Building,
University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
ENT. NEWS 95(2) 58-62 March & April 1984
Vol. 95, No. 2. March & April 1984
59
diameter, bored to a depth of 1 4.9 cm. We used a twist drill for boring holes.
Blocks should be straight-grained and free of knots to allow easy splitting
and study of nests.
The hanging board is a solid block of wood; common "strapping" is
sufficient. Our board was 2 x 6 x 1 8 cm for a nine-block bundle. The size
may vary depending on the number of blocks per bundle. The board should
completely cover the top row of nesting blocks.
The hanging wire consists of a wire coat hanger. The botton half of the
hanger is cut off about 1 4 cm below the twisted neck. Pliers are used to bend
the cut ends so that they are pointing outward. The hanger is fastened to the
center of the hanging board with four #9 double-pointed wood staples, two
at each end. For convenience, the hook above the neck of the coat hanger
may be cut off; the twisted neck serves as a hanging point.
The bundle of nesting blocks is held together with two pieces of 3/4 inch
(1.9 cm) non-roll ribbed elastic, such as used in waistbands of various
garments. Each piece, 23 cm long, is formed into a loop with the ends
overlapping 2.5-3.0 cm. The ends are sewn together with heavy-duty nylon
Hanging Board
Trap Block
Wire Hanger
Double Point Wood Staples
3/4 inch
Non-roll ribbed Elastic
Fig. 1. Design of a simplified holder for eumenid nesting blocks.
60
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
* -£-i
„ _
• *• £ ,
& -€
• J^-,- . <
* w , >« ,
_, - ^- * i.'
»-^2r ' -i ' •**•». %"tfc"-
, » sP^
^fc^--».\
Fig. 2. Field placements ot trap-nesting bundles in a spruce-fir forest; a) tree-mounted, b)
stake-mounted, c) on logging slash.
Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984 61
thread, and for added strength, the ends are oversewn two or three times.
Loop size is dependent on bundle size. The elastic bands should be tight
enough to hold the blocks firmly together, but also allow easy removal and
replacement of nesting blocks.
DISCUSSION
The trap nest holder we describe is simple, easily constructed and
relatively inexpensive. Nesting block sizes, numbers of blocks per bundle,
diameter and depth of borings, and deployment sites may vary depending on
study objectives. Bundles of blocks may be hung from live or dead trees
(Fig. 2a); from stakes (Fig. 2b); or from logging slash and debris near the
ground (Fig. 2c).
Blocks that have been provisioned by the wasps (i.e., entrance holes
sealed with mud plugs) can be removed and replaced with new, unused
blocks. Provisioned blocks are taken to the laboratory where they are split with a
chisel and rubber mallet. Block contents are examined and reared in situ
(Krombein 1967); or, the contents (wasp egg, larva, or pupa and prey) are
removed and reared separately in 4-dram shell vials (Jennings and
Houseweart 1984).
The elastic bands usually last for one collecting season (4 months).
Under rigorous and continued use, the elastic stretches and no longer holds
the nesting blocks firmly together. However, the non-roll ribbed elastic is
more durable than ordinary rubber bands which readily stretch and crack in
open sun.
These trap nesting blocks and holders have been used successfully to
determine the species of eumenid wasps preying on spruce budworm,
Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), and other lepidopterous larvae in
spruce-fir forests of Maine.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank John B. Dimond, Arnold S. Menke, Eben A. Osgood and Frank D. Parker for
their review comments.
LITERATURE CITED
Cooper, K.W. 1953. Biology of Eumenine Wasps. I. The ecology, predation, and
competition of Ancistrocerus antilope (Panzer). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 79: 13-35.
Fye, R.E. 1965a. The biology of the Vespidae, Pompilidae, and Sphecidae (Hymenoptera)
from trap nests in northwestern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 97: 716-744.
Fye, R.E. 1965b. Methods of placing wasp trap nests in elevated locations. J. Econ.
Entomol. 58: 803-804.
Jennings, Daniel T., and Mark W. Houseweart 1984. Predation by eumenid wasps
(Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) on spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and other
62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
lepidopterous larvae in spruce-fir forests in Maine. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77: 39-45.
Koerber, T., and J.T. Medler. 1958. A trap nest survey of solitary bees and wasps in
Wisconsin, with biological notes. Proc. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Arts and Lett. 47: 53-63.
Krombein, Karl V. 1 967. Trap nesting wasps and bees: life histories, nests, and associates.
Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C. 570 pp.
Medler, J.T., and R.E. Fye. 1956. Biology ofAncistrocerus antilope( Panzer) (Hymenoptera,
Vespidae) in trap nests in Wisconsin. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 49: 97-102.
Parker, F.D., and R.M. Bohart. 1966. Host-parasite associations in some twig-nesting
Hymenoptera from western North America. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 42: 91-98.
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20. A Revision of the Mexican and Central American Spider Wasps of the Subfamily
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21 . A Taxonomic and Zoogeographic Survey of the Scarabaeinae of the Antilles (Coleoptera:
Scarabaeidae). Eric G. Matthews. 1966. $5.00.
22. A Monograph of the Ithomiidae ( Lepidoptera) Part III. The Tribe Mechanitini Fox.
Richard M. Fox. 1967. $9.00.
23. A List of New North American Spiders, 1940-1966. Beatrice R. Vogel. 1967. $9.00.
24. The Higher Classification, Phylogeny and Zoogeography of the Satyridae (Lepidoptera).
LeeD. Miller. 1968. $7.00.
25. The Schizopteridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) With the Description of New Species
from Trinidad. Michael G. Emsley. 1969. $6.50.
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Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984 63
AN INEXPENSIVE CARRION BEETLE TRAP
(COLEOPTERA: SILPHIDAE)1
Paul P. Shubeck2
ABSTACT: An inexpensive carrion beetle trap is depicted (with diagrams and directions
made available to the reader). Eight species of Silphidae and representatives from the families
Dermestidae, Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Leiodidae, Scarabaeidae and Nitidulidae have been
taken in this trap.
More than two decades of experience with sampling carrion beetles
have given me ample opportunity to try out a variety of different traps. In my
early studies I used a simple pitfall trap described by Walker ( 1 957). Since
then the pitfall method of trapping has been improved and described in
detail by Newton and Peck (1975). For a period of time I used ground
(surface) traps which were cleaner and easier to operate than pitfall traps
(Shubeck, 1976). Although I still consider ground traps excellent in all
ways, when being prepared for use they are cumbersome to transport if one
must carry them any distance and if a large number of traps must be set up.
One way to minimize the transport problem is to use a suspended-type trap
which requires two No. 10 cans and a wire coat hanger for its construction
( Shubeck, 1 968). This trap has been improved by constructing a permanent
inexpensive wood frame and rain cover to which a disposable No. 10 food
can is attached. This trap is depicted in Fig. 1 . It has been used by me in
New Jersey, Maryland, and Missouri during the last few years and it has
proved to be most satisfactory so long as it is not set up in the direct rays of
the sun. Intense buildup of heat in the can may discourage beetles from
entering the trap or may even drive some of the individuals out after they
have entered.
Eight species of carrion beetles (Silphidae) have been taken in these
traps. They are: Necrophila americana, Oiceoptoma noveboracense, O.
inaequale, Necrodes surinamensis, Oiceoptoma orbicollis, N. tomentosus,
N. pustulatus, and TV. marginatus. Other families of "carrion beetles" that
have been taken in these traps include Dermestidae, Staphylinidae,
Histeridae, Leiodidae, Scarabaeidae, and Nitidulidae.
Detailed diagrams and directions for the construction of this inexpensive
carrion beetle trap have been prepared and duplicated and are available to
the reader upon request.
'Received October 5, 1983. Accepted October 8, 1983.
^Biology Department, Montclair State College, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043
ENT. NEWS 95(2) 63-64 March & April 1984
64
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
*
"t^ ^^BB^'<*wP<iMi WH
^* ^^-"P^^p.'
'>.
• »
Fig. 1 . Inexpensive carrion beetle trap in use at Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, NJ.
Photograph by Thomas P. Shubeck.
LITERATURE CITED
Newton, A. and S.B. Peck. 1975. Baited pitfall traps for beetles. The Coleopterists Bull.
29(1): 45-56.
Shubeck P.P. 1968. Trapping Fabre's "sexton" beetles. The American Biology Teacher
30(6): 564-565.
Shubeck, P.P. 1976. An alternative to pitfall traps in carrion beetle studies (Coleoptera). Ent.
News87(5&6): 176-178.
Walker, T.J. 1957. Ecological studies of the arthopods associated with certain decaying
materials in four habitats. Ecology 38: 262-276.
Vol. 95. No. 2. March & April 1984 65
MASS-REARING METHOD FOR THE LARGE
MILKWEED BUG, ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS
(HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)1
Karl P. Koerper, Clive D. Jorgensen2
ABSTRACT: A method of mass-rearing the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, has
been developed that requires limited time and costs. This method allows removal of the eggs
without disturbing the adults or damaging them during handling. Eggs are produced for about
$1.307 1000 eggs.
The large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus faciatus, has been the subject of
much experimental research. Mass-rearing methods specifically designed
to reduce labor required to maintain the colony, and reduce difficulties
experienced in gathering eggs seem to have escaped the literature (Anon-
ymous 1982, Best 1977, Butt 1949, Dingle 1968, Gordon 1974, Richards
andKolderie 1957, Richards and Suanraksa 1962, Siverly 1962). Methods
of collecting eggs described in these studies include removing them with
small brushes from cotton or gauze oviposition media. These techniques
sometimes cause egg damage and always disrupt the adult colony. We have
developed a labor conservative method for rearing large milkweed bugs
that, if implemented, will assist other researchers in maintaining their
colonies. Harvesting and handling eggs will be especially enhanced.
Materials listed are adequate for about 195 breeding pairs of adults.
Expansions or reductions in the number of specimens (especially eggs)
required should be made according to space requirements of the adult pairs,
each pair requiring 38 to 46 cm^ for optimum egg production. Gordon
( 1 974) found optimum egg production was obtained at about 38 cm^/pair.
Increased densities will cause some reduction in the rate of egg production.
Materials required are: five plastic freezer storage containers about 3,01 9 cm2
(6.5-7.0 1 capacity), ten 250 ml nalgene water bottles, grade 50 (6.5-7.0
1 capacity), ten 250 ml nalgene water bottles, grade 50 cheesecloth,
cotton, No. 233 and 363 Nitex nylon monofilament screen cloths, 25 mgs
of sunflower seeds per week that have not been sprayed with pesticides, and
50 large milkweed bug eggs.
Adult cages ( Fig. 1 ) are designed to give females no choice of where to
oviposit. The only satisfactory site is through the cheesecloth onto paper
sheets provided outside (below) the cages. The center portion of the original
snap-on lid is cut away so that only the snap-on ( S) rim remains ( Fig. 1 A).
This rim is used to secure the stretched cheesecloth (Z) onto the bottom of
1 Received June 16, 1983. Accepted November 12. 1983.
^Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602.
ENT. NEWS 95(2) 65-69 March & April 1984
66
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Figure 1 . A — Top view of adult rearing cage: W = water bottles; O = windows cut in the
original bottom of the freezer storage container; S = snap-on lid with the center removed,
leaving only the rim to hold the cheesecloth ( Z) bottom. B - - Bottom view showing the wicks
(K) from the water bottles; cheesecloth (Z) bottom held in place by the rim of the snap-on lid
(S); and the windows (O); all seen through the cheesecloth.
Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984 67
the cage. Water (W) is provided through two holes cut in the bottom (which
is the top of the cage when completed, (Fig. 1 A) of the freezer container, in
which water bottles with tight cotton wicks (K) covered with No. 233 screen
cloth are inserted (Fig. IB). The screen cloth prevents oviposition into the
cotton. Windows (O) in the top of the cage are covered with No. 363 screen
cloth glued into place to allow observation and yet prevent oviposition ( Fig.
1 ). About 1 5 gms of sunflower seeds and 65 adults pairs are introduced into
the cage before the water bottles are screwed in place. The cage is then
placed on or above the collection sheets (paper) where eggs are collected as
often as needed. Eggs may be continuously collected from outside the cage
without ever opening the cage until it is time to discard the adults. Three
adult cages are required.
Nymph cages are the same as adult cages except: ( 1 ) the center of the
lid is not removed, (2) wicks in the water bottles are not covered with screen
cloth, and (3) about 50 gms sunflower seeds are cracked to provide a better
food base for the young nymphs. Sunflower seeds and eggs are placed in the
cages before the water bottles are screwed into place. These cages need no
additional care until emerged adults are removed and placed in the adult
cages. Two nymph cages are required.
Collecting 200 eggs from the first collection of adults (4 weeks) will take
longer than subsequent collections since only 25 adult females are present.
More eggs to start with would speed up this process.
Week 1 4 is the beginning of routine maintenance, with the reinoculation
of adults into adult cage " 1 " after it has been cleaned, and gauze and water
bottles with their cotton wicks replaced. After this, 400 nymphs and 195
adults will be maintained continuously. Maintaining this colony indefinitely
will require about 25 gms of sunflower seeds per week, which should be
stored in refrigeration to avoid contamination with stored products pests.
Egg production is maximized with a photoperiod of 16L-8D, and tempera-
ture set at 27 C (Dingle 1968).
Cost and time assessments for this method are unusually conservative.
The initial cost, excluding intitutional costs, for the entire system ready to
maintain at week 1 4 is estimated at $85, 25% of which is for the cost of 50
eggs. Maintenance cost expressed in terms of eggs produced is about
S. 70/1000 eggs. In addition, the labor estimate is about $2.50/1000 eggs.
We estimate eggs counted into groups of 1000 will cost about $3.20 per
group. Of course, if approximate number of eggs is acceptable the cost is
much less, about $1.30/1000. Only about five minutes per collection are
required to collect eggs, plus one hour twice monthly to clean cages, transfer
adults and collect eggs for future generations. This method offers minimal
expense in maintaining a colony where specimens are needed continually
for experimental purposes.
68
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Colony establishment and maintenance are sequentially explained in
the following flow table:
Table 1. Flowtable to explain colony established and maintenance.
Cage contents and collection no.
Week Action Nymph cages Adult cages
0 50 eggs placed in a=l.yrcoll b=empty l=empty 2=empty 3=empty
nymph cage "a"
4 25 pairs of adults a= Is/ coll b=empty l = lsf coll 2=empty 3=empty
from nymph cage "a"
placed in adult
cage "1"
6 200 eggs from adult a=empty b=2nd coll 1 = 1 st coll 2=empty 3=empty
cage "1" placed in
nymph cage "b"
8 200 eggs from adult a=3rd coll b=2nd coll \ = lst coll 2=empty 3=empty
cage "1" placed into
nymph cage "a"
10 65 pairs of adults a=3rd coll b=4th coll l=lst coll 2=2nd coll 3=empty
from nymph cage "b"
placed in adult cage
"2." 200 eggs from
adult cage "1" placed
into nymph cage "b"
12 65 pairs of adults a=5^ coll b=4th coll l = ls/coll 2=2/zrfcoll 3=3rcfcoll
from nymph cage "a"
placed in adult cage
"3." 200 eggs from
adult cages "1 and 2"
placed into nymph
cage "a"
LITERATURE CITED
Anonymous. 1982. Carolina Arthropods Manual 45-4401. Carolina Biol. Sup. Co.,
Burlington, NC.
Best, R.L. 1977. The milkweed bug. Carolina Tips 40:1-2.
Butt, F.H. 1949. Embryology of the milkweek bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera).
Cornell Expt. Sta. Mem 283: 43 pp.
Dingle H. 1968. Life history and population consequences of density, photo-period, and
temperature in a migrant insect, the milkweed bug Oncopeltus. Amer. Nat. 102: 149-
163.
Gordon, H.T. 1974. Cohort rearing and cold-storage of the sunflower strain of Oncopeltus
fasciatus. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 67: 976-980.
Richards, A.G. and M.Q. Kolderie. 1957. Variation in weight, development rate, and
Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984 69
hatchability of Oncopeltus eggs as a function of the mother's age. Entomol. News.
68: 57-64.
Richards, A.G. and S. Sunaraksa. 1962. Energy expenditure during embryonic development
under constant versus variable temperatures \Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas)j. Entomol.
Expt. Appl. 5: 167-178.
Siverly, R.E. 1962. Rearing insects in schools. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubuque. Iowa.
MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY
A SERIES OF MONOGRAPHICS PAPERS BY STUDENTS OF AUTHORITY IN
THEIR RESPECTIVE SUBJECT.
CURRENTLY AVAILABLE NUMBERS LISTED BELOW.
(Listing continued from page 62)
26. A Taxonomic Revision of the Aquatic Beetle Genus Laccophilus (Dytiscidae) of North
America. James R. Zimmerman. 1970. $12.00.
27. A Revision of the Nearctic Species of the Tribe Parydrini (Diptera: Ephydridae). Philip
J. Clausen and Edwin F. Cook. 1971. $7.00.
28. Tischeriidae of America North of Mexico (Microlepidoptera). Annette F. Braun. 1972.
$7.00.
29. The Shield-backed Katydids of the Genus Idiostatus. David C. Rentz. 1973. $9.50.
30. The Systematics and Morphology of the Nearctic Species of Diamesa Meigen, 1835
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31. The Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Rocky Mountains. Richard W. Baumann, Arden R,
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Systematics, and a New Stonefly Genus Cascadoperla. Stanley W. Szczytko and
Kenneth W. Stewart. 1979. $7.50.
33. Revision of the Milliped Genus S;gmon'a(Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Rowland M.
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July 25-28, 1982. 1983. $25.00.
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70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
A METHOD OF STORING INSECT GENITALIA
FOR TAXONOMIC STUDY1
J.E. O'Hara, M.G. Mclntyre2
ABSTRACT: A genitalia tray specifically designed for use by insect taxonomists is
described and illustrated. A method is outlined whereby trays can be reproduced using molds
and a polyester-based casting resin. Trays are suitable for storage of genitalia during
revisionary work, and provide immediate access to series of genitalia for comparative study.
Many insect taxonomists store adult insect specimens on pins in foam-
bottomed trays, inside specially designed drawers and cabinets. Specimens
stored in this manner are readily available for study and comparison of
external structures. Unfortunately, a similar system has not been developed
to accommodate the needs of taxonomists interested in studying large series
of insect genitalia, so it is often necessary to repeatedly examine genitalia
stored in microvials, or temporarily remove limited series of genitalia to
porcelain trays or similar ad hoc containers for comparative study. With the
increasing awareness of the importance of genitalic characters in the
systematics of many insect taxa, a method is needed whereby numerous
genitalia can be efficiently stored, easily retrieved and readily grouped for
study under a dissecting microscope. The gentialia tray here described is
one solution to this problem, and over the past several years has not only
proved itself useful in practice, but has indirectly encouraged the senior
author's study of genitalic structure within the Tachinidae (Diptera) by
eliminating time-consuming and inefficient storage difficulties.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Design of the genitalia tray shown in Fig. 1, and technical aspects of its
production and duplication, were developed by the junior author. Production
of genitalia trays basically involves machining of a master tray, creation of
one to many molds from that tray, and replication of plastic trays from the
molds. Our master tray was cut from 0.5 in (12. 7mm) thick Plexiglass® and
sanded to the outside dimensions shown in Fig. 1 , and then machined with a
0.5 in milling tool to produce the interior contours. The completed tray,
approximately 63x66mm square, was placed in the center of a small wooden
box, of such a size as to allow about 10mm clearance on each side. A
molding compound (Dow Corning Silastic Moldmaking Rubber RTV E,
soft) was poured over the tray, covering the top by about 5 mm, and allowed
1 Received June 1, 1983. Accepted October 28, 1983.
^Department of Entomology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3
ENT. NEWS 95(2) 70-72 March & April 1984
Vol. 95, No. 2, March & April 1984
71
to set. (To ensure smooth edges in the finished product, trapped air bubbles
were removed from the angles of the tray by running a pointed object along
tray edges.) Once hardened, the flexible molds were ready for repeated
casting of plastic genitalia trays using a polyester-based casting resin, such
as commonly found under a variety of brand names commercially and in
hobby stores. White dye added to the resin gives superior results, as white
trays reflect light more evenly than do clear plastic ones. This is important
because the trays are designed for use with a dissecting microscope, with
standard illumination.
For best results, trays should be lightly sanded on outside surfaces after
removal from molds to smooth slight irregularities caused by shrinkage
during the hardening process (interior surfaces are not adversely affected).
Lids, which can be fashioned from a variety of materials, should be fitted to
finished size of the trays rather than to dimensions of the master tray. (Our
lids simply rest loosely on top of the trays, and are not fastened in any way.)
We prefer 0.125in (3.2mm) thick Plexiglass® for lid material, as it is
transparent and can be written on with India ink.
628
127
60
r- — 1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
L _ j
1
3-
'.
(
H»
-12.'
T >
Fig. 1. Dimensions of genitalia tray (in mm).
72
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Fig. 2. Two completed trays, left tray with lid and right without, as used for storage of tachinid
fly genitalia in glycerin-filled dishes.
DISCUSSION
Each tray is designed to hold 20 genitalia dishes in 4 rows. Dishes are
best cut to a height of 7mm from 0.5 dram, 12x35mm, shell vials (such as
Kimble brand #60930-L vials). Genitalia are stored one per dish in several
drops of glycerin, accompanied by a code number to ensure correct
association with the adult specimen. By keeping a record of all code
numbers and specimens dissected, pairing of pinned specimens and
genitalia are facilitated, even if the former are scattered throughout a large
general collection.
Two finished trays, as used for storage of tachinid fly genitalia, are
shown in Fig. 2.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Dr. G.E. Ball for his comments on this paper and for meeting
publication costs through NSERC Grant No. A- 13 99, and Mr. J.S. Scott for the illustrations.
When submitting papers, all authors are requested to ( 1 ) provide the names of two qualified
individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted and (2) submit
the names and addresses of two qualified authorities in the subject field to whom the
manuscript may be referred by the editor for final review. All papers are submitted to
recognized authorities for final review before acceptance.
Titles should be carefully composed to reflect the true contents of the article, and be kept as
brief as possible. Classification as to order and family should be included in the title, except
where not pertinent. Following the title there should be a short informative abstract (not a
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NTOM
MAY & JUNE 1984
JJJLT
No. 3
M
New species of Cicindela from Florida and elevation of
C. abdominalis scabrosa to species level (Coleoptera:
Cicindelidae) Paul M. Choate 73
New Nearctic species of Hyadina (Diptera: Ephydridae)
Philip J. Clausen 83
Acanthoscelides winderi, new species (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
associated with Mimosa spp. John M. Kingsolver 87
| Elevation of Diabrotica sicuanica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
to species level with notes on altitudinal distribution
of Diabrotica species in Cuzco Department of Peru
J.L. Krysan, T.F. Branson,
R.F.W. Schroeder, W.E. Steiner, Jr. 91
Pseudocossinae: a new subfamily of Cossidae (Lepidoptera)
J.B. Heppner 99
Additional observations on association ofPedilus (Pedilidae)
withMe/oe (Coleoptera: Meloidae) Linda Butler 101
Trichoptera of the Cahaba River system in Alabama
S.C. Harris, P.K. Logo, P.E. O'Neil 103
Checklist of stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Kentucky
D.C. Tarter, D.A. Adkins, C.V. Covell, Jr. 113
Insect marking techniques: durability of materials
S.A. Wineriter, T.J. Walker 117
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Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984 73
A NEW SPECIES OF CICINDELA LINNAEUS
(COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE) FROM
FLORIDA, AND ELEVATION OF C. ABDOMINALIS
SCABROSA SCHAUPP TO SPECIES LEVEL1
Paul M. Choate2
ABSTRACT: A new species of Cicindela Linnaeus was discovered during a study of the
named forms of C, abdominalis Fabricius. This species, C. highlandensis n. sp., is described
here. Additionally, the various names applied to C. abdominalis are examined for validity. C.
abdominalis is redescribed. Based on examination of types, the following name changes are
proposed. C. scabrosa Schaupp is found to be a valid species. C. extenuata Casey is a
synonym of C. scabrosa Schaupp, as is C. abdominalis floridana Cartwright (NEW
SYNONYMY). C.faceta Casey is a synonym of C. abdominalis F. (NEW SYNONYMY).
C. highlandensis n. sp. is believed to be a sister species of C. abdominalis, having evolved
on pre-Pleistocene islands in central Florida.
This research began several years ago during a cursory study of the tiger
beetle fauna of Florida. An attempt at collecting and identifying the named
forms of this group revealed inconsistencies concerning the application of
names to Cicindela abdominalis and its subspecies scabrosa.
Several museum collections that were borrowed had mixtures of the
various forms under the same heading, some examples merely set aside with
question marks. Invariably it was found that the confused specimens were
scabrosa.
Cicindela abdominalis Fabricius has included 3 subspecies; abdominalis,
scabrosa Schaupp, andfloridana Cartwright. Additionally, Casey (1913)
described C. extenuata and C. faceta as species close to abdominalis.
Newman (1838) described C. ventralis from St. John's Bluff, Florida, but
his description is too incomplete to be interpreted. The name must therefore
remain a no men inquirendum.
The genus Cicindela (sensu latu) still requires comprehensive study in
North America. Numerous subspecies names have yet to be resolved.
Species descriptions, however, have been relatively few in recent years. It is
surprising, therefore, to discover a new species in Florida. The following
descriptions and discussions are presented to make a species name
available for a manuscript dealing with the phylogeny, zoogeography, and
ecology of Cicindela abdominalis Fabricius and its related species.
Detailed discussion of the relationships of this new species is postponed to
publication of the above mentioned manuscript.
Deceived June 10, 1983. Accepted February 27, 1984.
2USDA SEA IAML., PO Box 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604
ENT. NEWS. 95(3): 73-82. May & June, 1984
74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Cicindela highlandensis n. sp.
Head: Eyes prominent, approximately as wide as humerus, wider than pronotum.
Clypeus black with purple, green, and blue reflection; microsculpture isodiametric. Labrum
pale, medially convex with 2 anterior medial setae, 2 lateral setae; slightly wider than long;
front margin with central protuberance, edentate; microsculpture isodiametric laterally,
effaced or stretched on median convexity. Mandibles pale basally, apical half piceus. Mentum
with acute median tooth. Ligula lacking. Maxilla cardo with 2 setae, stipes with 5 setae;
segment 1 with 1 apical seta, segment 2 glabrous, segment 3 with 2-3 setae, segment 4 with 2
apical setae, segment 5 glabrous. Labial palp 4 segmented; segments 1 and 2 rufous, glabrous;
segment 3 rufous, glabrous ventrally, with 15-18 scattered erect setae dorsally; segment 4
piceus, glabrous. Gena glabrous, bright purple with 8 longitudinally impressed striae
terminating anteriorly in a depressed pit under anterior margin of eye; microsculpture effaced
medially, isodiametric towards ventral margin. Frons glabrous, longitudinally strigose;
laterally purple; medially green; microsculpture isodiametric medially, stretched laterally.
Inner margin of eye emarginate; elevated interocular area of head smooth near lateral edge,
longitudinally grooved in center of head; 2 supraorbital setae. Antennae with segments 1-4
glabrous except for scattered erect setae, rufous with green reflection; segment 1 with 1 apical
seta; segment 2 glabrous; segment 3 with 3 evenly spaced medial setae, several apical setae;
segment 4 with 1 medial seta, 2 apical setae; segment 1 slightly swollen apically, 2-3 times
length of segment 2; segment 3 equal in length to segments 2+4; segments 5-1 1 covered with
short dense pubescence.
Thorax: Pronotum with deeply impressed anterior V-shaped impression; longitudinal
median line with impressed transverse strigae; microsculpture isodiametric, tending toward
meshes anteriorly and laterally; basal impression deep; posterior angle on elevated bump;
surface green with cupreus-purple mixture; lateral margin glabrous. Prosternum glabrous,
shining purple. Proepisternum smooth, glabrous, shining purple, microsculpture effaced.
Procoxae with small cluster of white setae on inner and lateral margin, glabrous medially;
inner surface with single erect seta. Trochanter glabrous. Profemur metallic purple on basal
half, rufous apically; 3 erect setae on venter. Protibia rufous with purple reflection; inner
surface of apical half covered with dense fringe of short hairs; anterior surface with 6 large erect
setae set in green foveae. Protarsi glabrous dorsally; ventrally with 4 pair of erect setae;
segment 1 longest, 2-5 subequal. Claws 2, long, smooth. Protarsal segments 1-4 ventrally at
apex with 2 larger setae. Mesosternum glabrous. Mesepisternum glabrous, shiny, purple.
Mesocoxae setose on anterior lateral surface; glabrous medially on inner surface; posteriorly
with a few hairs and a single, fine, erect, seta. Trochanter glabrous. Mesofemur glabrous
ventrally. Mesotibia with dense inner fringe of hairs in apical half. Meta sternum glabrous.
Metepisternum glabrous. Metacoxae with single erect seta each on anterior and median
portion, posterior lateral edge with 3-4 decumbent setae. Trochanter glabrous. Metatibia with
short fringe of setae at apex on inner margin. Metafemur with 5 ventral setae. Elytron black;
scutellum transversely impressed, with slight purple-green reflection; 7-9 irregular sutural
foveae containing a seta set in shallow pit, pit with slight metallic purple reflection. Entire
dorsal surface appearing shallowly punctate; microsculpture coarse, isodimetric. Suture
terminating posteriorly in spine. Apices microserrulate. Depressed area near humerus with 6
setae.
Abdomen: Rufous, glabrous except for erect tactile setae along posterior margin of apical
stemite, and medially on sternites 3-4. Sternite 5 depressed medially with numerous small
hairs in depression.
Size: Holotype female: 1 1.5 mm. in length (Fig. 1).
Variation: (35 measured) Females average 11.4 mm. in length (10.5-12.0); 35 males
average 10.9 mm. in length (10.5-12.0). Males have protarsal segments 1-3 dilated with
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984 75
ventral pad of dense setae. Approximately half of the specimens were immaculate. The only
maculation seen was a very narrow apical lunule. Neither ventral pubescence nor pronotal
lateral hairs occurred on any specimens.
Type Locality: Florida; Highlands Co., Rt. 27, 0.25 mi. south of Josephine Creek, 4.3
mi. north of junction of Rt. S-17 and 621; 10-VII-1976, P.M. Choate & L. Davis, 23
paratypes (15 males, 8 females).
Distribution: Restricted to Highlands Co., FL., on fossil sand dunes south of Sebring.
This sand ridge extends into Polk County, thus this species may also occur there.
Etymology: This new species is named for Highlands Co., FL., an area noted for its plant
and animal endemics.
Specimens examined: Holotype and 101 paratypes, all from Highlands Co., FL. All but
5 specimens were from the type locality. 30 specimens were collected in June (some teneral)
and 71 in July. The 5 specimens not from the type locality are in FSCA (Florida State
Collection of Arthropods, Gainesvile, FL, 32602), and bear the data "Hendricks Field, nr.
Sebring, on fossil sand dunes," 5 - VII - 1976, H.V. Weems, collr..
Type material will be distributed as follows: Holotype and 9 paratypes from the original
series will be deposited in FSCA. Additional specimens (4 ea.) from the same series will be
sent to AMNH (New York), USNM, CAS (California Academy of Sciences), MCZ
Harvard University), Strickland Museum (Edmonton, Alberta), Carnegie Museum (Pittsburgh),
with the remainder in the author's personal collection.
Redescription of Cicindela abdominalis Fabricius
Cicindela abdominalis Fabricius, 1801. p. 237, Syst. Eleuth. Type locality "Carolina."
Cicindela ventralis Newman, 1818. p. 413-414. Type locality "St. John's Bluff, East
Florida, North America."
Cicindela abdominalis faceta Casey, 1913. p. 38. NEW SYNONYMY. (No locality, single
female) Type USNM 45969 red label.
Size: Females average 1 1.0 mm. (10.3 - 12.5); males average 10.0 mm (9.3 - 10.5).
Head: Eyes prominent, approximately as wide as humerus, distinctly wider than
pronotum; black, with purple, green, and blue reflections, microsculpture isodiametric.
Labrum pale, with 2 anterior medial setae and 2 lateral setae; edentate, lateral area
microsculpture isodiametric, stretched medially. Mandibles pale basally, apical half piceous
with metallic reflection. Ligula lacking. Mentum with single acute median tooth. Maxilla with
cardo 2-3 setae, stipes with 3-4 setae, segment 1 with single erect seta, segment 2 glabrous,
segment 3 with 2-3 setae, segment 4 with 2 apical setae, segment 5 glabrous. Labial palp 4
segmented; segments 1-2 pale rufous, glabrous, segment 3 rufous with 20 erect setae, segment
4 piceous and glabrous. Gena glabrous, shallowly grooved. Frons longitudinally strigose,
strigae isodiametric. Inner margin of eye emarginate; 2 erect supraorbital setae. Antennal
segments 1 -4 glabrous except for isolated large erect setae. Segment 1 with 1 erect apical seta,
rufopiceous ventrally. Segment 2 lacks tactile setae. Segment 3 with 3-4 basal setae, 1-2
medial setae, 5 apical setae. Segment 4 glabrous basally, 5-7 apical setae. Segments 1 -4 with
metallic green reflections. Segments 5- 1 1 densely covered with short pubescence. Segment 5
rufopiceous, 6-1 1 piceous. Segment 1 swollen apically, 3 times as long as segment 2, one half
as long as segments 3 and 4; segments 3 and 4 subequal, elongate.
Thorax: Pronotum dorsally with deep anterior v-shaped impression, longitudinal median
line moderately impressed with transverse strigae extending laterally. Microsculpture coarse,
isodiametric. Basal impression moderately impressed , posterior lateral angle suggested by an
elevated bump. Surface with cupreous (blue-green) reflection. Lateral margin with inconspicous
fringe of white hairs which, when missing, are indicated by extremely fine punctures near
76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
marginal groove. Prosternum glabrous, microsculpture effaced, with purple reflection.
Proepisternum with approximately 15 white setae along basal margin adjacent to procoxae,
otherwise glabrous. Microsculpture effaced, shiny. Procoxae with anterior surface with fringe
of white hairs, inner surface glabrous. A single erect seta on inner medial surface. Trochanter
glabrous, pale rufous. Profemur with metallic blue-green reflection; piceous basally, rufous
apically, knees with metallic green reflection. Ventrally with 2-3 erect setae. Numerous large
erect setae on anterior and inner surface. Isodiametric microsculpture evident over entire
surface. Protibia ventral inner surface with fringe of hair, dorsal surface glabrous except for
scattered tactile setae. Tibia with metallic green reflection. Tibia with 2 large ventral apical
spines.
Protarsi of male ventrally with segments 1-3 with dense covering of hairs, segments 4-5
glabrous except for a few erect setae. Females with tarsal segments unmodified. Each tarsal
segment (both sexes) with 2 ventral apical spines, claws smooth, subequal. Mesosternum
smooth, glabrous. Mesepisternum glabrous medially, basally with fringe of white decumbent
setae. Mesocoxae as in procoxae. Mesotrochanter glabrous, tibia and tarsi as above.
(Posterior surface of coxa with basal setae.) Mesofemur with 1-2 ventrally erect setae on
apical half. Mesepimeron with covering of decumbent white hairs. Metasternum glabrous
medially, extreme anterior margin with up to 8 white setae; anterior lateral angle labrous;
posterior lateral margin with fringe of setae. Metepimeron covered with whte decumbent setae.
Metacoxal process with single large erect tactile seta basally and apically, also with lateral
fringe of white setae. Metafemur with 2-4 ventral erect setae.
Abdomen: Rufous, sternites 1-4 with decreasing lateral fringe of white setae. Segment 3
laterally overlapping segment 4 in the form of a flange, extending posteriorly to segment 5.
Segments 3-5 medially with several inconspicous setae. Segment 5 emarginate apically in
male, depressed and setose in female. Segment 6 in male with apical fringe of setae. Elytra
black, with apical lunule and other maculation white. Median lunule represented by broken
dots or lunule may be totally absent. Scutellum with cupreous to blue-green reflection;
microsculpture coarse, isodiametric. Basal elytral punctures at scutellum umbilicate. Elytra
with row of 6-9 large foveae, each with metallic blue-green reflection and containing a single
umbilicate setiferous puncture. Elytra irregularly and shallowly punctured (Fig. 2), micro-
sculpture isodiametric, granular. Subsutural row of metallic punctures shallow, with blue-
green reflection. Apex of elytra spined and microserrulate in both sexes. Humeri with
impressed groove containing 5-6 umbiliferous punctures. Male genitalia (Fig. 5).
Distribution: New Jersey, south along the Atlantic seaboard to north central Florida,
west along the Gulf States to Louisiana.
Variation: Elytral pattern appears to be more heavily maculated in northern specimens,
decreasing southward. This probably led to the naming of Casey's Cicindela faceta.
Cicindela scabrosa Schaupp NEW STATUS
Cicindela abdominalis var. scabrosa Schaupp 1884, p. 108. type locality FLA (Cedar
Keys).
Cicindela extenuata Casey 191 3, p. 38. Type locality Crescent City. Holotype USNM Type
45970 red label.
Paratype USNM Type 45970 "extenuata 2," red label.
C. abdominalis floridana Cartwright 1939, p. 364. Type locality Miami, FL., Collr. F.N.
Young, Aug. 9-12, 1934, NEW SYNONYMY.
Size: Females average 10.5 mm. (10.0 - 1 1.5), males average 9.8 mm. (8.2 - 10.3).
Head: Eyes prominent, as wide as humerus, wider than pronotum. Clypeus black with
green central area, purple laterally. Microsculpture isodiametric. Labrum pale, with 4 medial
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984 77
setae, 2 lateral. Mandibles piceous with narrow pale basal lateral portion. Mentum with acute
median tooth. Ligula lacking. Maxilla cardo with 3 white setae, stipes with 4-5 setae. Segment
1 with 1 apical seta, segment 2 glabrous, segment 3 with 3 setae ventrally, segment 4 with 1
ventral seta (apex), segment 5 glabrous. Labial palpi 4 segmented, segments 1 and 2 glabrous,
segment 3 with approximately 20 erect setae on dorsal surface, segment 4 glabrous. Colored as
in abdominalis and highlandensis. Gena glabrous with purple reflection, 3-5 grooves
terminating anteriorly in a depressed pit. Frons glabrous with suggestion of striae laterally,
central area smooth and elevated. Eyes with 2 erect supraorbital setae. Antennal segments 1-4
glabrous with metallic reflection, 1-2 erect setae on each segment. Segments 5-1 1 covered
with dense tomentose setae. Segment 1 with 1 large erect seta; segment 2 glabrous. Segment 3
with 3-5 medial setae, 6 apical setae. Segment 4 with 1-2 medial setae, 3-5 apical setae.
Segment 1 gradually swollen apically, 2 times the length of segment 2. Segment 3 less than 2
and 4, greater in length than 1 and 2. Segment 4 shorter than 3.
Thorax: Pronotum with anterior v-shaped impression; middle smooth, microsculpture
reduced, basal impression shallow. Lateral margin with 30 - 50 flattened setae. Prosternum
glabrous, with greenish reflection, shiny. Proepisternum with numerous white setae near
procoxae, the remainder smooth, shiny, microsculpture effaced. Procoxae anterior surface
with dense layer of flattened setae. Single erect slender seta on inner surface. Trochanter
glabrous. Profemur with 6-7 ventral erect setae. Protibia anterior surface with 6-7 short, erect
seta in depressions. Inner half surface apically with dense layer of fine setae. Protarsi glabrous
dorsally , ventrally with 4 pair of small erect setae and 1 large apical pair. Segment 1 longest, 2-
5 subequal. Males with segments 1-3 ventrally with dense layer of hair; female unmodified; 2
tarsal claws, long smooth, subequal. Meso-stemum glabrous, smooth, shiny. Mesepimeron
covered with dense fringe of decumbent setae. Mesocoxae anterior surface with numerous
white setae, posteriorly with single large erect seta. Trochanter glabrous. Mesofemur with 5-6
erect setae on ventral surface. Mesotibia with dense fringe of short setae near apex on inner
surface. Mesosternum with scattered decumbent setae on anterior margin. Metepisternum and
metepimeron with dense covering of decumbent setae. Metacoxae with fringe of setae along
posterior margin, also with 2 erect setae. Metatrochanter glabrous. Metatibia glabrous
apically except for short scattered erect setae. Ventral surface with row of 1 1 - 1 2 erect setae on
posterior and anterior margin.
Abdomen rufous. Sternites 1-3 with dense lateral margin of decumbent setae. Stemites 3-
5 with 2 central erect tactile setae. Stemite 6 with deep median depression in females, covered
with short erect pubescence. Males with sternite 6 moderately emarginate, not depressed.
Elytra shiny black, often with greenish luster around humerus ( extreme form of greenish cast
seen in C. abdominalis floridana, but also seen to greater or lesser degree from different
localities). Maculation consisting of apical lunules, median lateral mark, and 2 small medial
dots slightly anterior to mid-lateral dots. Few specimens lacked the mid-lateral maculation
missing in the majority of specimens of C. abdominalis. Elytral apices spined in both sexes.
Microsculpture largely effaced, finely isodiametric, lending a shiny appearance to the beetles.
Microsculpture of type entirely unlike abdominalis. Elytral tips microserrulate; surface
heavily and deeply punctured throughout ( Fig. 3), punctures often separated by less than their
own diameter. Large sutural foveae with umbiliferous center.
Gcnitalia, male: Fig. 6.
Distribution: Restricted to peninsular Florida, in sand-pinescrub and along margins of
pine flatwoods.
Variation: This species exhibits little variation. Some specimens are quite greenish (i.e.,
floridana) but this is interpreted to be a sign of recent emergence. Older specimens appear to
have lost the greenish tint. Maculation (Fig. 3) is quite constant.
78
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
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Q Q
Qtl
u.
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984
79
4A
t
',
. '
4B
Fig. 4 A. C. highlandensis n. sp., paratype, aedeagus. Internal sac removed. Fig. 4B.
Internal sac, same specimen, removed to show internal sclerites characteristic of
Cicindelidia Rivalier. Fig. 5. C. abdominalis Fab., aedeagus. Fig. 6. C. scabrosa
Schaupp, aedeagus. Figs. 4, 5 and 6 are printed at the same magnification to show relative
size.
80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
DISCUSSION
Cicindela highlandensis n. sp. (Fig. 1) belongs in the subgenus
Cicindelidia (sensu Rivalier's genus Cicindelidia) as illustrated by its red
abdomen and male genitalia (Fig. 4). It differs from C. abdominalis Fab.
(Fig. 2) by its total lack of decumbent setae ventrally, by the lack of pronotal
hairs, and by reduced maculation. The male aedeagus is more robust than
that of abdominalis (Fig. 4 vs. Fig. 5).
C. highlandensis will key to couplet 4 in Willis's (1968) key to the
North American species of Cicindela. This should be modified as follows:
4a. Labrum with 2 anterior medial setae, 2 lateral setae.
4a'. Ventrally glabrous; lacking pronotal hairs C. highlandensis n. sp.
4a.'! Ventrally with lateral sclerites covered with decumbent setae, also sternites 1-4
with lateral decumbent setae; pronotum with at least a few lateral setae, or if
absent, punctures are visible along suture C. abdominalis Fabricius
4b. Labrum with 4 anterior medial setae, 2 lateral setae 5
5a. Elytra deeply punctured, scabrous; surface shiny (Fig. 3) . . . C. scabrosa Schaupp
5b. Elytra shallowly punctate or impuncate 6
6a. Elytra shallow punctate
6a'. Proepisternum densely setose C. roseiventris Chev.
6a'! Proepisternum with sparse setae near coxal margin C. politula LeConte
6b. Elytra impunctate 7
Cicindela scabrosa will key to the species with 4 anterior medial setae
on the labrum. From abdominalis and highlandensis, scabrosa may easily
be separated by habitus (Fig. 3) and by male genitalia (Fig. 6). Both
abdominalis and highlandensis have 2 medial setae on the labrum.
The most striking differences between scabrosa and the other two
species are densely punctate elytral surface in scabrosa only; conspicuous
lateral row of pronotal hairs in scabrosa 30-50 per side, 0- 1 5 in abdominalis.
0 in highlandensis; extensive covering of decumbent setae ventrally in
scabrosa, while in abdominalis is reduced, and highlandensis is glabrous.
Cicindela highlandensis n. sp. has been collected only in Highlands
Co., Florida, near Sebring. This is an area of high endemism in many groups
of plants and animals. Species restricted to this area include spiders (Brady
1972, McCrone 1963, McCrone & Levi 1 964), lizards (Carr 1 940), camel
crickets (Hubbell 1960), millipedes (Keeton 1959), and mutillid wasps
( Schmidt &Mickel 1979). The sand dunes near Sebring are considered the
southernmost extension of the Lake Wales Ridge (Laessle 1958). Typical
scrub as well as sandhill vegetation occupy much of this area, and some of
the highest elevations in peninsular Florida are found here. Cicindela
scutellaris unicolor and C. hirtilabris LeConte which would normally
occur in this habitat, are absent. Larvae of C. highlandensis have not yet
been collected, and adult activity probably occurs only in the summer
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984
81
<*3HNT -JS
8
Fig. 7. Type locality of C. highlandensis n. sp.. Fig. 8. New citrus grove near type locality
of C. highlandensis n. sp..
82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
months as in C. abdominalis Fab..
The range of C. highlandensis is apparently restricted to fossil sand
ridges. Unfortunately, these sand ridges are rapidly being converted into
citrus groves (Figs. 7 & 8). Unless some means of preserving this habitat
is found, numerous organisms will become extinct, including this species.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank the following individuals for their encouragement, assistance, and
constructive criticism during the preparation of this manuscript: Gary Dunn, John Stamatov,
Donald Wilson, Ken Vick, Terry Erwin, Howard Frank, Mike Thomas, Al Undeen, Angela
Cameron, Teresa Choate, Pat Carlisle, Brenda Beck, Robert Woodruff, Reece Sailer, and
Lloyd Davis.
LITERATURE CITED
Brady, A.R. 1972. Geographic variation and speciation in the Sosippus floridanus species
group. Psyche 79(1-2): 27-48.
Carr, A.F., Jr. 1940. A contribution to the herpetology of Florida. Univ. Fla. Pub. Biol Sci
Ser. 3(1): 1-118.
Casey, T.L. 1913. Memoirs on the Coleoptera IV. New Era Printing Co., Lancaster, PA.
Hubbell, T.H. 1961. Endemism and speciation in relation to Pleistocene changes in Florida
and the southeastern coastal plain. 1 1th Int. Cong. Ent. Wien 1: 466-469.
Keeton, W.T. 1959. A new family for the diplopod genus Floridobolus ( Spirobolida: Sprio-
bolidae). Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc. 54: 1-7, 16 fig.
Laessle, A.M. 1958. The origin and successional relationships of sandhill vegetation and
sand-pine scrub. Ecol. Mon. 28 (4): 361-387.
McCrone, J.D. 1963. Taxonomic status and evolutionary history of the Geolycosa pikei
complex in the southeastern United States (Aranea: Lycosidae). Amer Mid Nat
70(1): 47-73.
McCrone, J.D. and H.W. Levi. 1964. North American widow spiders of the Latrodectus
curacaviensis group (Aranea: Theridiidae). Psyche 71(1): 12-27.
Newman, E. 1838. Description of Cicindela ventralis in Communications on the natural
history of North America by E. Doubleday. Ent. Mag., London V: 414/532.
Rivalier, E. 1954. Demembrement du genre Cicindela L.. II. Faune Americane. Rev. Fran.
d'Ent. 21(4): 249-268.
Schmidt, J.O., and C.E. Mickel. 1979. A new Dasymutilla from Florida ( Hymenoptera:
Mutillidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 81(4): 576-579.
Willis, H.L. 1968. Artificial key to the species of Cicindela of North America north of
Mexico. J. Kans. Ent. Soc. 41: 303-317.
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984 83
A NEW NEARCTIC SPECIES OF HYADINA
(DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE)1 2
Philip J. Clausen3
ABSTRACT: A new species of Hyadina is described, while the generic description and
species key is modified for its inclusion.
Not long after completing a revision of the genus Hyadina for the
Nearctic (Clausen, 1983), I received a number of specimens from the
Canadian National Collections for identification. Contained therein were
three specimens of a new species. Consequently, this paper should be
considered as a supplement to the above revision.
Hyadina vockerothi n. sp.
It is with great pleasure that I name this species in honor of Dr. J.R.
Vockeroth who collected the male specimens.
At this point, I should mention that this species contains the only
brachypterous specimens of Hyadina known from the Nearctic Region. Of
the three known specimens, one male has normal or nearly normal wings
while the other male and the female are brachypterous. Unfortunately, with
this small sample, I have no way of knowing the frequency of brachypterism,
therefore I have designated the normal male as the holotype. The wing
measurements for each specimen are listed separately in the following
description.
Types: Holotype cf and paratype cf, both from Cranberry I., Lockeport, Nova Scotia, 31-
VII- 1958, J.R. Vockeroth, mouse run among Carex; paratype 9, Upper Rock L., 30 mi. N.
Kingston, Ontario, VII- 1977, J. Redner, ex. sphagnum bog; all three deposited in the
Canadian National Collections.
Diagnosis: Wings with all crossveins dark brown to black; head with 2 pair of large,
vertical setae (inners large and convergent, outers large and divergent), and 1 large pair,
divergent, orbital setae; face laterally with dense black, velvety patch and medially with dense
grayish to silvery pruinosity.
Description: MALE. Total body length 1.26 to 1.40 mm; shining black with grayish,
silvery, golden, coppery and dense, black velvety pruinosity.
Head shining black with black, grayish, silvery, golden and coppery pruinosity; length
0.25 to 0.27 mm; 1 large pair divergent, orbital setae; 1 large pair convergent inner vertical
setae; 1 large pair divergent outer vertical setae; vertex shining black, laterally with dense
1 Received January 3, 1984. Accepted February 29, 1984.
^Received No. 13,706, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment
Station, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.
^Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.
ENT. NEWS. 95(3): 83-86. May & June, 1984
84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
black, velvety pruinosity above and below, medially with coppery pruinosity above, becoming
grayish to silvery below; gena black with dense black, velvety pruinosity above, dense grayish
below. Face shining black, laterally with dense black, velvety patch, medially with dense
grayish to silvery pruinosity; parafacial setae in 2 convergent and decumbent rows, 4 or 5
outers, 3 inners. Clypeus black with dense grayish to silvery pruinosity. Antennae black with
copper pruinosity.
Thorax shining black with sparse golden to coppery pruinosity, no stripes or spots; scutum
length 0.31 to 0.34 mm; dense grayish patch of humeral pruinosity; 1 large mesopleural seta.
Scutellum shining black with sparse golden to coppery pruinosity medially, laterally with
dense black, velvety patch; length 0.14 to 0.15 mm. Legs black with golden to coppery
pruinosity; apex of mesothoracic tibiae with a large black spur and 2 small, black, anterior setae.
Wing slightly clouded, not darkened at crossveins, no whitish spots, veins and all crossveins
dark brown to black; R2+3 very short and angles upward sharply, meeting costs just beyond
junction of Rj and costa. Normal of with wing rather short and broad, length from humeral
crossvein 0.90 mm, width 0.48 mm, distance from h to RI 0.14 mm, RI to R2+3 0.09 mm,
1*2+3 toRr+5 0-66 mm, R4 +5 to M 1+2 0.12 mm, length R4+5 0.66 mm, length M 1+2
0.44 mm, costal section from RI to R2+3 0.13 times distance from R2+3 to R4+5-
Brachypterous cf with wing veins fused at crossveins, length from humeral crossvein 0.42 mm,
width 0.22 mm, distance from h to RI 0. 10 mm, RI to R2+3 0.07 mm, R2+3 to R4+5 0.25
mm, R4+5 to MI +2 0.10 mm, length R4+5 0.29 mm, length MI +2 0.12 mm, costal
section from RI to R2+3 0.27 times distance from R2+3 to R4+5- Halteres light brown;
normal in holotype cr, capitulum reduced in paratype cf.
Abdomen as in Fig. 1 , shining brown with sparse golden to coppery pruinosity.
Genitalia (Fig. 2). Note narrow tergite 9 with very long, narrow surstyli with rounded,
slightly broadened and flattened apices, each bearing several short setae; gonites rather long,
narrow, curved, pointed apically; gonal arch incomplete; aedeagus large, long, abruptly curved
near base, enlarged apically with striations.
FEMALE: Total body length 1.41 mm. Head, thorax and legs as in males except as
noted:
Head length 0.27 mm; parafacial setae in 2 convergent and decumbent rows, except 2
outers proclinate, 5 outers, 4 inners.
Thorax with scutum length 0.31 mm, scutellum length 0.14 mm. Wing brachypterous,
veins not fused at crossveins, length from humeral crossvein 0.53 mm, width 0.27 mm,
distance from h to RI 0.12 mm, RI toR2+30.07 mm, R2+3 toR4+5 0.32 mm, R4+5 to
MI -)-2 0-08 mm, length R4+5 0.32 mm, length Mj +2 0. 14 mm, costal section from RI to
R2+3 0.21 times distance from R2+3 to R4+4- Halteres normal.
Abdomen as in Fig. 3, sternites 7 and 8 more strongly sclerotized and darker than others.
Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 4.
Distribution. Nova Scotia and Ontario.
Specimens examined. 3 specimens (2 cftf and 1 9), the types with data as listed
previously.
To include vockerothi in the genus Hyadina, some minor changes in the
generic diagnosis and description (Clausen, 1983) are necessary. These are
as follows:
Diagnosis and Description. Body length 1.26 to 2.30 mm. Head with face black,
pruinosity uniform, striped or spotted, pruinosity grayish, silvery, golden, coppery or black; 1
large orbital seta or orbital setae very small. Wing with costal section from R \ to R2 +3 0. 1 3 to
1.25 times the distance from R2+3 to R4+5-
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984
85
TERQITE 1
SPIRACLE 1
3TERNITE 1
0.26mm
3TERNITE 6
SPIRACLE 6
TERQITE 0 + SUftSTYLl
CERCU3
AEDEAQUS
AEDEAQAL APODEME
QONAL ARCH
QONITE
TERQITE 9 + SUR8TYLI
CERCUS
3TERNITE
0.167mm
Fig. I . Male abdomen, Hyadina vockerothi Clausen. Fig. 2. Male genitalia, Hyadina
vockerothi Clausen.
86
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
The inclusion of vockerothi'm Hyadina also necessitates the modification
of the species key in Clausen (1983). The modifications are as follows:
4. Scutellum laterally with dense black, velvety patch 4A
Scutellum without lateral, dense black, velvety patch, covered uniformly with golden to
copper pruinosity pruinosity (Cresson)
4A. Face laterally with dense black, velvety patch and medially with dense grayish to
silvery pruinosity; 1 large pair, divergent orbital setae vockerothi n. sp.
Face with uniformly dense, grayish to golden pruinosity; 1 to 5 very small, orbital
setae . binotata (Cresson)
TERQITE 1
SPIRACLE 1
STERNITE 1
SPIRACLE 8
STERNITE 8
TERQITE 8
CERCUS
0.26mm
3
0.167mm
Fig. 3. Female abdomen, Hyadina vockerothi Clausen. Fig. 4. Ventral receptacle, Hyadina
vockerothi Clausen.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I thank Dr. J.R. Vockeroth and Dr. B.E. Cooper, both of the Biosystematics Research
Institute of Ottawa, Canada for providing these extremely interesting specimens.
LITERATURE CITED
Clausen, P.J. 1983. The genus Hyadina and a new genus of nearctic Ephydridae (Diptera).
Trans. Am. EnL Soc. 109(2): 201-228.
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984 87
ACANTHOSCELIDES WINDERI, NEW SPECIES,
(COLEOPTERA; BRUCHIDAE) ASSOCIATED
WITH MIMOSA SPP. (LEGUMINOSAE:
MIMOSOIDEAE) FROM BRAZIL1
John M. Kingsolver^
ABTRACT: During a survey of Mimosa species in Brazil for potential biocontrol agents to
control Mimosa pigra recently introduced into Australia, a new species, Acanthoscelides
winderi, was reared from seeds of Mimosa pigra and Mimosa sp. The species is named after
the collector.
John Winder recently collected several series of specimens of a new
species of Acanthoscelides reared from Mimosa sp. and M. pigra. All
localities are in southeastern Brazil. Since this species is one of those being
considered for biological control of M. pigra introduced into Australia, a
name is needed for reference.
Acanthoscelides winderi Kingsolver, new species
Fig. 1-3
Body length. 2.3-2.6 mm; width.- 1.5 -1.7 mm.
Color. Integument yellowish red to dark red, eyes piceous. Vestiture of yellow, white, and
dark brown slender hairs in mottled pattern (fig. 1 ) on dorsal surface. Head sparsely clothed;
pronotum predominantly yellow with short, narrow, white spot on basal lobe and scattered dark
brown hairs on paired apical and median, diagonal, slightly elevated gibbosities. Elytra with
1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 10th intervals yellow, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 8th, and 9th intervals with
alternating dark brown and yellow, elongate spots. Pygidium predominantly yellow, with 3
vague basal spots and 1 subapical median spot white, ventral border fringed with yellow, apical
1/2 with prominent, nearly bare, paired dark red reniform spots (fig. 1 ). Abdomen with lateral
row of white spots set in broad band of yellow; metepisternum yellow with white margin.
Structure. Body short, broad, subdepressed. Head turbiniform, eyes prominent, ocular
sinus about 1/2 length of eye; vertex microfoveolate, each foveola bearing a hair, frons with
fine, short carina flanked by rugose punctation, clypeus with basal 1/2 rugosely punctate,
apical 1/2 finely granulose, antenna serrate from 5th segment, 4th slightly eccentric, terminal
segment subelliptical. Pronotum campaniform, strongly convex, lateral margins sinuate,
apical margin evenly rounded, basal margin straight with somewhat angulate basal lobe;
surface microfoveolate, foveolae mostly discrete, separated by a diameter, nearly concealed
by vestiture except sparse on dark red gibbosities; prosternum short, triangular, not separating
coxae at apices. Scutellum quadrate, bidentate apically. Elytra slightly longer than wide,
convex except subdepressed between 4th striae, striae prominent but not deep, 3rd, 5th, 7th,
and 9th intervals slightly wider than 1 st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th; intervals minutely imbricate,
concealed by vestiture, mesostemum subtriangular, apex rounded, postmesocoxal sulci not
•Received February 18, 1984. Accepted April 11, 1984.
^Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, c/o
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560.
ENT. NEWS. 95(3). 87-89. May & June, 1984
88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
meeting on midline. Abdomen with 1 st sternite longer than remaining sternites in cf , subequal
in 9; terminal sternite in cf broadly emarginate to receive apex of pygidium, in 9 evenly
rounded; cf pygidium gently convex, 9 pygidium nearly flat, surface finely imbricate, nearly
concealed by vestiture except sparse on dark red triangular spots. Male genitalia with median
lobe (fig. 2) moderately broad, internal sac trilobed; ventral valve bluntly rounded apically,
lateral margins incurvate, dorsal valve subtriangular, densely setose; basal 1/3 of internal sac
with minute blunt denticles gradating to minute quadrate denticles, middle of sac with
transverse cluster of small spines, lateral lobes of sac partly lined with minute triangular
denticles; lateral lobes (fig. 3) broad, cleft to 1/2 their length. Pro- and mesolegs normal for
genus, metafemur moderately incrassate, pecten with 1 long and 2 or 3 short denticles,
metatibia with lateral, ventral, and dorsomedial carinae distinct and complete to apex,
lateroventral carina obsolete in apical 1/5, mucro short, acute; lateral dentical short, corona
with 3 denticles.
Holotype cf. BRAZIL: Panorama (SP), 26 April 1981, ex seed pods Mimosa sp., J.A.
Winder (149- A- 1). Allotype 9 2 cf, 29 paratypes, same data.
Primary types are deposited in the Departamento de Zoologia (Museu), Universidad
Federal de Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
Other paratypes. BRAZIL: Uberlandia (MB), 2 May 198 1 , ex seed pods Mimosa sp.,
J..A. Winder (173-A), 47 cf 9; Ribeirao Preta (SP), 9 May 1981, ex seed pods Mimosa sp.,
J.A. Winder ( 194- A- 1), 45 cf 9; Santa Rite do Araguaia(GO), 28 April 1981 , ex seed pods
Mimosa sp., J.A. Winder (158-2), 1 9; Pedra Azul(MG), 20 February 1981, ex seed pods
Mimosa pigra, J.A. Winder (99-2), 12 cf 9; Vassouras(RJ), 23 March 1981, J.A. Winder
(131-B), 8 cf 9. Paratypes are deposited with the primary types and in the C.D. Johnson
collection, Flagstaff, Arizona; the National Museum of Natural History , Washington, D.C.;
the Institute Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina; the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem,
Brazil, and the CSIRO Museum, Canberra City, Australia.
This species is in the mexicanus group (Johnson, 1983: 6) and is
apparently closely related to Acanthoscelid.es mexicanus (Sharp); lapsanae
(Motschulsky), and piceoapicalis (Pic) differing principally in its more
extensive dark red pygidial spots, and in the armature of the male genitalia.
In A. mexicanus, lapsanae, and piceoapicalis, the pygidial spots are small
and submarginal, the basal white patches on the pygidium are vaguely
defined, and the lateral pockets of the internal sac are completely lined with
thorn-like spines, whereas in A. winderi, new species, the pygidial spots are
large and triangular or falcate, the basal white patches are large and
conspicuous, and each of the lateral pockets of the internal sac has a
transverse row of slender spines at the middle, and are only partly lined with
minute denticles. Furthermore, in piceoapicalis, the apical 1/5 of the
elytron is piceous to black whereas the other three species are patterned to
the apex of the elytra. The lateral lobes of A. winderi are broad as in
lapsanae and piceoapicalis (Johnson, 1983, figs. 259, 406); those of
mexicanus are slender (ibid, fig. 329). Acanthoscelides winderi will key to
lapsanae in Johnson's key.
I am pleased to name this species for John A. Winder who collected all
of the specimens upon which this description is based.
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984
89
LITERATURE CITED
Johnson, C.D. 983. Ecosystematics of Acanthoscelides (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) of southern
Mexico and Central America. Misc. Publ., Entomol. Soc. of Amer. 56: 1-370.
Figs. 1-3, Acanthoscelides winderi. n. sp. 1 . Dorsal habitus. 2. Male genitalia, median lobe,
ventral aspect. 3. Male genitalia, lateral lobes, ventral aspect.
90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
BOOK REVIEW
THE AUSTRALIAN CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE).
Daniel Otte and Richard D. Alexander. 1983. Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia Monograph 22. 477 pp. $45.00.
This is a major taxonomic monograph that deals with an important fauna in some unusual
and noteworthy ways.
Otte and Alexander state that when they undertook their studies of Australian crickets
they presumed most species were known. However, in their monograph 376 of 492 species are
new, as are 41 of 85 genera. And this is not a matter of splitting taxa recognized by previous
workers. Nearly all new taxa are based on specimens taken by the authors during a year of
intensive field work throughout Australia and Tasmania. The chief cause of their finding so
much more diversity than previous collectors is their use of the male's call to distinguish
species in the field. When they entered a new locality, they determined how many species were
calling and set about collecting at least one of each. They rightly emphasize that cricket calls
are not just one more character that can be used in species discrimination. Male calling songs
have a direct relation to species status — females use them in seeking conspecific mates.
This book is beautifully and abundantly illustrated. Insect lovers will gain pleasure in
leafing through the pages and viewing the varied shapes and sonagrams (calls) of Australian
crickets. The approximately 3070 drawings, arranged in 357 "figures," include 120 whole
crickets (representing nearly every genus), 2270 identifying morphological features, 310
sonagrams, and 340 distribution maps. The illustrations accompany appropriate text and are
arranged for convenient comparisons of related species.
This monograph is unusual in its thrifty choice of what's included and in its avoidance of
redundancy. For example, synonymies are brief and streamlined, and the 905 collecting
localities mapped and described in the introduction are thereafter represented by a simple
code. One instance where brevity is a flaw is the book's indexing. Its only index is taxonomic
and each tax on is referenced to a single page (not always an appropriate one; and some taxa are
omitted — e.g. Eurepa and Gryllulus. This leads me to another flaw — internal inconsistencies
and mistakes occur more frequently than one expects in a work otherwise so compelling.
Nonetheless, in most respects this is a monograph that other monographers should emulate.
Thomas J. Walker, Dept. of Entomology, University of Florida
BOOKS RECEIVED AND BRIEFLY NOTED
INSECTS ON NETTLES, GRASSHOPPERS, SOLITARY WASPS, INSECTS AND
THISTLES. Various authors. 1983. Naturalists Handbooks Nos. 1, 2, 3, & 4.
A series of small books for "sixth formers and others without a university training in biology."
Each features four colored plates and keys to identification of British insects.
SYSTEMATICS AND BIONOMICS OF ANTHOPHORA THE BOMBOIDES GROUP
AND SPECIES GROUPS OF THE NEW WORLD (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae).
R.W. Brooks. 1983. Univ. Calif. Press. 86 pp. $8.50 pbk.
The species groups ofAnthophora (s. str.) in No. America and the life history ofAnthophora
bomboides stanfordiana Cockerell.
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984 91
ELEVATION OF DIABROTICA SICUANICA
(COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) TO THE
SPECIES LEVEL WITH NOTES ON THE
ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF DIABROTICA
SPECIES IN THE CUZCO DEPARTMENT OF PERU1'2
J.L. Krysan3, T.F. Branson3, R.F.W. Schroeder4, W.E. Steiner, Jr.5
ABSTRACT: Diabrotica decempunctata sicuanica Bechyne is elevated to the species level.
The altitudinal distribution of 1 7 species of Diabrotica in the Cuzco Dept. of Peru, based on
material collected in January of 1 979 and 1 982, is presented. The greatest diversity of species
(11) was collected in the altitudinal range of 1 250 to 2450 M. At elevations below 2800 M,
most beetles were found on flowers of cucurbits. In the altitude zone from 2800 to 3500 M, two
taxa were collected, both from Zea mays L.: D. speciosa vigens Erichson, from 2800 to 3200
M and D. sicuanica Bechyne, from 3000 to 3500 M elevation. The two species with the most
extensive continental ranges were collected over the greatest range of altitudes.
Diabrotica is a largely Neotropical genus that includes several species
of great economic importance in North America, particularly as pests of
maize. Given the pest status, the South American members of the genus
have been of interest to North American entomologists as, for example,
reservoirs of natural enemies. Despite this interest, most South American
Diabrotica are very poorly known. Except for a few widespread economic
pests, the literature consists of original descriptions and catalog entries.
Distribution records are scanty and indefinite. Given the nature of Andean
ecology, altitudinal distribution patterns are expected, but no such informa-
tion is available for Diabrotica.
In the course of a total of nearly 7 weeks of searches for natural enemies
in the Cuzco Department of Peru in January of 1979 and 1982, we made
extensive collections of Diabrotica. Based on these collections, we herein
elevate one taxon, D. decempunctata sicuanica Bechyne, to the species
level, and report on the altitudinal distribution of 1 7 taxa of Diabrotica,
1 Received October 10, 1983. Accepted March 3, 1984.
2 Purchased by Science & Education Administration, V.S.D.A., for official use.
^USDA, ARS, Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory, Rural Route #3, Brookings,
SD 57006
^USDA, ARS, Beneficial Insects Introduction Laboratory, Beltsville Agriculture Research
Center, Beltsville, MD 20705
5Dept. of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 (Present
address: Dept. of Entomology, NHB-169, Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C. 20560)
ENT. NEWS. 95(3): 91-98. May & June, 1984
92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Taxonomic Status of Diabrotica decempunctata sicuanica Bechyne
Our experience indicates a status change for this taxon is appropriate
despite our commitment to the ideal that piecemeal changes separate from a
major revision can be detrimental. We have recognized D. d. sicuanica as a
pest of maize (see below), so a literature might develop which makes
nomenclatural simplicity and stability highly desirable. Taxonomic infor-
mation indicates species status is appropriate, and because trinomials are
commonly ignored in general entomological literature, we elevate D. d.
sicuanica to the species level. A brief description is given here because the
original description is limited to a key couplet.
Diabrotica sicuanica Bechyne new status
D. decempunctata sicuanica Bechyne, 1958: 555.
Description. Body elongate oval, lime green nearly throughout, elytra widest slightly
post-medially. Length 5 to 7 mm.
Pronotu m. Shiny lime green, wider than long, mean ratio length to width, 0. 70; disc with 2
foveae tiny or absent, glabrous except for a prominent seta on anterior and posterior angles and
1 or 2 short setae on the lateral margin adjacent to the prominent seta; lateral margin distinct,
reflexed; scutellum piceous.
Elytra. Humeral plicae absent, disc asculate, finely, irregularly punctate, surface very
finely alutaceous; each elytron with 2 spectrum orange (frequently faded) diffuse spots, one
originating on humerus and narrowing apicad, ending at basal one-third to one-half of elytron,
other oblong, one-third width of elytron, originating at apical one-third of elytron, one-third of
elytral width of suture, directed diagonally towards apical curve. Piceous maculation highly
variable; piceous sutural vitta at basal one-sixth of elytron and at most 5 spots on each
elytron: 1 humeral; 2 in proximal one-half, 1 on disc near but not touching suture, the other
nearer lateral margin lying slightly apicad from the first, 2 arranged similarly in posterior one-
third. Piceous maculation may be reduced to a very narrow sutural vitta; distal medial spots
are the last to disappear, except occasionally only humeral spots present; when present, the
distal spots lie at either end of distal orange spot. Disc essentially glabrous; a few setae on
apical margin.
Head Very shiny, entirely piceous. Antennae entirely piceous, three-fourths length of
body in male, two-thirds length of body in female; third segment 1 V4 times length of segment 2;
segments 2 and 3 together two-thirds length of segment 4.
Ventral side. Prothorax yellow or lime green, meso and metathorax entirely piceous, all
legs entirely piceous, abdomen yellow or lime green.
Male genitalia. The internal sac is illustrated in Figure la.
Material Examined Three hundred and thirteen (313) specimens from the localities
listed in Table 1 collected by J. Krysan and T. Branson, January 1982, and deposited in
USNM and Ministerio de Agricultura y Alimentacion, Lima, Peru; San Jeronimo, Cuzco
Dept., Peru 111-24-79, G. Buckingham, private colln.; AUTOTYPE, Urabamba, Peru V-16-
62, 3200 M, Carrasco, obtained from Dr. F. Carrasco, Cuzco Dept., Peru (to be deposited in
USNM).
Distribution. In addition to the material examined, we know of specimens collected at
Cuzco, Peru, 3500 M, by G. Molleda, X- 15-61 in California Insect Survey and the type
material collected at Sicuani, Peru (Museum G. Frey). Thus, the species has been collected
only in the Cuzco Dept. of Peru and from localities above 3 1 50 M elevation.
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984
93
B
Fig. 1. Internal sac structure of D. sicuanica (A) and D. d. semiviridis (B).
Taxonomic Discussion. Bechyne (1958) named D. sicuanica as a
subspecies of D. decempunctata Latreille in a key. In that key, he also
combined D. semiviridis Bowditch as a subspecies of D. decempunctata.
We collected both D. d. semiviridis and D. sicuanica in the Cuzco Dept.,
but their ranges are altitudinally distinct; the former was collected at 1 800 -
2500 M and the latter only above 3150 M (see next section). Usually
subspecies rank indicates morphological similarity, so at least some
specimens should be hard to place. That is not so with these taxa. Size of
elytral punctations, Bechyne' s diagnostic character for these taxa, is
technically a quantitative trait and hence potentially variable, but we have
seen no beetles with intermediate punctation size, and Bechyne mentioned
none. We consider the internal sac of the male genitalia to bear the most
useful characters for distinguishing Diabrotica, so we illustrate here the
94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
armature of internal sacs of D. sicuanica and D. d. semiviridis (Figs, la
and Ib). The differences are obvious and should be taken into account by
the next revisor; the important point for now is the relationship between D.
sicuanica and the nominate taxon D. decempunctata Latreille. The type of
the latter is a damaged female specimen without exact locality data. The
pronotal shapes of D. sicuanica and the type of D. decempunctata Latreille
are obviously different, a difference which can be measured. Of 33 female
D. sicuanica measured, the length to width ratio of the pronotum (mean
0.70, range 0.66 to 0.74) is clearly different than that of the type of the
nominate subspecies (0.78).
Collection Sites and Methods
The climate and ecology of Peru is summarized in Gorbman et al.
(1961), and we use their designations for ecological regions. The collections
above 2500 M are in the Quechua region. Sites between 1000 and 2500 M
in the Valle Lares, and the valleys of the Rio Urubamba and Rio Pilcopata,
are in the Fluvial Yunga. The collections between 400 and 1000 M are in
the Selva Alta, and those below 400 M are in the Selva Baha. The collection
sites near Limatambo and Curahuasi in the Rio Apurimac system, while
classified in the Quechua, are considerably drier than the other sites in this
biological zone.
In most localities, all plants found in flower were examined for beetles
on the foliage as well as the floral parts. The great majority of beetles
(exceptions are noted) were collected from the flowers or foliage of domestic
or wild cucurbits. Collections in the Selva Baha and Selva Alta were from
highly diverse vegetation systems, and few beetles were found. Only a total
of four days was spent searching at those elevations. Collections in the
Fluvial Yunga were usually from tiny garden plots invariably containing
domestic cucurbits and sometimes containing corn. From these complex
systems in the Selva and Fluvial regions, numbers of beetles collected
would mean little.
Collections in the upper elevations (> 2800 M) of the Quechua region,
however, were always from row-crop agricultural land or alfalfa monocul-
tures. In maize fields in these upper elevations we saw evidence of
altitudinal change in species composition so we conducted a rather
intensive search. This search focused on the Urcos, Sacred, Ccorao, and
Cuyo Grande valleys and the valley of the Rio Colorado. The Cuyo Grande
valley is above, but contiguous with, the Sacred Valley proper and it was
fortuitous that we could collect where maize production was continuous
between the two valleys. Twenty-seven fields were searched for a minimum
of 30 minutes each. Longer search numbers were adjusted to reflect 30
minutes of search. We think those numbers reflect the elevational relation-
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984 95
ship between D. sicuanica and D. speciosa vigens.
The beetles will be deposited in the USNM and the collection of the
Ministerio de Agricultura y Alimentcion, Lima, Peru.
RESULTS
Elevation of Collections
The species collected at the various sites summarized by elevation
levels are presented in Table 1 . In the Selva Alta and Selva Baha, 5 species
were found, but each was represented in very low numbers. The greatest
variety of species (11) was encountered in the Fluvial Yunga where we
collected at elevations from 1250 to 2450 M. All these beetles were
collected from cucurbit flowers.
In the Quechua region from elevation 2600 M to 3000 M, D. speciosa
vigens was by far the most common species found. It was collected from
maize, cucurbits, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) foliage and flowers,
alfalfa foliage and flowers, and flowers of the weedy legume Sparteum
junceum. The one other species (new species, virgifera group) collected in
this elevation range was represented by a series of 3 1 cf beetles found near
Limatambo at 2800 M.
Above 2800 M elevation we found two species, D. s. vigens and D.
sicuanaca (Table 2). In the elevation range from 3000 to 3200 M, D. s.
vigens occurred with D. sicuanaca; we never collected the latter taxon at
lower elevations. Above 3200 M, D. sicuanica was the only species of
Diabrotica collected. The highest elevation at which we collected D.
sicuanica was 3500 M (Table 2). In the Valley of the Rio Colorado, where
we collected from 2800 to 3500 M, we did not find D. sicuanica, but we did
find D. speciosa vigens up to 3200 M elevation. Incidentally, the Urcos and
Anta valleys, where only D. sicuanica was collected, have no accessible
openings to valleys at lower elevations comparable to the intersection of the
Cuyo Grande and Sacred valleys.
Despite the polycultural nature of many of the fields, we found D.
sicuanica beetles only on maize plants. Furthermore, larvae of D.
sicuanica were found feeding on maize roots.
DISCUSSION
These collections were made at the peak of the growing season; e.g., in
the Quechuan region, maize was silking and legumes were commonly in
flower. Therefore, they make a first approximation of the altitudinal
distribution of Diabrotica in the southern Andes of Peru.
Some patterns can be detected among the collections. Several of the
96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
taxa with restricted elevational distribution have been recorded only from
Peru.
Two species, D. s. vigens and D. viridula, were distinctive in that we
collected them over a much greater range of altitudes than any of th? other
species. This great altitudinal range in this small area of the Andes is
consistent with the fact that these two species have the most widespread
geographical distributions of any Diabrotica. Diabrotica speciosa (sensu
lato) range from Columbia and Brazil to Argentina and Bolivia ( Smith and
Krysan, unpublished). The range of D. viridula extends from Mexico and
Brazil to Chile (Wilcox, 1972) and the Easter Island (Olalquiaga, 1980).
Our first collections above 2800 M suggeted a change in species
composition in a rather narrow altitudinal zone. The two species of
Diabrotica in that zone were found in association with maize in row-crop
agricultural plots, a relatively uniform ecosystem amenable to a systematic
search. We have tabulated here (Table 2) the numbers of beetles collected
in our rather unrefined survey in preference to simply listing localities to
better record our basis for concluding that D, sicuanica occurs at elevations
above the wide-ranging species, D. s. vigens. Ecological characteristics that
Table 1. Species collected at various sites summarized by elevation levels.
Localities and elevation ranges (in meters)^'
1250- 1900- 2100- 2800- 3000- 3350-
<900 1400 1830 2000 2100 2200 2450 2980 3200 3500
D. sicuanica Bechyne 12 13
D. new sp. ( virgtfera group)-'' 1 0
D. nigromaculata Jacoby 4
D. tumidicornis Erichson 456
D. mauliki Barber 4
D. sharpi usualis Bechyne 456
D. decempunctata semiviridis 45678
Bowditch
D. mapiriensis new ssp.*> 456 8
D. speciosa vigens Erichson 3 4 5 6 8 9,10,11 12
D. viridula Fabricius 13456
Unknown species # 1 3
D. peruensis Bowditch 3
D. limitata quindecimpunctata 3
Germar
D. septemliturata Erichson 1
Unknown species #2 2
D. gracilenta Erichson 1
Unknown species #3 (near 1
D. godmani Jacoby)
Hi = Quince Mil; 2 = Pilcopata; 3 = road near Chaullay, 4 = Macchu Picchu; 5 = 50 km south
Quillabamba, 6 = Lares Valley, 75 km north Calca; 7 = 1 40 km post, road to Pilcopata; 8 = 70 km south
Quillabamba; 9 = OUantaytambo; 10 = Limatambo; 1 1 = Curahuasi; 12 = Pisac and lower Cuyo
Grande; 1 3 = Andahuaylillas(Urcos Valley), Cuyo Grande Valley, Pucyura( Anta Valley), Ccoraofon
road from Cuzco to Pisac).
•''These new taxa will be described in a revision of the virgifera group now being completed.
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984 97
obviously change through this zone and could bear on species distributions
are temperature, plant composition of the fields, and edaphic factors related
to slope. The Sacred Valley is a flat floodplain, intensively cropped, largely
in maize monoculture. By contrast, the Cuyo Grande Valley is very steep
and characteristically has small, sloped fields where polycultures are the
rule but maize clearly dominates. The Cuyo Grande opens onto the Sacred
Valley at 3000 M elevation. Both species were found in floodplain and
sloped fields so slope alone is probably not a factor. Also, we found beetles
of both D. sicuanica and D. s. vigens in both maize monoculture and
polycultural fields so the admixture of forbs so common in maize fields in
the Cuyo Grande Valley is not a likely explanation for the elevation-related
changes in species composition.
Given the larval and adult associations, we conclude that D. sicuanica
is a pest of maize restricted to high Andean elevations. Indeed, in the Cuyo
Grande, Ccorao, Urcos, and Anta Valleys, we found D. sicuanica at the
highest elevations at which we found maize.
Table 2. Numbers of D. speciosa vigens and D. sicuanica collected at elevations of 2800 M
and higher.
D.
speciosa D.
Location Elev. (M) vigens sicuanica Culture
Sacred Valley (SV) and Contiguous Valleys
Ollantaytambo (SV) 2800 20 0 maize
Urubamba(SV) 2920 212 0 maize
Yucay(SV) 2990 46 0 maize
9 km N. Pisac (SV) 3020 31 13 maize
1 km S. Pisac(SV) 3050 34 158 poly 6
Cuyo Grande Valley 3170 11 18 maize
Cuyo Grande Valley 3200 8 28 poly 2
Cuyo Grande Valley 3350 0 36 poly 5
Ccorao Valley 3470 0 42 poly 1
Ccorao Valley 3500 0 8 poly 4
Adjacent Valleys
Rio Colorado 3050 60 0 poly 3
Rio Colorado 3 1 40 6 0 maize
RioColordao 3200 13 0 maize
Urcos Valley 3500 0 18 maize
Anta Valley 3500 0 43 poly 1
Poly 1 - maize + fava beans
Poly 2 - maize + fava beans + snapbeans + peas
Poly 3 - maize 4- snapbeans
Poly 4 - maize + fava beans -I- potatoes
Poly 5 - maize + lupine 4- snapbeans
Poly 6 - maize 4- peas (few)
98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
During the 1979 expedition, Dr. R.D. Gordon, USDA, ARS, Washington, D.C., and
Arturo Giron, Entomol. Dept. University of Maryland, were very helpful in the practical
matters of working in Peru. Mr. Alfonso Arestequi and Dr. Francisco Carrasco, Entomologists,
Cuzco, Peru, provided invaluable assistance.
We thank Dr. P. Passerin d'Entreves, Curator, Museo Ed Institute di Zoologica
Sistematica, Universita di Torino, Italy, for loan of the type ofDiabrotica decempunctata and
Drs. Ron McGinley and Al Newton, Museum Comparative Zoology, Harard University, for
hospitality extended to JLK while examining types at MCZ.
The 1979 expedition was supported by a cooperative agreement between the Beneficial
Insects Introduction Laboratory, USDA, ARS, and the Dept. of Entomology, University of
Maryland. The 1 982 expedition was supported by the Office of International Cooperation and
Development, USDA.
REFERENCES CITED
Bechyne, J.I 958. Notizen zu den neotropischen Chrysomeloidea (Col. Phytophaga).
Entomol. Arb. Mus. Frey Vol. 9, pp. 478-706.
Gorbman, A., W. Salhuana, Ricardo Sevilla, and P.C. Mangelsdorf. 1 96 1 . Races of maize
in Peru: Their origins, evolution and classification. Pub. 915. Nat. Acad. Sciences, Nat.
Res. Council, Washington, D.C. 374 pp.
Olalquiaga, G. 1980. Aspectos fitosanitarios de La Isla de Pascua. Revista Chilena de
Entomologia. 10: 101-102.
Wilcox, J.A. 1972. Coleopterorum catalogus supplementa. Pars. 78. Fasc. 2 (editi seconda).
(Galerucinae, Luperini: Aulacophorina). pp. 296-431.
Y.E.S.
Y.E.S., the YOUNG ENTOMOLOGIST'S SOCIETY, was originally the Teen
International Entomology Group which was formed in 1 965 . Y.E.S. serves as an organization
through which members can exchange information about insects through correspondence and
group publications. The oranization's name reflects it's youth orientation, but "young"
members of any age are needed for its many activities and functions.
The Societies' publication, Y.E.S. QUARTERLY, is full of "how to" articles, collecting
tips, news, field notes, life history information, identification dps, and virtually every other
entomological topic, including the non-insect arthropods. Nearly all of the articles are written
by the members themselves! In addition, the members tell about themselves and their specific
interests via a member directory and the "tradingpost."
Membership in Y.E.S. is open to all individuals, young or old, amateur or professional,
with an interest in entomology. There are four membership categories: youth members ( up to
age 18), collegiate members, adult members and sustaining members. Membership applications
and additional information may be obtained from the Department of Entomology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1 1 15.
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984 99
PSEUDOCOSSINAE: A NEW SUBFAMILY
OF COSSIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA)1
J.B. Heppner2' 3
ABSTRACT: Pseudocossinae, new subfamily, is named and diagnosed for three genera in
Cossidae: Pseudocossus Kenrick (type-genus), Chilecomadia Dyar, and Rhizocossus
Clench. Pseudocossus is from Madagascar and the other genera are from Chile. Pseudocossinae
have proto-tympanal organs on the anterior abdominal sternite.
Recent review of Lepidoptera classification for a book to be published
soon on Lepidotera families (Heppner, 1984) and for the Atlas of
Neotropical Lepidoptera (W. Junk Publ., The Hague, Netherlands) has
indicated the need for a new subfamily name for a group of primitive genera
in Cossidae. Since the name is needed for these two publications, I propose
the new subfamily at this time.
Pseudocossinae, new subfamily
Type-genus: Pseudocossus Kenrick, 1914. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1913: 590.
Diagnosis: Adults medium sized (wingspan ca. 30-45 mm); head somewhat roughened
on vertex, antenna filiform (somewhat serrate ventrally), ocelli present (Pseudocossus) or
absent, compound eye large, labial palpus upturned with small terminal segment; thorax with
legs having arolium between tarsal claws; forewing venation typical for family but pterostigma
absent, cubital veins connate at base (Pseudocossus) or separated, CuP merged with anal
veins near tornus (Pseudocossus) or nearly so, median vein in discal cell single or forked;
hindwing with no crossvein from Sc to Rs at base; abdomen with proto-tympanal organ as a
lateroventral invagination on anterior stemite; male genitalia with rounded uncus (slightly
bifid), valva simple, saccus reduced; female with setose ovipositor, simple ostium and bursa
copulatrix.
Immature Stages: Unknown.
Remarks: The new subfamily is proposed for one Ethiopian and two
Neotropical genera of primitive Cossidae, first noted for their unique
characteristic by Clench (1957, 1959). These genera are the Madasgascar
endemic Pseudocossus Kenrick, 1914, with two known species, and the
Chilean genera Chilecomadia Dyar, 1937, with two species, and Rhizocossus
Clench, 1957, with one species. The characters demonstrating the primitive
nature of these genera in relation to other Cossidae, as well as in definition
of Pseudocossinae, primarily involve the so-called proto-tympanal organs
1 Received December 19, 1983. Accepted April 7. 1984.
^Center for Arthropod Systematics, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Bureau of
Entomology. DPI. FDACS, P.O. Box 1269, Gainesville, FL 32602.
^Contribution No. 580, Bureau of Entomology, FDACS, Division of Plant Industry.
ENT. NEWS. 95(3): 99-100. May & June, 1984
100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
on the anterior abdominal sternite. These proto-tympanal organs are not as
developed as the more advanced tympana found in Dudgeonea (Dudgeoneidae).
Pseudocossus additionally has ocelli, but the two Chilean genera do not.
The Indian genus Catopta and the Australian Idioses also have ocelli and
may also belong to Pseudocossinae. The remainder of the Cossidae, as well
as Metarbeliadae and Dudgeoneidae, do not have ocelli (except as noted
above for two genera) and lack proto-tympanal organs, except that
Dudgeoneidae have developed enlarged tympanal organs. There may be
other Cossidae with a simple abdominal imagination similar to a proto-
tympanal organ, but this requires further study.
The three genera here included in Pseudocossinae also have very
similar male genitalia, as pointed out by Clench (1959), particularly in
lacking the long beak-like uncus characteristic of most Cossidae, as well as
Dudgeoneidae. Pseudocossus clearly is the more distinct genus of the
subfamily and shows more affinities to some proto-Dudgeoneidae stem
lineage than do the Chilean genera. The extent of the parameters of
Pseudocossinae will undoubtedly continue to change as more cossids are
discovered in remote areas of the world, particularly in the Gondwanaland
refugia (South Africa, Madagascar, Assam, New Zealand, Chile) that
involve the habitats of Pseudocossinae. This fact is likewise true for most
higher categories of Lepidoptera. Thus far at least, the three genera herein
included in Pseudocossinae clearly demonstrate a set of characters
distinctive enough among Cossidae to require a separate higher category to
adequately delimit their distinctions within the family.
LITERATURE CITED
Clench, H.K. 1957. Cossidae from Chile (Lepidoptera). Mitt. Miinchner Ent. Ges.
(Munich), 47: 122-142.
1959. On the unusual structure and affinities of the Madagascan genus Pseudocossus
(Lepidoptera: Cossidae). Rev. Franc. Ent. (Paris), 26: 44-50.
Heppner, J.B. 1984. Lepidoptera family classification. A guide to the higher categories,
world diversity and literature resources of the butterflies and moths. Medford, NJ: Plexus
Publ. (ca. 1200 pp.)
ERRATA
In the March- April 1984 issue of ENT. NEWS, an article appeared entitled "A Spate of
Glowworms" by Steven R. Wing. In that paper the words Phengodidae and phengodid( s) were
misspelled four times: in the title, and on lines 1,5, and 13. The correct spelling should be
Phengodidae and phengodid(s). Both the author and the editor regret these errors.
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984 101
ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE
ASSOCIATION OF PEDILUS (PEDILIDAE)
WITH MELOE (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE)12
Linda Butler3
ABSTRACT: Three specimens of Pedilus collaris (Say) were observed in association with a
male Meloe angusticollus Say. Two of the beetles were firmly attached to Meloe abdominal
tergites but were producing little or no obvious damage.
Recently, LeSage and Bousquet (1983) reviewed reports of Pedilus -
Meloe associations and described their observations of P. lugubris (Say)
chewing Meloe elytra.
On April 27, 1979 I observed an association between Pedilus and
Meloe near the unincorporated community of Triune, 21 km south of
Morgantown, West Virginia. The habitat was a steep hillside in a typical
Eastern cove of hardwood forest (oak, hickory, maple).
A male Meloe angusticollis Say was observed resting on the edge of a
fallen dead white oak leaf. Two male Pedilus collaris (Say) were firmly
attached by their mandibles to the second and third abdominal tergites of
the Meloe with their legs drawn up below their bodies. A third male P.
collaris, which was crawling over leaf litter and dead twigs about 23 cm
away, oriented to the leaf on which Meloe was resting. The leaf was reached
by means of an indirect route of about 64 cm utilizing small twigs as
"bridges" to the leaf. Once on the leaf, the Pedilus walked directly to the
Meloe and attempted to crawl onto it at the abdominal apex. When touched
by the third pedilid, the Meloe rapidly jerked forward and began walking
over the forest floor directly away from the Pedilus.
After observing the blister beetle walk over a distance of about one
meter, I collected the Meloe and two pedilids and placed them in a plastic
bag together with leaves and twigs. The captive Meloe moved actively and
frequently crawled upside down on the twigs. At these times, the pedilids
hung freely by their mandibles. The pedilids detached about 10 hours later
and apparently were no longer attracted by the Meloe. Examination of the
meloid's abdominal tergites showed only very small scratches on their
posterior margins.
Deceived January 23, 1984. Accepted April 5, 1984.
^ Published with the approval of the Director of the West Virginia University Agricultural and
Forestry Station as Scientific Article #1865.
^Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, P.O. Box 6 108, West Virginia University, Morgantown,
WV 26506-6108.
ENT. NEWS. 95(3): 101-102. May & June, 1984
102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
These observations gave no indication of pedilid feeding on Meloe.
Meloe specimens in the West Virginia University Collection also show no
damage such as that described by LeSage and Bousquet (1983). I agree
with these authors that the phenomenon of elytral chewing by pedilids may
be uncommon.
The two attached pedilids in the current study held firmly to the Meloe,
but appeared to be carried passively, generally not even clinging with the
legs. This type of behavior is suggestive of that demonstrated by many
groups of phoretic arthropods. It is unlikely, however, that beetles as
relatively mobile as pedilids would benefit from phoresy on another insect,
especially one as sluggish as the flightless Meloe.
The behavior of the unattached pedilid indicated that is was detecting
Meloe from a distance and was strongly attracted to it. While visual
orientation may have been important, the possibility of chemical attraction
seems more likely. A chemical of obvious consideration is cantharadin, the
allomone secreted by meloid beetles when disturbed. Pedilid orientation to
Meloe chemicals might be for any of a number of purposes: protection from
natural enemies by means of Meloe 's repellant fluid; attraction to the
chemical for feeding; or use of Meloe as an aggregation site for mating.
Another possibility is that pedilids as larvae or adults associate in some
fashion with Meloe eggs. These suggestions can be only speculative at this
point.
LITERATURE CITED
LeSage, L. and Y. Bousquet A new record of attacks by Pedilus (Pedilidae) on Meloe
(Meloidae: Coleoptera). Ent. News 94: 95-96.
ANNOUNCEMENT
The Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program, a national research grants program, offers
opportunities for support research in Burma, Guinea, India, and Pakistan in the following
disciplines:
Anthropology, Archeology and Related Disciplines,
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Grants in the local currencies of the above listed countries are awarded to American
institutions for the research of senior scientists. Collaborative programs involving host country
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The deadline for submission is November 1 annually. For further information write the
Foreign Currency Program, Office of Fellowships and Grants, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C. 20560, or call (202) 287-3321.
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984 103
TRICHOPTERA OF THE CAHABA RIVER
SYSTEM IN ALABAMA1
S.C. Harris2, P.K. Lago3, P.E. O'Neil2
ABSTRACT: Distribution records for 146 species of caddisflies collected in the Cahaba
River basin are presented and seasonal occurrence and abundance of each are indicated.
Annotations include habitat notes and geographical distributions. Seven undescribed species are
reported for the river system and two northerly species are newly reported from southeastern
United States. Distinct faunas were differentiated on the basis of stream size and physiographic
province.
The Cahaba River is one of the largest free-flowing rivers in Alabama.
Although there is some municipal and industrial drainage into the river,
large stretches remain relatively undisturbed. The biota of the river is
considered to be particularly rich and unique, with 32 plants, 23 mollusks,
and 9 fishes considered threatened or endangered within Alabama occurring
in the river system (Boschung, 1976; Freeman et al., 1979). Studies of the
aquatic insect fauna of the river have been few and primarily limited to
environmental impact studies in the Birmingham area. This study lists the
caddisfly species known to occur in the Cahaba River system and annotates
their distribution. Distribution patterns are discussed in more detail in
Harris et al. (in press) with which this paper should be considered a
companion.
Description of River System
The Cahaba River originates north of Trussville, Alabama (fig. 1 ) in the
Valley and Ridge physiographic province and flows southerly for nearly
245 km before joining the Alabama River near Selma on the East Gulf
Coastal Plain. Within the Valley and Ridge, the river flows in the Cahaba
Valley flanked by the Cahaba and Coosa Ridges. Soils are typically
nonresistant sandstone and shale with some unconsolidated deposits of
sand, clay and gravel. North of Centreville, which is situated on the fall line,
the river flows through an area rich in limestone and dolomite. This is the
most scenic and unique portion of the river, with the limestone outcroppings
' Received January 4, 1984. Accepted February 27, 1984.
^Geological Survey of Alabama, P.O. Box 0, University Station, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
35486
•'Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
ENT. NEWS. 95(3): 103-1 12. May & June, 1984
104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
forming extensive shoals. The majority of species considered rare in the
river system occur in this small section. South of Centreville the river flows
across the Coastal Plain. The soils of this physiographic province are
primarily fine to coarse sands and sandy clay with some deposits of gravel.
In total, the river drains an area of approximately 4,700 km2.
Water quality in the river is generally good (Table 1), although some
degradation seems to have occurred in those river sections and tributaries in
the Birmingham area. Dissolved oxygen levels are lower and nitrate and
phosphate levels higher in the river sections near Birmingham, particularly
in Shades Creek, a river tributary receiving domestic sewage.
Collecting Sites and Methodology
Adult Trichoptera were collected using UV light traps (BioQuip
Universal Trap) at 24 localites in the Cahaba River basin (Fig. 1).
Collections were concentrated within five sections of the river: river
headwaters above Birmingham (sites 1-4, 6, 7); main river channel between
Birmingham and Centreville (sites 8, 11, 12, 17, 18); river tributaries
between Birmingham and Centreville (sites 5 a, 5b, 10, 13-16, 19); main
channel and tributaries in the Coastal Plain physiographic province (sites
20-24); and springs (sites 5c,5d, 9, 15). Sampling was most intensive in the
section of river north of Centreville which is considered the most unique
portion faunistically (Chermock, 1977). Collections at sixteen sites were
made at approximately monthly intervals, while collections at the remaining
eight sites were made irregularly. Light traps were situated on the stream
banks and operated for approximately one hour after dusk. Specimens were
collected and preserved in 70% ethanol. In all, 8 1 collections were made in
1981 and 1982. Over 54,000 specimens, primarily males, were examined
during the course of the study.
Annotated List of Species
Included with each species is information on distribution and abundance
within the Cahaba River watershed. Collecting stations are shown in figure
1 . Since collections were made at several dates within each month, seasonal
occurrences were broadly defined. Distribution annotations are brief with a
more detailed discussion contained in Harris et al. (in press). Number of
specimens collected is indicated by ( ). In most cases only males of the
species were identified and enumerated. Voucher specimens are deposited
at the Geological Survey of Alabama and in the collections of the authors.
Vol. 95, No. 3, May & June, 1984
105
Alabama
It-V dnil Rulqr
East Gull
Coastal Pldl